Dharmarakṣa

Dharmarakṣa (Chinese: 竺法護; pinyin: Zhú Fǎhù, J. Jiku Hōgo; K. Ch’uk Pǒphom c. 233-310) was one of the most important early translators of Mahayana sutras into Chinese. Several of his translations had profound effects on East Asian Buddhism.^[1] He is described in scriptural catalogues as Yuezhi in origin.

Dharmarakṣa
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	竺法護
Simplified Chinese	竺法护
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhú Fǎhù
Korean name
Hangul	축법호
Hanja	竺法護
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Chuk Beop-ho McCune–Reischauer Ch'uk Pŏp-ho
Japanese name
Kanji	竺法護
Kana	じく ほうご
Transcriptions Romanization Jiku Hougo

Life

His family lived at Dunhuang, where he was born around 233 CE.^[2] At the age of eight, he became a novice and took the Indian monk named Zhu Gaozuo (Chinese: 竺高座) as his teacher.^[3]

As a young boy, Dhamaraksa was said to be extremely intelligent, and journeyed with his teacher to many countries in the Western Regions, where he learned Central Asian languages and scripts. He then traveled back to China with a quantity of Buddhist texts and translated them with the aid of numerous assistants and associates, both Chinese and foreign, from Parthians to Khotanese.^[4] One of his more prominent assistants was a Chinese upāsaka, Nie Chengyuan (Chinese: 聶承遠), who served as a scribe and editor.^[5]

Dharmaraksa first began his translation career in Chang'an (present day Xi'an) in 266 CE, and later moved to Luoyang, the capital of the newly formed Jin Dynasty.^[6] He was active in Dunhuang for some time as well, and alternated between the three locations. It was in Chang'an that he made the first known translation of the Lotus Sutra and the Ten Stages Sutra, two texts that later became definitive for Chinese Buddhism, in 286 and 302, respectively.^[7] He died at the age of seventy-eight after a period of illness; the exact location of his death is still disputed.^[8]

Works

Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 sūtras. Many of his works were greatly successful, widely circulating around northern China in the third century and becoming the subject of exegetical studies and scrutiny by Chinese monastics in the fourth century.^[9] His efforts in both translation and lecturing on sūtras are said to have converted many in China to Buddhism, and contributed to the development of Chang'an into a major center of Buddhism at the time.^[10]

Some of his main translations are:^[1][11]

• Saddharmapundarika Sūtra (Chinese: 正法華經; pinyin: Zhèng Fǎhuá Jīng), the "Lotus Sutra"
• Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra in 25,000 Lines, Chinese: 光贊般若波羅密經; pinyin: Guāngzàn Bōrě Bōluómì jīng)
• The Dasabhūmika-sūtra (Ten Stages Sutra, Chinese: 漸備一切智德經; pinyin: Jiànbèi Yīqiè Zhìdé Jīng)
• The Lalitavistara Sūtra (Chinese: 普曜經; pinyin: Pǔyào Jīng)
• The Vimalakīrtinirdeśa
• The Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra (Secrets of the Tathāgata)
• The Bhadrakalpikasūtra
• The Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
• Akṣayamatinirdeśa

See also

• Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
• History of Buddhism
• Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
• Dharmakṣema

References

1. "Dharmarakṣa - Buddha-Nature". buddhanature.tsadra.org. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
2. Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 4.
3. Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 24.
4. Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. pp. 39–40.
5. Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two THousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 96.
6. Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 34.
7. Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. pp. 32–33.
8. Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 28.
9. Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 5.
10. Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 27.
11. Boucher, Daniel. Asia Major THIRD SERIES, Vol. 19, No. 1/2, CHINA AT THE CROSSROADS: A FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOR OF VICTOR H. MAIR (2006), pp. 13-37 (25 pages). Published By: Academia Sinica

Bibliography

• Boucher, Daniel (2006). Dharmaraksa and the Transmission of Buddhism to China, Asia Major 19, 13-37
• Boucher, Daniel. Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Microform. 1996. Print.
• Wood, Francis. The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.

External links

• Digital Dictionary of Buddhism^{[permanent dead link‍]} (log in with userID "guest")
• Texts associated with Dharmaraksa