Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Arles

The former French Catholic Archbishopric of Arles had its episcopal seat in the city of Arles, in southern France. At the apex of the delta (Camargue) of the Rhone River, some 40 miles from the sea, Arles grew under Liburnian, Celtic, and Punic influences, until, in 46 B.C., a Roman military veteran colony was founded there by Tiberius Claudius Nero, under instructions from Julius Caesar.^[1][2] For centuries, the archbishops of Arles were regional leaders in creating and codifying canon law, through councils and synods.^[3]

The former cathedral of St. Trophime, in Arles.

The diocese was suppressed in 1822, fulfilling a condition in the Concordat of 1817 with King Louis XVIII.

Diocesan history

The bishopric of Arles was founded before the middle of the third century. Its status as a metropolitan archdiocese was defined by Pope Leo I in 450. Its suffragans were the dioceses of: Orange, Avignon, Carpentras, Cavaillon, Marseille, Toulon, Saint-Paul-trois-chateaux, and Vaison. The archdiocese was suppressed a first time under the first French republic, to become part of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Aix. The diocese was restored by Pope Pius VII in the concordat with King Louis XVIII on 11 June 1817.^[4]

The Archbishopric of Arles was suppressed again by Pius VII on 6 October 1822 in the bull "Paternae Charitatis", carrying out the commitments he had made in the apostolic letter to Louis XVIII in 1817. Its territory was incorporated into the Archdiocese of Aix.^[5] The latter is since officially called "Archdiocese of Aix (-Arles-Embrun)" and is no longer a Metropolitan but an archiepiscopal title, within the ecclesiastical province of Marseille.

Early councils

Main article: Council of Arles

The first Council of Arles was held in 314, at the urging of the Emperor Constantine, for the purpose of putting an end to the Donatist controversy. Several bishops were invited by Constantine personally, including the bishop of Syracuse. Bishops from the western part of the empire including three from Britain attended. Claims that 600 or 300 bishops were present cannot be sustained; the synodial letter to Pope Sylvester was signed by thirty-three bishops, and a number of priests and deacons who held the proxies of bishops who did not attend. Archbishop Marinus of Arles presided, apparently on the appointment of Constantine. The synod confirmed the findings of the Council of Rome (313), recognizing the validity of the election of Caecilian of Carthage, and confirmed the excommunication of Donatus of Casae Nigrae. Its twenty-two canons dealing with various abuses that had crept into ecclesiastical life since the persecution of Diocletian (284–305) are important documents of early ecclesiastical legislation.^[6]

In 353, the Emperor Constantius II campaigned against the imperial usurper Magnus Magnentius, who had killed his brother, the Emperor Constans. After the suicide of Magnentius, following his defeat in the Battle of Mons Seleucus, Constantius took up his residence in Arles. Pope Liberius sent ambassadors to him, requesting permission to hold a council in Aquileia, but Constantius instead summoned a council which met in Arles.^[7] It was agreed beforehand that a compromise in which the orthodox Athanasius of Alexandria would be condemned, but that Arianism would also be condemned. The majority of the council, including Constantius himself and Archbishop Saturninus of Arles, was decidedly Arian in attitude. The two papal legates were compelled to reject communion with Athanasius, but the council refused to condemn Arius, an act which deeply disturbed the pope.^[8] In 356, Archbishop Saturninus held another council at Béziers, where he attempted to turn the bishops against the orthodox Bishop Hilary of Poitiers, but with no success.^[9]

In the synod of 443 (or 452), attended also by bishops of neighbouring provinces, fifty-six canons were formulated, mostly repetitions of earlier disciplinary decrees. Neophytes were excluded from major orders; married men aspiring to the priesthood were required to promise a life of continency, and it was forbidden to consecrate a bishop without the assistance of three other bishops and the consent of the metropolitan (Canon 5^[10]).^[11]

A council, called the third council of Arles, was held on 30 December of some year between 449 and 462, presided over by Archbishop Ravennius and including twelve other bishops, to settle the differences that had arisen between Faustus, Abbot of Lérins, and Theodorus Bishop of Fréjus.^[12]

Apropos of the conflict between the archiepiscopal See of Vienne and Arles a council was held in the latter city in 463, which had earlier called forth a famous letter from Pope Leo I (440–461), defining the metropolitan status of Arles.^[13]

Between 475 and 480 another council was called by Archbishop Leontius, attended by thirty bishops, in which the teachings of the priest Lucidus on pre-destination were condemned.^[14]

On 6 June 524, on the occasion of the consecration of the basilica in honor of the Virgin Mary outside the walls of Arles, a council of fourteen bishops and four priest delegates, was held under the presidency of Archbishop Caesarius of Arles; its four canons deal chiefly with the conferring of clerical orders.^[15] A number of Caesarius of Arles' works have been published in Sources Chrétiennes.^[16]

The synod of Arles of 29 June 554 was presided over by Archbishop Sapandus, with eighteen other bishops or their proxies in attendance. The synod was mostly concerned with relegislating the canons of earlier synods, especially concerning the discipline of the regular and secular clergy.^[17] Another synod may have taken place, possibly in 682.^[18]

On 3 February 557, Pope Pelagius I wrote to Archbishop Sapaudus, sending him the pallium and naming him Apostolic Vicar for all Gaul.^[19]

The liturgical uses of Arles were recommended by pope Gregory the Great as a model for Augustine of Canterbury.^{[citation needed][20]}

Carolingian Councils

An important council was held at Arles on 10 May 813, one of five held at the instigation of Charlemagne, for the correction of abuses and the reestablishment of ecclesiastical discipline. Archbishop Jean of Arles and Archbishop Nebridius of Narbonne [fr] presided as missi dominici of the emperor. Its decrees insist on a sufficient ecclesiastical education of bishops and priests, on the duty of both to preach frequently to the people and to instruct them in the Catholic Faith, on the obligation of parents to instruct their children, etc.^[21]

In 1034 a meeting was held at Arles, in the nature of a revivalist meeting, for the re-establishment of peace, the restoration of Christian Faith, the awakening in the popular heart of a sense of divine goodness and of salutary fear by the consideration of past evils. Meetings were being held all over France, from the beginning of the millennium, inspired by the people and eagerly embraced by the bishops.^[22]

From 1080 to 1098, Aicard continued to act as bishop even though he had been deposed. He was followed on the episcopal throne by Ghibbelin of Sabran, who was later Latin patriarch of Jerusalem.

Archbishop Baussan's councils

On 10 July 1234, a council was held in Arles under the presidency of Archbishop Jean Baussan. It issued twenty-four canons, mostly against the prevalent Albigensian heresy, and for the observance of the decrees of the Lateran Council of 1215 and that of Toulouse in 1229. Close inspection of their dioceses is urged on the bishops, as a remedy against the spread of heresy; testaments are declared invalid unless made in the presence of the parish priest. This measure, met with in other councils, was meant to prevent testamentary dispositions in favour of known heretics.^[23] On 11 November 1236, Archbishop Jean held another council, in which the canons of the council of 1234 were republished.^[24]

In 1251, Archbishop Jean Baussan (1233–1258)of Arles, held a provincial council near Avignon (Concilium Insculanum),^[25] six of his suffragan bishops being present, and two absent. Every bishop was expected to have a diocesan inquisition of heretics, established according to canon law and by the authority of the provincial council and the bishop himself; they should use the Dominican Order as their agents (Canon 2). The bishops were to take chazrge of the property of heretics (Canon 3). Once an excommunication is pronounced in canonical form, it is to be observed by all, with a fine extracted from violators (Canon 4). Clandestine marriages are prohibited; a marriage must be celebrated in conformity to canon law (Canon 13).^[26]

Election of 1262

Archbishop Bertrand de Malferrat died on 25 May 1262.^[27] The Chapter issued the customary summons for the attendance of all who wished, were obligated to, and were able, to attend the meeting for the election of a new bishop. When the votes were cast, disagreement appeared. Some chose Raimundus, the Provost of the cathedral Chapter, while the rest chose Robert de Ucena, a canon of Valence and a papal chaplain, who was only in minor orders. The Provost sent his procurator along with two canons representing the Chapter to the papal court, where Pope Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon of Troyes) was living in exile from Rome. Raimundus' procurator renounced every right that Raimundus had in the election. The two canons then in their own names and those of others in the Chapter asked Pope Urban to appoint Robert de Ucena. Good reports were presented as to his education and character, but the pope decided not to appoint him. Instead, he chose to transfer the bishop of Akko-Ptolemais (Acre), Florentius,^[28] who had carried out useful work there and provided good example in the midst of many troubles.^[29]

Archbishop Florentinus' councils

In 1263, a council held by Archbishop Florentinus decreed that the sacrament of confirmation must be received while fasting; and that on Sundays and feast days the religious orders should not open their churches to the faithful, nor preach at the hour of the parish Mass. The laity should be instructed by their parish priests in the proper form of baptism in case of necessity. Marriage should not take place without ecclesiastical participation; failure to observe this requirement brought excommunication. Jewish leaders were not to go about in public in garb that resembled that of priests. Members of the religious orders should also frequent the parochial service, for the sake of good example. This council in particular condemned the doctrines spread abroad under the name of Joachim of Flora.^[30]

Archbishop Florentius held a council, probably in 1264, which promulgated seventeen canons.^[31]

In 1275, twenty-two earlier observances were promulgated anew at a provincial Council of Arles, held by Archbishop Bernard de Languissel (1274–1281).^[32]

On 16–17 May 1279, Archbishop Bernard de Languissel (1274–1281) presided over a provincial council at which four other bishops participated, and four bishops were absent but represented by procurators. Fifteen canons wefre promulgated.^[33]

Archbishop Guillaume de La Garde (1361–1374) presided at a regional council of the ecclesiastical provinces of Arles, Embrun, and Aix; it was held in the cathedral of Apt from 14 to 30 May 1365.^[34] He also held a diocesan synod in Spring 1370, on the second Sunday after Easter, 30 April.^[35]

Religious developments

On 1 February 1324, Archbishop-elect Jean Baussan authorized the Franciscan Provincial of Provence to construct a church, a religious house, and a cemetery at Salon (Sallonis) on land donated by Pierre Baston.^[36]

Archbishop Pierre de Cros (1374–1388) was mostly an absentee pastor, since he served at the Papal Court as Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church for Pope Gregory XI, Pope Urban VI (briefly),^[37] and Pope Clement VII. He was still Chamberlain on 8 May 1382.^[38] He was named a cardinal by Clement VII on 23 December 1383.^[39] He was succeeded in the office of Chamberlain by Bishop François Conzié of Grenoble by 31 March 1384.^[40] Conzié assisted at the deathbed of Clement VII on 16 September 1394, and was reappointed Chamberlain S. R. E. by Pope Benedict XIII (Avignon Obedience).^[41]

Jesuits

In 1607, King Henri IV granted Arles permission to establish a Jesuit collège (high school) in the city, a project which the city council had been discussing since 1601. The Jesuits were greatly favored by Archbishop Oratio Montano (1598–1603), who regularly invited them to preach during Lent and Eastertide. In 1606, Archbishop Gaspard du Laurent (1603–1630) reached an agreement with the Jesuit superior in Aix to establish a house of Jesuits in Arles. In 1625, the Jesuits rented a house in Arles. In 1633, Archbishop Jean Jaubert de Barrault (1630–1643) assigned the church of S. Vincent to the Jesuits, along with the priest's residence, where they established themselves until the college was opened. After difficulties about finances and details of courses, agreement was reached in October 1636 for the Jesuits to provide seven teachers, who would offer courses in philosophy, theology, the humanities, and grammar. King Louis XIII issued letters patent in 1637 which made them masters of the college without restrictions.^[42]

In 1762, the Parliament of Paris declared the constitution of the Society of Jesus void, and ordered the members of the Society to leave their colleges within a week. In 1764, King Louis XV confirmed the decree, and the Society was completely suppressed.^[43]

Election of 1410

Archbishop Artaud de Mélan died on 1 November 1410, and was buried on 5 November. The Provost, Étienne Langlade, and the members of the Chapter of the cathedral, sent out summonses to the interested parties that an electoral assembly would be held on 10 November, but on 9 November, Louis Comte de Provence and lord of Arles sent word that he would be unable to attend on that day. The meeting was therefore put back to 13 November. Two canons failed to appear on the 13th, and they were therefore cited to appear on the 14th. Finally, the election resulted in ten votes being cast for Bishop Paul de Sade of Marseille, one vote for the Provost Étienne Langlade by his nephew, who was a canon, and one vote, that of the Provost, for Henri d'Avaugour, a close advisor of the King of Sicily. The archdeacon thereupon moved that they make a formal request (postulation) for the transfer of Paul de Sade to the archdiocese of Arles.^[44]

To which pope, however, should the postulation be directed? There were three popes in 1410: Gregory XII of the Roman Obedience, Benedict XIII of the Avignon Obedience, and John XXIII who had been elected in Bologna by the cardinals who had participated in the Council of Pisa in 1409.^[45] The French monarchy supported the Avignon Obedience, and it was the Avignon pope Benedict XIII who had approved^[46] the election of Archbishop Artaud de Mélan on 17 December 1404.^[47] As the Western Schism dragged on and on, however, pressure mounted on King Charles VI of France from members of his own family, from his royal council, from the University of Paris, from prelates of the church and others, to act to bring the schism to an end. On 13 January 1408, it was announced that if the church were not returned again to the rule of a single pope by Ascension Day, then the kingdom of France would take the position of neutrality among the contenders, that is, rejecting the Obedience of Benedict XIII.^[48] Stimulated by Charles VI's announcement, Florence, Siena, and Venice immediately began discussion about joining the party of neutrality, that is, about rejecting the Obedience of Gregory XII.^[49] In mid-May 1408, seven cardinals of the Roman Obedience fled to Pisa from the papal court at Lucca, shocked at the perjury and violence of Gregory XII and his nephews; they were soon joined by two more cardinals. At the end of June, they and three cardinals of the Avignon Obedience met at Livorno, and signed a document calling for a General Council of the church to end the schism.^[50]

Archbishop Artaud de Mélan did not attend the Council of Pisa (March–July 1409), but sent a procurator to represent him.^[51] The fifth session of the council, on 5 June 1409, excommunicated and anathematized both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII as notorious schismatics, heretics, and perjurers.^[52]

When the electors of Bishop Paul de Sade of Marseille to be archbishop of Arles requested his confirmation, it was not Benedict XIII to whom they applied, since he had been rejected both by the king of France and by the Council of Pisa. In November 1410, their only recourse was to John XXIII. But Pope John announced that, while Archbishop Artaud was still alive, he had reserved the appointment of the next archbishop of Arles to himself,^[53] and therefore, on 24 November 1410, he named Cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny as Perpetual Apostolic Administrator of the archdiocese.^[54] On 27 December 1410, Pierre Fabri, Dean of the cathedral Chapter of Gap and procurator of Cardinal de Brogny, took possession of the archdiocese on behalf of the cardinal.^[55]

Archbishop Jean Jaubert de Barrault (1630–1643) participated in the general assembly of the French clergy in Paris in 1635–1636, and chaired some of the sessions in the absence of the archbishop of Bordeaux.^[56]

The French Revolution

The National Constituent Assembly decreed the abolition of monastic vows and the suppression of religious orders on 13 February 1790, and a decree fixing pensions for monks who left their monasteries was voted on 20 February.^[57] At the time of the dissolution of the monasteries in 1791, the archdiocese of Arles had only two Benedictine monasteries, the abbatia Montis Majoris (Saint Pierre-de-Montmayour)^[58] for men, and Saint-Césaire-d'Arles^[59] for women.^[60]

On 12 July 1790, the Constituent Assembly legislated the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a document which completely nationalized the Catholic Church in France, and separated it entirely from the government of the Papacy.^[61] All dignities, canons, prebends, and chaplanships in cathedrals and collegiate churches were abolished; all regular and secular Chapters were abolished; all abbeys and priories of either sex were abolished.^[62] Bishops, and priests as well, were to be elected, in the same manner as representatives to the departmental assembly, that is, by specially qualified citizens, who did not have to be clerics, or even Christians; a bishop-elect must not apply to the pope for confirmation.^[63] Due to strong opposition both from clergy and laity,^[64] the National Assembly passed a law on 27 November 1790, requiring the clergy to swear an oath to the Constitution of France; refusal would bring dismissal from office, loss of income, and prosecution. Of the 133 bishops of France, only four took the oath, while 129, including Archbishop Jean Marie du Lau of Arles, did not.^[65]

After repeated attempts to convince King Louis XVI not to sign the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, Pope Pius VI finally addressed the urgent requests of one bishop after another to intervene. On 13 April 1791, he issued the apostolic letter "Charitas quae," which condemned both the Civil Constitution as heretical and schismatic, and constructed specifically to destroy the Catholic Church,^[66] and the oath^[67] which was being used to harass those who refused to take it.^[68]

Because of their refusal to take the oath, both Archbishop de Lau of Arles and Archbishop Jean de Boisgelin de Cucé of Aix were deposed by the French government, and in fulfilment of earlier plans, the diocese of Arles was suppressed and its territory added to that of Aix. Aix became the seat of the new metropolitanate called the "Bouches du Rhone."^[69] On 19 February 1791, the electors of the metropolitanate met at Aix, and elected Charles-Benoît Roux, the curé of Eyragues near Arles.^[70] In the meantime, the two deposed archbishops devoted their energies to rallying their non-juring clergy, and the inhabitants of the "Bouches du Rhone," a large number of whom were hostile to the policies and excesses of the government in Paris. The directors of the department, noted for their anticatholic attitudes, became aware of the archbishops' activities, and on 16 November 1791 wrote to the ecclesiastical committee in Paris and to the National Assembly that they were organizing a counter-revolutionary movement with a view to civil war.^[71]

The National Assembly passed a law on 27 May 1792, deporting all non-juring clergy from France immediately.^[72] Clerics who remained in France after their deportation was ordered, or who returned to France after deportation, were subject to imprisonment for ten years.^[73] Archbishop de Lau of Arles was in Paris that summer, in connection with an address which he had written to persuade the king not to sign the law of 29 May. On 11 August he was arrested at the Hôtel de Châtillon, rue du Petit-Bourbon, where he was residing, on orders of the Luxembourg section. Incriminating papers were found in his rooms, and he was therefore sent that evening to the church of the Carmelites, where there were already some sixty clerics incarcerated, and put on a diet of bread and water. On 2 September 1792, at the instigation of Jean-Lambert Tallien, who had given a fiery address in the National Assembly on 31 August, De Lau and 180 other clerics, were massacred in what came to be called the September Massacres.^[74]

Archbishops

Before 1000

• Trophimus of Arles (c. 250 – c. 280)^[75]
• Marcianus (attested 254/57)^[76]
• Marinus (attested 313–314)^[77]
• Saturninus (Arian; bef. 355 – 362/63)
• Concordius (attested 374)^[78]
• Ingenuus of Arles [fr] (attested 396)^[79]
• Heros of Arles (attested 412)^[80]
• Patroclus (412–426)^[81]
• Euladius (Helladius) (426)^[82]
• Honoratus (427–429)^[83]
• Hilary of Arles (430–449)^[84]
• Ravennius (attested 449–452)^[85]
• Leontius (attested 461 – 475)^[86]
• Aeonius (attested 494–500)^[87]
• Caesarius of Arles (503–542)
• Auxianus (542–546)^[88]
• Aurelianus (c. 546 – 551)^[89]
• Sapaudus (attested 552–586)^[90]
• Licerius (586–588)^[91]
• Virgilius of Arles (attested 588–601)^[92]
• Cyprianus (c. 613)^[93]
• Florianus (attested 613–614)^[94]
• Theodosius (attested 632–650)^[95]
• Johannes I (attested 659–668)^[96]
• Felix (attested 680)^[97]
• Wolbert (attested 683)^[98]
• Aurelius
• Polycarpus
• Martinus
• Protasius
• Innodius
• Georgius
• Ratbertus
• Kavisarius (Kavilarius)
• Virimarius (Wilimarus)
• Wiliaris (Viriarich)
• Arladis (Arladidius)
• Elifantus (attested 788)^[99]
• Johannes (II) (attested 811–816)^[100]
• Notho (attested 824–844)^[101]
• Rotlandus (bef. 852 – 869)^[102]
• Rostagnus (attested 871–913)^[103]
• Manasses (attested 920–961)^[104]
• Iterius (attested 963)
• Anno (c. 980–994)^[105]

1000–1300

• Pons de Marignane (1005–1029)
• Raimbaud de Reillanne (May 1030 – 18 February 1069)
• Aicard (1070 – 1080 or 1096?)
• Gibelin (1080 or 1099–1107, 1112 or 1115)
• Atton de Bruniquel (6 October 1115 – 6 March 1129)
• Bernard Guerin / Garin (1129 – 2 March 1138)
• Guillaume Monge (1139? – 1 January 1142)
• Raimon de Montredon (1142–1160)
• Raimon de Bollène (1163–1182)
• Pierre Isnard (1183–1190)
• Imbert d'Eyguière (9 October 1191 – 20 July 1202)
• Michel de Morèse (1202 – 1217)^[106]
• Hugues (1217)^[107]
• Hugo Béroard (27 March 1218 – 18 November 1232)^[108]
• Jean Baussan (27 July 1233 – 24 November 1258)
• Bertrand de Malferrat (25 November 1258 – 25 May 1262)^[109]
• Florent (28 November 1262 – 7 June 1266)
• Bertran de Saint-Martin (11 October 1266 – June 1273)
• Bernard de Languissel (4 February 1274 – 1281)^[110]
• Bertrand Amalric (20 December 1281 – 31 March 1286)
• Rostaing de la Capre (5 August 1286 – 22 August 1303)

1300–1500

• Peire de Ferrières (30 January 1304 – 21 September 1307)
• Arnaud de Faugères (1307 – 1309 or 1310)
• Gaillard de Faugères (19 December 1310 – 12 September 1317)
• Gaillard Saumate (1318–1323)
• Gasbert de la Val /du Val (1324–1341)
• Jean de Cardone (1341–1348)
• Étienne Aldebrand (1348–1350)
• Étienne de La Garde (1351–1361)
• Guillaume de La Garde (1361–1374)^[111]
• Pierre de Cros (1374–1388) (Avignon Obedience)^[112]

Melchior of Brunswick (1378) (Roman Obedience)^[113]

• François de Conzié (1388–1390) (Avignon Obedience)^[114]
• Jean de Rochechouart (1390–1398) (Avignon Obedience)^[115]
• Sede vacante (1398–1404)^[116]

♦ Harduin, Bishop of Angers (1400–1402) Apostolic administrator^[117]

♦ Guillaume le Tort, Bishop of Marseille (1402–1403) Apostolic administrator^[118]

♦ Philippe Sicard, Abbot of Aniane (1403–1404) Apostolic administrator^[119]

• Artaud de Mélan (1404–1410) (Avignon Obedience)^[120]
• Jean Allarmet de Brogny (1410–1423) (Avignon Obedience) Administrator^[121]
• Louis Aleman (1423–1450)^[122]
• Pierre de Foix (1450–1463)^[123]
• Philippe de Lévis (1463–1475)^[124]
• Eustache de Lévis (1475–1489)^[125]
• Nicolas de Cibo (1489–1499)
• Jean Ferrier I (1499–1521)

1500–1792

• Jean Ferrier II (1521–1550)^[126]
• Jacques du Broullat (1550–1560)^[127]
• Robert de Lenoncourt (1560–1561) Administrator^[128]
• Antoine d'Albon (1561–1562)^[129]
• Hippolyte d'Este (1562–1566)^[130]
• Prospero Santacroce (1566–1574)
• Silvio Santacroce (1574–1598)
• Oratio Montano (1598–1603)^[131]
• Gaspard du Laurent (1603–1630)^[132]
• Jean Jaubert de Barrault (1631–1643)^[133]
• François Adhémar de Monteil de Grignan (1644–1689)^[134]
• Jean-Baptiste Adhémar de Monteil de Grignan (1689–1697)^[135]
• François de Mailly (1698–1710)^[136]
• Jacques de Forbin-Janson (1711–1741)^[137]
• Jacques Bonne-Gigault de Bellefonds (1741–1746)^[138]
• Jean-Joseph de Jumilhac (1746 –1775)^[139]
• Jean Marie du Lau d'Allemans (1775–1792)^[140]

See also

• Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aix
• Catholic Church in France
• List of Catholic dioceses in France

Notes

1. Fisquet, part 1, pp. 359-361.
2. David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy.org, "Archdiocese of Arles"; retrieved 16 May 2024.^{[self-published source]} Gabriel Chow, GCatholic.org, "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Arles"; retrieved: 16 May 2024.^{[self-published source]}
3. Duchesne, p. 141.
4. Fisquet I, p. 371.
5. Bullarii Romani Continuatio, (in Latin), Vol. 7 part 2 (Rome: Apostolic Camera 1846), pp. 2295-2304; the bull quotes the apostolic letter "Commissa Divinitus".
6. Karl Joseph von Hefele, A History of the Christian Councils: From the Original Documents, to the Close of the Council of Nicaea, A.D. 325, second edition, Volume 1 (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1894), pp. 180-196.
7. Sulpicius Severus, "Chronica" Book II. 39, (in Latin), in: Carolus Hahn (ed.), Sulpicii Severi Libri qui supersunt, (Vienna: Gerold, 1866), p. 92.
8. Charles Joseph Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church, Volume 2 (Edinburgh: Clark, 1876), pp. 203-204.
9. Hefele, Volume 2, p. 216.
10. "Episcopum sine metropolitano, vel epistola metropolitani, vel tribus comprovincialibus, non liceat ordinare: ita ut alii cpmprovinciales epistolis admoneanturm ut se suo responso consensisse significent. Quod si inter partes aliqua nata fuerit dubitatiok majori numero metropolitanus in electione consentiat.
11. Carl Joseph Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church, Volume III (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1883), pp. 167-173.
12. Charles Munier (ed.), Concilia Galliae, A. 314 — A. 506 (Turnhold: Brepols 1963), pp. 131-134. Jacques Sirmond (ed.), Conciliorum Galliae Collectio (in Latin) Tomus primus (Paris: Didot 1789), pp. 579-584.
13. Leonis I, Opp., ed. Ballerini, I, 998; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, II, 590. Jacques Sirmond (ed.), Conciliorum Galliae Collectio (in Latin) Tomus primus (Paris: Didot 1789), pp. 515-516.
14. Charles Munier (ed.), Concilia Galliae, A. 314 — A. 506 (Turnhold: Brepols 1963), pp. 159-160. Jacques Sirmond (ed.), Conciliorum Galliae Collectio (in Latin) Tomus primus (Paris: Didot 1789), pp. 631-640. Karl Joseph von Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church, from the Original Documents, Volume 4 (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1895), pp. 20-24.
15. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, (in Latin), Turnholt: Brepols (1963), pp. 42-46. Karl Joseph von Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church, from the Original Documents, Volume 4 (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1895), pp. 131-132.
16. SC: Vol. 175 (Sermones 1-20); 243 (Sermones 21-55); 330 (Sermones 56-80); 345 (Works for the monks, I); 398 (Works for the monks, II); 447 (Sermons on scripture, II: 85-101); 536 (Life of Caesarius of Arles). See also: Jacques-Paul Migne (ed.), Patrologiae latinae cursus completus, (in Latin) Volume 67 (Paris: Migne, 1848), pp. 997-1166, containing the text of the Council of Arles (pp. 1141-1152).
17. Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church, from the Original Documents, Volume 4, pp. 376-377.
18. Karl Joseph von Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church, from the Original Documents, Volume V (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1896), p. 212, pointing out that the date is a conjecture of J.-D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima (Florence: A. Zatta 1765), pp. 1045-1046.
19. The papal bull "Maiorum nostrorum," in: Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum, (in Latin), Taurinensis editio, Volume 1 (Turin: Seb. Franco, 1857), pp. 154-155.
20. Cf. Louis Duchesne, Christian Worship: Its Origin and Evolution: A Study of the Latin Liturgy Up to the Time of Charlemagne, 4th English ed. (London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge, 1912), p. 91 ("In regard to the liturgy the matter was different. Arles was not of sufficient importance at the time when the Churches of Gaul felt the necessity of regulating the order of worship."), note 1; pp. 98-99 ("The work of evangelising the Anglo-Saxons was again taken in hand, shortly afterwards, by Irish missionaries from the North, where at Lindisfarne, a small island on the east coast of Northumberland, they had their headquarters. With the advent of these new apostles the liturgy used in Ireland, that is to say, the Gallican rite was imported into the Anglo-Saxon Churches.")
21. Carl Joseph Hefele, Histoire des Conciles: d'aprés les documents originaux, (in French), Volume 5 (Paris: Le Clere 1870), pp. 180-181. Other councils were held at Mainz, Reims, Tours, and Chalon-sur-Saône.
22. J.-D. Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, (in Latin), Vol. 20 (Florence: A. Zatta 1763), p. 549. Rodulfus (Raoul) Glaber, "Historiarum sui temporis libri V," Book IV, chapter 5, in: Marcel Prou (ed.), Raoul Glaber, (Paris: Picard 1886), p. 103: "Tunc ergo primitus cepere in Aquitanie partibus ab episcopis et abbatibus, ceterisque viris sacre religionis devotis, ex universa plebe coadunari conciliorum conventus, ad quos etiam multa delata sunt corpora sanctorum atque innumerabiles sanctarum apoforete reliquiarum. Dehinc per Arelatensem provintiam, ac Lugdunensem, sicque per universam Burgundiam usque in ultimas Francie partes per universos episcopatus indictum est , qualiter certis in locis a presulibus magnatisque totius patrie de reformanda pace et sacre fidei institutione celebrarentur concilia. Quod etiam tota multitudo universe plebis audiens, letanter adiere maximi, mediocres ac minimi, parati cuncti obedire quicquid preceptum fuisset a pastoribus eeclesie...."
23. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 382-385.
24. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 396, no. 1016.
25. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 443-444.
26. Karl Joseph von Hefele, Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux, (in French), Volume 6, part 1 (Paris: Letouzey, 1914), pp. 71-72. J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, (in Latin), Volume 23 (Venice: A. Zatta 1779), pp. 795-798.
27. Eubel I, p. 103.
28. Eubel I, p. 68.
29. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 469-471: "...per opera utilia et exempla laudabilia, fructuosus, pensatis quoque multis laboribus quos, Acconensis ecclesie presidendo regimini, subiit, et volentes quod inter servitutis pontificalis angustias, in solo quasi natali quietis gaudio post labores hujusmodi recreetur...." Pope Urban had been papal legate in the Holy Land before his election to the papacy.
30. Karl Joseph von Hefele, Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux, (in French), Volume 6, part 1 (Paris: Letouzey, 1914), pp. 113-114.
31. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 482-484, no. 1233.
32. Carl Joseph Hefele, Histoire des Conciles: d'aprés les documents originaux, (in French), Volume 9 (Paris: Le Clere 1873), pp. 62-65.
33. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 517-525, no. 1304.
34. Fisquet, part 1, pp. 603-604. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 692-702, nos. 1619-1621.
35. Clouzot, Pouillés..., pp. 153, 159.
36. Andé Callebaut, "Lettres franciscaines concernant la Belgique et la France aux xiii^e - xv^e siècles," (in French)), in:Archivum franciscanum historicum Vol. 7 (Florence 1914), pp. 247-248. The archbishops owned the castle of Sallonis: "Actum hoc in castro Sallonis, in camera aulae veteris domini Archiepiscopi...."
37. Pierre de Cros supported Clement VII against Urban VI, who labelled him "diabolico spiritu instigatus," and deprived him of his offices. He was to be arrested, imprisoned, and deprived of all his income (April and November 1378). Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 717-726, esp. nos. 1659, 1663, 1672.
38. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 717-726, esp. nos. 1658, 1661, 1673.
39. Eubel I, p. 27, no. 9.
40. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 731, no. 1690.
41. Fisquet, p. 613.
42. Henri Fouqueray, Histoire de la compagnie de Jésus en France des origines à la suppression: 1528 - 1762, (in French), Volume 5 (Paris: A. Picard, 1925), pp. 165-168.
43. Robert Demaus, The Jesuits. A Historical Sketch, with the Bull of Clement XIV for the Suppression of the Order, (London: Religious Tract Society, 1873), pp. 29-30.
44. Fisquet, pp. 624-625. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 765-767.
45. J.N.D. Kelly and M.J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes, second edition (OUP 2010), pp.234-240.
46. Eubel I, p. 104.
47. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 754, no. 1760.
48. Noël Valois, La France et le grand schisme d'Occident, (in French) Vol. 3 (Paris: A. Picard et fils, 1901), p. 597-598.
49. Valois III, pp. 602-604.
50. Noël Valois, La France et le grand schisme d'Occident, (in French), Volume 4 (Paris: A. Picard et fils, 1902), pp. 3-19. Edmundus Martene et Ursinus Durand, Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio, (in Latin) Tomus VII (Parisiis: apud Montalant 1733), pp. 798-803.
51. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 764, no. 1783. King Charles sent a number of ambassadors, including Simon de Cramaud, Pierre Fresnel, Gilles Deschamps, and Guillaume Boisratier: Valois IV, p. 91.
52. Valois, pp. 99-101.
53. "Dudum siquidem bo(nae) me(moriae Artaudo, archiepiscopo Arelatensi, regimini ecclesie Arelatensis presidente, nos cupientes eidem ecclesie cum vacaret, per apostolice sedis providentiam utilem et ydoneam presidere personam, provisionem ejusdem ecclesiae ord. et disp. nostre duximus...."
54. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 776, no. 1801. Fisquet, part 1, p. 627. Valois IV, p. 196.
55. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 778, no. 1804.
56. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 964, no. 2252.
57. Ludovic Sciout, Histoire de la constitution civile du clergé et de la persécution révolutionnaire (1790-1801), (in French), (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1887), pp. 27-29. Henry Morse Stephens, A History of the French Revolution, Volume 1 (New York: Scribners, 1886, pp. 299-300.
58. Fisquet, part 2, [url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jrH-24ti5IC&pg=PA766 pages 766-788].
59. Fisquet, part 2, [url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jrH-24ti5IC&pg=PA788 pages 788-792].
60. Jean, p. 38. Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 97, note 1.
61. Ludovic Sciout, Histoire de la Constitution Civile du Clergé (1790-1801), (in French), Vol. 1 (Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie, 1872), pp. 182-183, Title I, Article 4: "Il est défendu à toute église ou paroisse de France, et à tout citoyen français, de reconnaître en aucun cas, et sous quelque prétexte que ce soit, l'autorité d'un évêque ordinaire ou métropolitain dont le siége serait établi sous la dénomination d'une puissance étrangère, ni celle de ses délégués résidant en France ou ailleurs: le tout sans préjudice de l'unité de foi et de communion qui sera entretenue avec le chef visible de l'Église universelle, ainsi qu'il sera dit ci-après."
62. Sciout, p. 184, quoting the Civil Constitution, Title I, Article 20: "Tous titres et offices autres que ceux mentionnés en la présente constitution, les dignités, canonicats, prébendes, demi-prébendes, chapelles, chapellenies, tant des églises cathédrales que des églises collégiales, et tous chapitres réguliers et séculiers de l'un et l'autre sexe, les abbayes et prieurés en règle ou en commende, aussi de l'un et de l'autre sexe et tous autres bénéfices et prestimonies généralement quelconques, de quelque nature et sous quelque dénomination que ce soit, sont, à compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, éteints et supprimés sans qu'il puisse jamais en être établi de semblables ."
63. Sciout, p. 185, citing the Civil Constitution, Title II, Articles 1-3 and 19: "Art. 1er. A compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, on ne connaîtra qu'une seule manière de pourvoir aux évêchés et aux cures, c'est à savoir, la forme des élections. Art. 2. Toutes les élections se feront par la voie du scrutin et à la pluralité absolue des suffrages. Art. 3. L'élection des évêques se fera dans la forme prescrite et par le corps électoral indiqué , dans le décret du 22 décembre 1789, pour la nomination des membres de l'assemblée de département.... Art . 19. Le nouvel évêque ne pourra s'adresser au pape pour en obtenir aucune confirmation; mais il lui écrira comme au chef visible de l'Église universelle, en témoignage de l'unité de foi et de la communion qu'il doit entretenir avec lui."
64. Sciout, pp. 285-288. Paul Pisani, Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791-1802), (in French), (Paris: A. Picard 1907), pp. 15-17.
65. Pisani, p. 18.
66. "Charitas quae," § 11: "...novam cleri constitutionem, ex Nostro et Apostolicae hujus Sedis judicio, quod Galliarum catholici peroptabant, ex principiis coalescere ab haeresi profectis, adeoque in pluribus decretis haereticam esse, et catholico dogmati adversantem, in aliis vero sacrilegam, schismaticam, jura primatus et Ecclesiae evertentem, disciplinae cum veteri tum novae contrariam, non alio denique consilio excogitatem atque vulgatam, nisi ad catholicam religionem prorsus abolendam."
67. "Charitas quae," § 8: "Ex quo factum est ut, tota ecclesia Gallicana fatente et consiente, haberi deberent juramenta civica tamquam perjuria ac sacrilegia, non ecclesiasticis modo sed catholico quovis homine prorsus indigna, omnesque consequentes actus tamquam schismatici pro nullis, irritis, gravioribusque consuris obnoxiis."
68. Bullarii Romani Continuatio, (in Latin), Tomus sextus, pars tertia (Prati: Alberghettum 1849), pp. 2324-2333.
69. Civil Constitution of the Clergy, Title I, Article 3: "Le royaume sera divisé en dix arrondissements métropolitains, dont les siéges seront Rouen, Reims, Besançon, Rennes, Paris, Bourges, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Aix et Lyon," in Sciout, Vol. 1, p. 182.
70. Pisani, pp. 323-325.
71. Sciout, p. 312.
72. Sciout, Vol. 3, pp. 167-169.
73. Article 16: "Ceux des ecclésiastiques contre lesquels la déportation aura été prononcée , qui resteraient dans le royaume après avoir déclaré leur retraite , ou qui rentreraient après leur sortie, seront condamnés à la peine de la détention pendant dix ans."
74. Fisquet, part 2, [url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jrH-24ti5IC&pg=PA745 pages 745-746, 750, 752].
75. Trophimus is said to have been a disciple of Saint Peter or Saint Paul. Duchesne (1907), Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: Volume I. Provinces du Sud-Est. p. 98, 253-254, no. 1.
76. Marcianus: Duchesne (1907), p. 254, no. 2.
77. Marinus was present at the council of Rome in 313, and the council of Arles in 314, against the Donatists. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 17-18.Duchesne (1907), p. 254, no. 3.
78. Bishop Concordius was present at the council of Valence on 12 July 374. Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana I, pp. 524-525. Fisquet, part 1, pp. 396-397. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 17-18.
79. Ingenuus is not listed in Sainte-Marthe or in Fisquet, though his name occurs in the catalogues of archbishops of Arles. He attended the council of Nîmes on 1 October 374. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 4, 5, 18. Duchesne (1907), p. 255, no. 7: "...on peut admettre comme probable, non comme certain, que l'Ingenuus de 396 était évêque d'Arles...."
80. Heros: Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 18-20. Duchesne (1907), p. 255, no. 8.
81. Patroclus: Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 21-25.
82. Euladius is mentioned in the diptychs as the successor of Patroclus. Duchesne (1907), p. 256, note 2. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 2-5. A shadowy figure, according to Ralph Matthisen, "whose tenure in office seems to be less than a year, and whose very existence was questioned until recently." Ecclesiastical Factionalism and Religious Controversy in Fifth-Century Gaul (Washington: Catholic University of America, 1989), pp. 86f.
83. Bishop Honoratus died in January 429. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 25-29. Duchesne (1907), p. 256, no. 10.
84. Hilary had been a monk of Lerins. He became bishop at the age of 29. He died on 5 May 449. Denis de Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana Vol. 1 (Paris: Typographia Regia 1716), pp. 528-531. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 29-36. Duchesne (1907), p. 256, no. 11.
85. Ravennius may have been at the council of Arles, usually dated 455. Fisquet, part 1, pp. 429-439. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 36-41. Duchesne (1907), pp. 256-257 with note 3, no. 12.
86. The new Pope Hilarius wrote a letter to Archbishop Leontius announcing his election on 25 January 462. Archbishop Leontius presided over the synod of Arles in 475. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 41-45. Duchesne (1907), p. 257, no. 13.
87. Archbishop Aeonius received letters of Pope Gelasius I of 23 August 494, and of Pope Symmachus of 29 September 500. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 45-48. Duchesne (1907), p. 257, no. 14.
88. Auxianus was the recipient of two letters from Pope Vigilius (537–555). Duchesne, p. 258, no. 16.
89. Archbishop Aurelianus was named papal vicar for Gaul on 23 August 546 by Pope Vigilius. He presided at the council of Orange on 28 October 549, summoned by King Childebert I; the council was attended by eight metropolitans, forty-two bishops, and other delegates, and issued 24 important canons. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 62-66. De Clerecq, pp. 147, 157.
90. Bishop Sapaudus attended the council of King Childebert I in Paris in 552. In 554, he presided at the provincial council of Arles, and on 11 September 573 he was present at the council of Paris. On 22 June 584, he presided at the council of Valence. From 556, he was granted the powers of papal vicar in Gaul. He died, as Gregory of Tours noted, in 586. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 66-69. Ch. DeClerq, Concilia Galliae (in Latin), (Turnholt: Brepols, 1963), pp. 168, 172, 212, 214, 235. Duchesne (1907), p. 259, no. 18.
91. Licerius: Duchesne (1907), p. 259, no. 19.
92. Bishop Vergilius is favorably mentioned by Pope Gregory I in a letter of 12 August 595 to the bishops of Gaul on the subject of simony. He is also advised, despite his enthusiastic activity, not to compel Jews to be baptised. Fisquet (part 1, pp. 486-488) points out that the purported date of death of 610 is a conjecture based on Virgilius not being mentioned in two papal letters. Gregory I, Epistolae [Bibliotheca Sanctorum Patrum et Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum, Series VII, Volume I, Part 1] (Rome 1907), pp. 135-136, 164; nos XLVI, XLVII, LVII. Duchesne (1907), pp. 259-260, no. 20.
93. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 71.
94. Florianus was present at the council of Paris of King Clothar II on 10 October 614. Duchesne (1907), p. 260, no. 21. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, p. 280.
95. Theodosius was already in office in August 632. He was suspended from office by the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône summoned by the Frankish king Clovis II in 650, due to non-attendance. Duchesne (1907), p. 259, no. 22. De Clercq, pp. 309-310.
96. Joannes: Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 76. Duchesne (1907), p. 260, no. 23.
97. Archbishop Felix attended the Roman Council of 27 March 680, summoned to combat the Monothelite heresy. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 77, no. 184. Duchesne (1907), p. 259, no. 24.
98. On 1 February 683, Archbishop Wolbert subscribed a grant at the request of Bishop Petronius of Vaison. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 77, no. 186. Duchesne (1907), p. 260-261, no. 25.
99. Archbishop Elifantus attended the council of Narbonne on 27 June 788. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 77, no. 187.
100. Bishop Joannes was present when Charlemagne signed his Last Will and Testament in 811. On 2 April 812, he again subscribed for Charlemagne. On 10 May 813, he presided at the Council of Arles. In 815, he was ordered by Louis the Pious to conduct Bishop Martin of Ravenna to Rome to face Pope Leo III, and in September 816 he was instructed to receive Pope Stephen IV on his arrival in France. Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana I, pp. 545-546.
101. Notho presided over a council in Toulouse in 828, and was present at the council of Thionville in 835. In 843 he was at the council of Germigny, and in 844 is named in a diploma of Charles the Bald. Duchesne (1907), p. 261, no. 28.
102. Rotland: Duchesne (1907), p. 261-262, no. 28 (29).
103. Rostagnus: Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 88-98. Duchesne (1907), p. 262, no. 30.
104. Manasses: Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 98-110.
105. Anno died at Cluny on 18 November 994. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 126–133.
106. Morèse had been Provost of Arles. Michel was elected archbishop in August 1202 (Albanès, p. 299). Pope Honorius III, in a letter of 17 January 1217, announced that he was sending Cardinal Bertrand as papal legate. In another letter, dated 10 February 1217, he remarked that he had already accepted the resignation of Archbishop Michel. The archbishop died on 21 July 1217. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 332, nos. 838, 840. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 103.
107. Hugo had previously been Bishop of Gap. He was elected Archbishop of Arles on 28 March 1217. He died on 29 August 1217. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 332-334. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, pp. 103, 514.
108. Béroard: Eubel I, p. 103.
109. Malferrat: Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 454-467. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 103.
110. Bernard de Languissel: Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 504-334.
111. Guillaume de La Garde was approved by Pope Innocent VI on 16 June 1361. He was transferred to the titular Latin patriarchate of Jerusalem on 12 December 1371 by Pope Gregory XI (Albanès, p. 708, no. 1630), but he was also named Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Arles. He died on 22 July 1374. Fisquet, pp. 603-607. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 682-712. Eubel I, pp. 103, 276.
112. Pierre de Cros was the brother of Cardinal Jean de Cros (1371–1383), Bishop of Limoges; nephew of Cardinal Pierre de Cros (1350–1361), Bishop of Senlis; and cousin of Pope Gregory XI (1370–1378). Pierre de Cros had previously been Bishop Saint-Papoul (1362–1370), then Bishop of Bourges (1370-1374). He was transferred to the archdiocese of Arles by his cousin Pope Gregory XI on 2 August 1374. He was named a cardinal by Pope Clement VII on 23 December 1383, at which point his title became Apostolic Administrator of Arles. He died in Avignon on 16 November 1388. Fisquet, pp. 607-611. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 710-730. Eubel I, pp. 27 no. 9; 103, 139, 390.
113. Melchior was the brother (or nephew) of Duke Henry of Brunswick. He was bishop of Osnabruck, and then Schwerin (1375–1381), and was appointed by Urban VI to the archdiocese of Arles. He never appeared, was never installed, and had no influence over the diocese. He is known from a single casual reference. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 718 and 730, nos. 1662 and 1687. Eubel I, pp. 380, 539.
114. Conzié had previously been Bishop of Grenoble (1380–1388). He was transferred to the archdiocese of Arles on 20 January 1388 by Pope Clement VII. He was transferred to the archdiocese of Toulouse on 17 October 1390, and then to Narbonne on 19 September 1391. As archbishop of Narbonne, he attended the Council of Pisa in 1409. He died on 31 December 1432. Samuel Guichenon, Histoire de Bresse et de Bugey, (in French), Volume 3 (Lyon: Huguetan & Ravaud 1650), p. 88. J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, (in Latin), Volume 27 (Venice: A. Zatta 1784), p. 342. Fisquet, part 2, pp. 711-718. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 730-738. Eubel I, pp. 103, 268, 356, 488; II, p. 199.
115. Jean de Rochechouart: Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 739-747.
116. Pope Benedict XIII assumed control of the diocese, and had the bishop's income sent directly to the papal treasury. He appointed administrators for the diocesan business. Fisquet, part 2, pp. 620.
117. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 748-750.
118. Bishop Guillaume was already administrator on 25 August 1402. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 750-751.
119. Abbot Philippe's appointment was signed by Benedict XIII on 29 April 1403. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 751-754.
120. Artaud had previously been bishop of Forlí (1372), of Grasse (1379), and of Sisteron (1382). He was transferred to Arles by Pope Benedict XIII on 17 December 1404. He did not attend the Council of Pisa in 1409, but he was represented by a procurator (Albanès, p. 764, no. 1783). He died in the castle of Salon on 1 November 1410. J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, (in Latin), Volume 27 (Venice: A. Zatta 1784), p. 337. Fisquet, part 2, pp. 620-624. Albanès and Chevalier (1901), pp. 754-766. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 754-775.
121. Allarmet was appointed Bishop of Viviers (1382–1385) by Pope Clement VII. He was named cardinal priest of S. Anastasia on 12 July 1385, and on 13 June 1405 promoted Bishop of Ostia by Pope Benedict XIII. He was granted the diocese of Arles in commendam by Pope John XXIII on 24 November 1410. He resigned upon the appointment of Archbishop Louis Aleman on 3 December 1423. He died on 16 February 1426. Fisquet, part 2, pp. 624-630. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 775-787. Eubel I, pp. 28, no. 26; 104; 533.
122. Louis Aleman was a doctor of canon law. He was previously Bishop of Maguelone (1418-1423), and was appointed bishop of Arles by Pope Martin V on 3 December 1423. He was named a cardinal by Pope Martin on 24 May 1426, and was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the diocese. He died in Savoy, at the Franciscan house of Sallonis, on 16 September 1450. Denis de Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana Vol. 1, pp. 582-584. Gabriel Pérouse, Le cardinal Louis Aleman et la fin du Grand Schisme, (in French), (Lyon: Legendre, 1904), pp. 129-158. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 787-812, especially nos. 1849-1850, 1912. Eubel I, pp. 34 no. 2; 103; 320.
123. Pierre de Foix was named a cardinal by Pope John XXIII in 1414, and was promoted Suburbicarian Bishop of Albano on 14 March 1431. He was named archbishop of Arles and abbot commendatory of S. Pierre de Montmajour by Pope Nicholas V on 9 October 1450, and allowed to keep the dioceses of Comminges (1422–1450), Lascar (1433–1463), and Albano (1431–1463). He held a provincial synod in Arles on 16 November 1453 (Albanès, no. 2000). On 11 February 1463 (in the Roman calendar it was still 1462), Cardinal de Foix was transferred by Pope Pius II to the archdiocese of Auch. He died on 13 December 1464. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 842-869. Eubel I, pp. 33, no. 18; 35; II, pp. 5, no. 20; 93.
124. Philippe was appointed archbishop of Auch in March 1454, at the age of 27. Pope Pius II named him archbishop of Arles on 11 February 1463 (Albanès, no. 2020). He was named a cardinal by Pope Sixtus IV on 7 May 1473. He died in Rome on 11 November 1475, and was buried in S. Giorgio in Velabro. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 869-875. Eubel II, pp. 16, no. 3; 93; 100.
125. Eustache de Lévis was the younger brother of Philippe de Lévis, He was appointed his successor on 20 November 1475 by Pope Sixtus IV. He died in Rome on 22 April 1489, at the age of 42, and was buried in the Basilica of S. Maria Maggiore. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 875-881. Eubel II, p. 100.
126. Jean Ferrier was approved as coadjutor of the archbishop of Arles in the papal consistory if 23 August 1518 by Pope Leo X. He succeeded to the seat on the death of his uncle on 17 January 1521. He died in October 1550. Fisquet, part 1, pp. pp. 663-666. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 896-908. Eubel III, p. 116 with notes 2 and 3.
127. Broullat was appointed archbishop in the consistory of 28 November 1550. He became a Calvinist and was deposed on 7 February 1560. Fisquet, part 1, pp. 666-670. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 908-911. Eubel III, p. 116 with note 4.
128. Cardinal de Lenoncourt was appointed apostolic administrator of the diocese of Arles on 7 February 1560, though the move had been contemplated as early as 4 February 1558. He died on 4 February 1561. Fisquet, part 1, pp. 666-670. Eubel III, p. 116, with note 5.
129. Antoine was the cousin and close friend of Jacques d'Albon, Marshall of France. He became abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Savigny in 1521, in succession to his uncle. Another uncle, abbot of Île-barbe, left him the abbey on his death. By letters-patent of 8 December 1558, he was named governor of Lyon. In 1561, Catherine de Medicis gave him the archdiocese of Arles. Antoine was later Archbishop of Lyon, exchanging the see of Arles for the see of Lyon with Cardinal d'Este; the transaction was approved in the papal consistory of 14 July 1564 by Pope Pius IV. Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana, p. 590. Fisquet, part 1, pp. 671-674. Eubel III, p. 230.
130. D'Este: Sainte-Marthe, Gallia christiana I, pp. 590. Fisquet, pp. 674-677.
131. Montano was born in Policastro (Kingdom of Naples). He studied in Rome, and became a doctor of theology. Pope Sixtus V named him a canon of the Vatican Basilica. He had previously been bishop of Penne & Atri (1591–1598). He was nominated archbishop of Arles by King Henry IV of France, and approved by Pope Clement VIII in the consistory of 25 November 1598. At the request of the king, the pope made Montano a nuncio extraordinary to the French court. He made his Last Will and Testament on 11 November 1603, and died the same day. Fisquet, pp. 686-687. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 935-942. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 92 with note 2.
132. Laurent died at the Chateau de Salon on 12 July 1630. On 15 July, the Chapter elected the Provost of the Chapter, Jacques Aube, vicar-general of the diocese, sede vacante. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 956.
133. Barraut was the son of Count Aimeri de Barraut. He was bishop of Bazas from 1611 to 1631. He was nominated archbishop of Arles by King Louis XIII on 20 July 1630, and his transfer to Arles was approved by Pope Urban VIII in the consistory of 12 May 1631. He made his solemn entry into the diocese on 8 December 1631. He died on 30 July 1643. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 956-. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 92 with note 4.
134. On 31 July 1643, the government of Louis XIV, aged 5, nominated François de Grignan, Bishop of S. Paul-trois-châteaux (1630–1645), to be archbishop of Arles. (Pope Urban VIII died on 29 July 1644, before he had approved the appointment) His transfer was approved by Pope Innocent X in the consistory of 16 January 1645. He died in Arles on 9 March 1689, at the age of 86. Fisquet, pp. 694-706. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 969-982. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV , p. 92 with note 5; 344.
135. Jean-Baptiste Adhémar de Monteil de Grignan was the fourth son of Comte Louis Gaucher Adhémar de Monteil de Grignan. He was named titular bishop of Claudiopolis and coadjutor of the diocese of Arles on 3 August 1667, and was consecrated a bishop at Uzès by his uncle on 11 December 1667. He succeeded his uncle at his death on 9 March 1689. He died at Montpellier on 11 November 1697, at the age of 52, and was buried in his uncle's tomb. Fisquet, pp. 706-710. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 982-990. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV , p. 96, with note 2; 161 with note 2.
136. De Mailly held a licenciate in theology (Sorbonne), and was a royal almoner. He was nominated archbishop of Arles by King Louis XIV on 25 December 1697, which was approved by Pope Innocent XII in the consistory of 9 March 1698. He was consecrated a bishop on 11 May 1698. He was later Archbishop of Reims, transferred by a royal brevêt of 12 July 1710, which was confirmed on 1 October by Pope Clement XI. Fisquet, pp. 711-714. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 990-995.
137. Jacques de Forbin-Janson was the son of Marquis Laurent de Forbin, and nephew of Cardinal Toussaint de Forbin-Janson, Bishop of Beauvais. On 23 April 1711, Archbishop-elect wrote to the Chapter of Arles that King Louis XIV had appointed him archbishop of Arles. The nomination was approved in the consistory of 1 June 1711, by Pope Clement XI. He died in Arles on 14 January 1741. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 996-1014. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 97 with note 4 (who err on the date of death).
138. Bellefonds was previously Bishop of Bayonne He was nominated archbishop of Arles by King Louis XV on 20 August 1741, and confirmed by Pope Benedict XIV on 20 December 1741. He was transferred to the archdiocese of Paris on 2 May 1746. He died on 20 July 1746. Fisquet, pp. 721-733. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 97 with note 2; 329 with note 2.
139. De Jumilhac was a doctor of theology (Paris), and was a canon and archdeacon-major of Chartres, and vicar-general of Chartres. He was previously Bishop of Vannes (1742–1746). He was nominated archbishop of Arles by King Louis XV on 17 April 1746, and confirmed by Pope Benedict XIV on 19 September 1746. He died in Paris on 20 February 1775. Fisquet, 2e partie, pp. 734-737. Louis de Nussac, Mgr Jean-Joseph Chapelle de Jumilhac de Saint-Jean, (in French), (Paris: Picard 1921), esp. pp. 35-50. Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 97 with note 3; 436 with note 2.
140. Du Lau was nominated by King Louis XVI on 26 February 1775, and approved in consistory by Pope Pius VI on24 April 1775. He was executed by order of the Assembly of the Sectdion of the Luxembourg, at the house of the Carmelites in Paris on 2 September 1792. Jacques Constant, Oeuvres de Monseigneur Jean-Marie Du Lau, Archevêque d'Arles, (in French), Volume 1 (Arles: G. Mesnier, 1816), pp. 1-86. Ph. Pécout, Jean-Marie Du Lau: archevêque d'Arles né en Périgord, (in French) (Imprimerie Cassard, 1892). Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, pp. 1027-1036. Fisquet, 2e partie, pp. 738-753. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 97 with note 4.

Sources

Lists of bishops

• Sainte-Marthe, Denis de (1716). Gallia christiana. (in Latin). Tomus primus. Paris: Typographia Regia 1716.
• Albanès, Joseph Hyacinthe; Ulysse Chevalier (1901). Gallia christiana novissima: Arles (in Latin). Valence: Soc. anonyme d'imprimerie montbéliardasie.
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tomus I) (second ed.). Munster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 527.
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus II) (second ed.). Munster: Libreria Regensbergiana.
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (Tomus III) (second ed.). Munster: Libreria Regensbergiana.
• Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 4 (IV) (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06. p. 219.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. 5 (V) (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. 6 (Tomus VI) (1730–1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libreria Regensburgiana.
• Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.
• Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.

Studies

• Clouzot, Étienne (1923). Pouillés des provinces d'Aix, d'Arles et d'Embrun. (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1923. [pp. lxiv–lxxv; 135-164]
• Duchesne, Louis (1893). La Primatie d'Arles. Memoires de la Societe nationale des Antiquaires de France, LII (in French). Paris: Daupeley-Gouverneur.
• Duchesne, Louis (1907). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: Volume I. Provinces du Sud-Est. (in French). second edition. Paris: Fontemoing.
• Fisquet, Honoré (1867). La France pontificale (Gallia christiana): Aix, Arles, Embrun (in French). Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Paris: E. Repos.
• Fisquet, Honoré (1867). La France pontificale (Gallia christiana): Arles, Embrun (in French). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Paris: E. Repos.
• Fournier, Paul (1891). Le royaume d'Arles et de Vienne (1138-1378): Étude sur la formation territoriale de la France dans l'Est et le Sudest. (in French). Paris: A. Picard, 1891.
• Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801. Paris: A. Picard, 1891.
• Malnory, Arthur (1894). Saint Césaire, évêque d'Arles, 503-543 (in French). Paris: É. Bouillon.

External links

• Gabriel Chow, G-Catholic, Arles^{[self-published source]}

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