List of epidemics and pandemics

This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease in humans. Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included. An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time; in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.^[1] Due to the long time spans, the first plague pandemic (6th century – 8th century) and the second plague pandemic (14th century – early 19th century) are shown by individual outbreaks, such as the Plague of Justinian (first pandemic) and the Black Death (second pandemic).

Pandemics timeline death tolls

Infectious diseases with high prevalence are listed separately (sometimes in addition to their epidemics), such as malaria, which may have killed 50–60 billion people throughout history, or about half of all humans that have ever lived.^[2]

Major epidemics and pandemics

By death toll

Ongoing epidemics and pandemics are in boldface. For a given epidemic or pandemic, the average of its estimated death toll range is used for ranking. If the death toll averages of two or more epidemics or pandemics are equal, then the smaller the range, the higher the rank. For the historical records of major changes in the world population, see world population.^[3]

Epidemics and pandemics with at least 1 million deaths

Rank	Epidemics/pandemics	Disease	Death toll	Percentage of population lost	Years	Location
1	Spanish flu	Influenza A/H1N1	17–100 million	1–5.4% of global population[4]	1918–1920	Worldwide
2	Plague of Justinian	Bubonic plague	15–100 million	25–60% of European population[5]	541–549	North Africa, Europe, and Western Asia
3	Black Death	Bubonic plague	25–50 million	30–60% of European population[6]	1346–1353	Europe, Asia, and North Africa
4	HIV/AIDS pandemic	HIV/AIDS	43 million (as of 2024[update])	[a]	1981–present[7]	Worldwide
5	COVID-19 pandemic	COVID-19	7–35 million[8][9] (as of 2024[update])	[a]	2019[b]–present[10][11][c]	Worldwide
6	Third plague pandemic	Bubonic plague	12–15 million	–	1855–1960	Worldwide
7	Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548	Cocoliztli, caused by an unidentified pathogen	5–15 million	27–80% of Mexican population[12]	1545–1548	Mexico
8	Antonine Plague	Smallpox or measles	5–10 million	25–33% of Roman population[13]	165–180 (possibly up to 190)	Roman Empire
9	1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic	Smallpox	5–8 million	23–37% of Mexican population[12]	1519–1520	Mexico
11	1957–1958 influenza pandemic	Influenza A/H2N2	1–4 million	–	1957–1958	Worldwide
12	Hong Kong flu	Influenza A/H3N2	1–4 million	–	1968–1969	Worldwide
10	1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic	Typhus	2–3 million	1–1.6% of Russian population[14]	1918–1922	Russia
13	Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576	Cocoliztli	2–2.5 million	50% of Mexican population[12]	1576–1580	Mexico
14	1772–1773 Persian Plague	Bubonic plague	2 million	–	1772–1773	Persia
15	735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic	Smallpox	2 million	33% of Japanese population[15]	735–737	Japan
16	Naples Plague	Bubonic plague	1.25 million	–	1656–1658	Southern Italy
17	1889–1890 pandemic	Influenza or human coronavirus OC43[16][17]	1 million	–	1889–1890	Worldwide
18	1629–1631 Italian plague	Bubonic plague	1 million	–	1629–1631	Italy
19	1846–1860 cholera pandemic	Cholera	1 million	–	1846–1860	Worldwide

Depopulation of the Americas

Main article: Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas § Depopulation by Old World diseases

Not included in the above table are many waves of deadly diseases brought by Europeans to the Americas and Caribbean. Western Hemisphere populations were ravaged mostly by smallpox, but also typhus, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, mumps, yellow fever, and pertussis. The lack of written records in many places and the destruction of many native societies by disease, war, and colonization make estimates uncertain. Deaths probably numbered in the tens or perhaps over a hundred million, with perhaps 90% of the population dead in the worst-hit areas. Lack of scientific knowledge about microorganisms and lack of surviving medical records for many areas makes attribution of specific numbers to specific diseases uncertain.

Infectious diseases with high prevalence

Further information: List of causes of death by rate

There have been various major infectious diseases with high prevalence worldwide, but they are currently not listed in the above table as epidemics/pandemics due to the lack of definite data, such as time span and death toll.

An Ethiopian child with malaria, a disease with an annual death rate of 619,000 as of 2021.^[18]

• Malaria has had multiple documented temporary epidemics in otherwise non-affected or low-prevalence areas, but the vast majority of its deaths are due to its constant prevalence in affected areas.^[2]
• Tuberculosis (TB) became epidemic in Europe in the 18th and 19th century, showing a seasonal pattern, and is still taking place globally.^[19][20][21] The morbidity and mortality of TB and HIV/AIDS have been closely linked, known as "TB/HIV syndemic".^[21][22] According to the World Health Organization, approximately 10 million new TB infections occur every year, and 1.5 million people die from it each year – making it the world's top infectious killer (before COVID-19 pandemic).^[21] However, there is a lack of sources which describe major TB epidemics with definite time spans and death tolls.
• Hepatitis B: According to the World Health Organization, as of 2019^[update] there are about 296 million people living with chronic hepatitis B, with 1.5 million new infections each year. In 2019, hepatitis B caused about 820,000 deaths, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer).^[23] In many places of Asia and Africa, hepatitis B has become endemic.^[24] In addition, a person is sometimes infected with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, and this population (about 2.7 million) accounts for about 1% of the total HBV infections.^[23]
• Hepatitis C: According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately 58 million people with chronic hepatitis C, with about 1.5 million new infections occurring per year. In 2019, approximately 290,000 people died from the disease, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer).^[25] There have been many hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemics in history.^[26][27][28]

Chronology

Events in boldface are ongoing.

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events in human history

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
1350 BC plague of Megiddo	c. 1350 BC	Megiddo, land of Canaan	Amarna letters EA 244, Biridiya, mayor of Megiddo complains to Amenhotep III of his area being "consumed by death, plague and dust"	Unknown	[29]
Hittite Plague/"Hand of Nergal"	c. 1330 BC	Near East, Hittite Empire, Alashiya, possibly Egypt	Unknown, possibly Tularemia. Mentioned in Amarna letter EA 35 as the "Hand of Nergal", cause of death of Šuppiluliuma I.	Unknown
Plague of Athens	430–426 BC	Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia	Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever	75,000–100,000	[30][31][32][33]
412 BC epidemic	412 BC	Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic)	Unknown, possibly influenza	473,000 (10% of the Roman Population)	[34]
Antonine Plague	165–180 (possibly up to 190)	Roman Empire	Unknown, possibly smallpox	5–10 million	[35][36]
Jian'an Plague	217	Han dynasty	Unknown, possibly typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever	2 Million	[37][38]
Plague of Cyprian	249–262	Europe	Unknown, possibly smallpox	310,000	[39][40]
Plague of Justinian (beginning of first plague pandemic)	541–549	Europe and West Asia	Bubonic plague	15–100 million	[5][41][42]
580 Dysentery Epidemic in Gaul	580	Gaul	Dysentery or possibly smallpox	450,000 (10% of the Gaul population)	[43]
Roman Plague of 590 (part of first plague pandemic)	590	Rome, Byzantine Empire	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[44]
Plague of Sheroe (part of first plague pandemic)	627–628	Bilad al-Sham	Bubonic plague	25,000+
Plague of Amwas (part of first plague pandemic)	638–639	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa	Bubonic plague	25,000+	[45]
Plague of 664 (part of first plague pandemic)	664–689	British Isles	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[46]
Plague of 698–701 (part of first plague pandemic)	698–701	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[47]
735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic	735–737	Japan	Smallpox	2 million (approx. 1⁄3 of Japanese population)	[15][48]
Plague of 746–747 (part of first plague pandemic)	746–747	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[45]
Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic)	1346–1353	Eurasia and North Africa	Bubonic plague	75–200 million (30–60% of European population and 33% percent of the Middle Eastern population)	[49]
Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks)	1485–1551	Britain (England) and later continental Europe	Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus	10,000+	[50]
1489 Spain typhus epidemic	1489	Spain	Typhus	17,000	[51]
1510 influenza pandemic	1510	Asia, North Africa, Europe	Influenza	Unknown, around 1% of those infected	[52]
1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic	1519–1520	Mexico	Smallpox	5–8 million (40% of population)	[12]
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548	1545–1548	Mexico	Possibly Salmonella enterica	5–15 million (80% of population)	[53][54][55][56]
1557 influenza pandemic	1557–1559	Asia, Africa, Europe, and Americas	Influenza	2.5–5 Million (10% of the infected)
1561 Chile smallpox epidemic	1561–1562	Chile	Smallpox	120,000–150,000 (20–25% of native population)	[57]
1563 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1563–1564	London, England	Bubonic plague	20,100+	[58]
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576	1576–1580	Mexico	Possibly Salmonella enterica	2–2.5 million (50% of population)	[53][54][55][56]
1582 Tenerife plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1582–1583	Tenerife, Spain	Bubonic plague	5,000–9,000	[59]
1592–1596 Seneca nation measles epidemic	1592–1596	Seneca nation, North America	Measles	Unknown	[60]
1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1592–1593	Malta	Bubonic plague	3,000	[61]
1592–1593 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1592–1593	London, England	Bubonic plague	19,900+	[62]
1596–1602 Spain plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1596–1602	Spain	Bubonic plague	600,000–700,000	[63]
1600–1650 South America malaria epidemic	1600–1650	South America	Malaria	Unknown	[citation needed]
1603 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1603	London, England	Bubonic plague	40,000	[64][65][66]
1616 New England infections epidemic	1616–1620	Southern New England, British North America, especially the Wampanoag people	Unknown, possibly leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D	1,143,000–3,429,000 (estimated 30–90% of population)	[67][68]
1629–1631 Italian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1629–1631	Italy	Bubonic plague	1 million	[69]
1632–1635 Augsburg plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1632–1635	Augsburg, Germany	Bubonic plague	13,712	[70]
Massachusetts smallpox epidemic	1633–1634	Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thirteen Colonies	Smallpox	1,000	[71]
1634–1640 Wyandot people epidemic	1634–1640	Wyandot people, North America	Smallpox and Influenza	15,000–25,000	[72]
1637 London plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1636–1637	London and Westminster, England	Bubonic plague	10,400	[73]
Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty (part of the second plague pandemic)	1633–1644	China	Bubonic plague	200,000+	[74][75]
Great Plague of Seville (part of the second plague pandemic)	1647–1652	Spain	Bubonic plague	500,000	[76]
1648 Central America yellow fever epidemic	1648	Central America	Yellow fever	Unknown	[77]
Naples Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1656–1658	Italy	Bubonic plague	1,250,000	[78]
1663–1664 Amsterdam plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1663–1664	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Bubonic plague	24,148	[79]
Great Plague of London (part of the second plague pandemic)	1665–1666	England	Bubonic plague	100,000	[80][81]
1668 France plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1668	France	Bubonic plague	40,000	[82]
1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1675–1676	Malta	Bubonic plague	11,300	[83]
1676–1685 Spain plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1676–1685	Spain	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[84]
1677–1678 Boston smallpox epidemic	1677–1678	Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America	Smallpox	750–1,000	[85]
Great Plague of Vienna (part of the second plague pandemic)	1679	Vienna, Austria	Bubonic plague	76,000	[86]
1681 Prague plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1681	Prague, Czech Kingdom	Bubonic plague	83,000	[87]
1687 South Africa influenza outbreak	1687	South Africa	Unknown, possibly influenza	Unknown	[88]
1693 Boston yellow fever epidemic	1693	Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America	Yellow fever	3,100+	[89]
1699 Charleston and Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic	1699	Charleston and Philadelphia, British North America	Yellow fever	520 (300 in Charleston, 220 in Philadelphia)	[90]
1702 New York City yellow fever epidemic	1702	New York City, British North America	Yellow fever	500	[91]
1702–1703 St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic	1702–1703	New France, Canada	Smallpox	1,300	[92]
1707–1708 Iceland smallpox epidemic	1707–1709	Iceland	Smallpox	18,000+ (36% of population)	[93]
Great Northern War plague outbreak (part of the second plague pandemic)	1710–1712	Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania	Bubonic plague	164,000	[94][95]
1713–1715 North America measles epidemic	1713–1715	Thirteen Colonies and New France, Canada	Measles	Unknown	[96][97]
Great Plague of Marseille (part of the second plague pandemic)	1720–1722	France	Bubonic plague	100,000+	[98]
1721 Boston smallpox outbreak	1721–1722	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Smallpox	844	[99]
1730 Cádiz yellow fever epidemic	1730	Cádiz, Spain	Yellow fever	2,200	[100]
1732–1733 Thirteen Colonies influenza epidemic	1732–1733	Thirteen Colonies	Influenza	Unknown	[101]
1733 New France smallpox epidemic	1733	New France, Canada	Smallpox	Unknown	[102]
1735–1741 diphtheria epidemic	1735–1741	New England, Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, British North America	Diphtheria	20,000	[103]
Great Plague of 1738 (part of the second plague pandemic)	1738	Balkans	Bubonic plague	50,000	[104]
1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic	1738–1739	Province of Carolina, Thirteen Colonies	Smallpox	7,700–11,700	[105]
1741 Cartagena yellow fever epidemic	1741	Cartagena, Colombia	Yellow fever	20,000	[106]
1743 Sicily plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1743	Messina, Sicily, Italy	Bubonic plague	40,000–50,000	[107][108]
1759 North America measles outbreak	1759	North America	Measles	Unknown	[109]
1760 Charleston smallpox epidemic	1760	Charleston, British North America	Smallpox	730–940	[110][111]
1762 Havana yellow fever epidemic	1762	Havana, Cuba	Yellow fever	8,000	[106]
1763 Pittsburgh area smallpox outbreak	1763	North America, present-day Pittsburgh area	Smallpox	Unknown	[112]
1770–1772 Russian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1770–1772	Russia	Bubonic plague	50,000	[113]
1772 North America measles epidemic	1772	North America	Measles	1,080	[114]
1772–1773 Persian Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1772–1773	Persia	Bubonic plague	2 million	[115]
1775–1776 England influenza outbreak	1775–1776	England	Influenza	Unknown	[116]
1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic	1775–1782	Native populations in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States	Smallpox	11,000+	[117][118]
1778 Spain dengue fever outbreak	1778	Spain	Dengue fever	Unknown	[119]
1782 Influenza pandemic	1782	Worldwide	Influenza	Unknown
1788 Pueblo Indians smallpox epidemic	1788	Pueblo Indians in northern New Spain (what is now the Southwestern United States)	Smallpox	Unknown	[120]
1789–1790 New South Wales smallpox epidemic	1789–1790	New South Wales, Australia	Smallpox	125,251–175,351 (50–70% of native population)	[121][122]
1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic	1793	Philadelphia, United States	Yellow fever	5,000+	[123]
1800–1803 Spain yellow fever epidemic	1800–1803	Spain	Yellow fever	60,000+	[124]
1801 Ottoman Empire and Egypt bubonic plague epidemic	1801	Ottoman Empire, Egypt	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[125]
1802–1803 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic	1802–1803	Saint-Domingue	Yellow fever	29,000–55,000	[126]
1812 Russia typhus epidemic	1812	Russia	Typhus	300,000	[51]
1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1812–1819	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	300,000+	[127]
1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1813–1814	Malta	Bubonic plague	4,500	[128]
Caragea's plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1813	Romania	Bubonic plague	60,000	[129]
1817–1819 Ireland typhus epidemic	1817–1819	Ireland	Typhus	65,000	[130]
First cholera pandemic	1817–1824	Asia, Europe	Cholera	100,000+	[131]
1820 Savannah yellow fever epidemic	1820	Savannah, Georgia, United States	Yellow fever	700	[132]
1821 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic	1821	Barcelona, Spain	Yellow fever	5,000–20,000	[133][134]
Second cholera pandemic	1826–1837	Asia, Europe, North America	Cholera	100,000+	[135]
1828–1829 New South Wales smallpox epidemic	1828–1829	New South Wales, Australia	Smallpox	19,000	[136][137]
Groningen epidemic	1829	Netherlands	Malaria	2,800	[138]
1829–1833 Pacific Northwest malaria epidemic	1829–1833	Pacific Northwest, United States	Malaria, possibly other diseases too	150,000	[139][140]
1829–1835 Iran plague outbreak	1829–1835	Iran	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[141]
1834–1836 Egypt plague epidemic	1834–1836	Egypt	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[142]
1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic	1837–1838	Great Plains, United States and Canada	Smallpox	17,000+	[143]
1841 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic	1841	Southern United States (especially Louisiana and Florida)	Yellow fever	3,498	[144]
1847 North American typhus epidemic	1847–1848	Canada	Typhus	20,000+	[145]
1847 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic	1847	Southern United States (especially New Orleans)	Yellow fever	3,400	[146]
1847–1848 influenza epidemic	1847–1848	Worldwide	Influenza	Unknown	[147]
1848–1849 Hawaii epidemic of infections	1848–1849	Hawaiian Kingdom	Measles, whooping cough, dysentery and influenza	10,000	[148]
1853 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic	1853	New Orleans, United States	Yellow fever	7,970	[133]
Third cholera pandemic	1846–1860	Worldwide	Cholera	1 million+	[149]
1853 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic	1853	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	Unknown	[150]
1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak	1853	Copenhagen, Denmark	Cholera	4,737	[151]
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak	1854	London, England	Cholera	616	[152]
1855 Norfolk yellow fever epidemic	1855	Norfolk and Portsmouth, England	Yellow fever	3,000 (2,000 in Norfolk, 1,000 in Portsmouth)	[153]
Third plague pandemic	1855–1960	Worldwide	Bubonic plague	12–15 million (India and China)	[154][155]
1855–1857 Montevideo yellow fever epidemic	1855–1857	Montevideo, Uruguay	Yellow fever	3,400 (first wave; 900, second wave; 2,500)	[156]
1857 Lisbon yellow fever epidemic	1857	Lisbon, Portugal	Yellow fever	6,000	[133]
1857 Victoria smallpox epidemic	1857	Victoria, Australia	Smallpox	Unknown	[157]
1857–1859 Europe and the Americas influenza epidemic	1857–1859	Europe, North America, South America	Influenza	Unknown	[158]
1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic	1862–1863	Pacific Northwest, Canada and United States	Smallpox	20,000+	[159][160][161]
1861–1865 United States typhoid fever epidemic	1861–1865	United States	Typhoid fever	80,000	[162]
Fourth cholera pandemic	1863–1875	Middle East	Cholera	600,000	[163]
1867 Sydney measles epidemic	1867	Sydney, Australia	Measles	748	[164]
1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever epidemic	1871	Buenos Aires, Argentina	Yellow fever	13,500–26,200	[165]
1870–1875 Europe smallpox epidemic	1870–1875	Europe	Smallpox	500,000	[166][167]
1875 Fiji measles outbreak	1875	Fiji	Measles	40,000	[168]
1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic	1875–1876	Australia	Scarlet fever	8,000	[164]
1876 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic	1876	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	20,000	[169]
1878 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic	1878	New Orleans, United States	Yellow fever	4,046	[126]
1878 Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic	1878	Mississippi Valley, United States	Yellow fever	13,000	[126]
Fifth cholera pandemic	1881–1896	Asia, Africa, Europe, South America	Cholera	298,600	[170]
1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic	1885	Montreal, Canada	Smallpox	3,164	[171]
1889–1890 pandemic	1889–1890	Worldwide	Influenza or Human coronavirus OC43 / HCoV-OC43[17][172] (disputed)	1 million	[173]
1894 Hong Kong plague (part of the third plague pandemic)	1894–1929	Hong Kong	Bubonic plague	20,000+	[174]
Bombay plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)	1896–1905	Bombay, India	Bubonic plague	20,788	[175]
1896–1906 Congo Basin African trypanosomiasis epidemic	1896–1906	Congo Basin	African trypanosomiasis	500,000	[176]
1899 Porto plague outbreak (part of the third plague pandemic)	1899	Porto, Portugal	Bubonic plague	132	[177]
Sixth cholera pandemic	1899–1923	Europe, Asia, Africa	Cholera	800,000+	[178]
San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 (part of the third plague pandemic)	1900–1904	San Francisco, United States	Bubonic plague	119	[179]
1900 Sydney bubonic plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)	1900	Australia	Bubonic plague	103	[180]
1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic	1900–1920	Uganda	African trypanosomiasis	200,000–300,000	[176]
Papua New Guinea kuru epidemic	1901–2009	Papua New Guinea	Kuru	2,700–3,000+	[181][182]
1903 Fremantle plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)	1903	Fremantle, Western Australia	Bubonic plague	4	[183]
1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon	1906–1936	Ceylon	Malaria	80,000	[184]
Manchurian plague (part of the third plague pandemic)	1910–1911	China	Pneumonic plague	60,000	[185]
1916 United States polio epidemic	1916	United States	Poliomyelitis	7,130	[186]
1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu')	1918–1920	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	17–100 million	[187][188][189]
1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic	1918–1922	Russia	Typhus	2–3 million	[190]
1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic	1919–1930	Worldwide	Encephalitis lethargica	500,000	[191][192][193]
1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak	1924	Los Angeles, United States	Pneumonic plague	30	[194]
1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic	1924–1925	Minnesota, United States	Smallpox	500	[195]
1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic	1927	Montreal, Canada	Typhoid fever	538	[196]
1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic	1929–1930	Worldwide	Psittacosis	100+	[197]
Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937	1937	Croydon, United Kingdom	Typhoid fever	43	[198]
1937 Australia polio epidemic	1937	Australia	Poliomyelitis	Unknown	[199]
1940 Sudan yellow fever epidemic	1940	Sudan	Yellow fever	1,627	[200]
1942–1944 Egypt malaria epidemic	1942–1944	Egypt	Malaria	Unknown	[142][201]
1946 Egypt relapsing fever epidemic	1946	Egypt	Relapsing fever	Unknown	[142][201]
1947 Egypt cholera epidemic	1947	Egypt	Cholera	10,277	[142][201][202]
1948–1952 United States polio epidemic	1948–1952	United States	Poliomyelitis	9,000	[186]
1957–1958 influenza pandemic ('Asian flu')	1957–1958	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H2N2	1–4 million	[187][203][204]
1960–1962 Ethiopia yellow fever epidemic	1960–1962	Ethiopia	Yellow fever	30,000	[205]
Seventh cholera pandemic	1961–present	Worldwide	Cholera (El Tor strain)	36,000 [citation needed]	[206]
Hong Kong flu	1968–1970	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H3N2	1–4 million	[187][203][204]
1971 Staphorst polio epidemic	1971	Staphorst, Netherlands	Poliomyelitis	5	[207]
1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak	1972	Yugoslavia	Smallpox	35	[208]
London flu	1972–1973	United States	Influenza A virus subtype H3N2	1,027	[209]
1973 Italy cholera epidemic	1973	Italy	Cholera (El Tor strain)	24	[210]
1974 smallpox epidemic in India	1974	India	Smallpox	15,000	[211]
1977 Russian flu	1977–1979	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	700,000	[212][213]
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak	1979	Russia	Anthrax	105	[214]
HIV/AIDS epidemic	1981–present	Worldwide	HIV/AIDS	42 million (as of 2023[update])	[215]
1984 Western Sahara plague	1984	Western Sahara	Bubonic plague	64	[citation needed]
1986 Oju yellow fever epidemic	1986	Oju, Nigeria	Yellow fever	5,600+	[216]
1987 Mali yellow fever epidemic	1987	Mali	Yellow fever	145	[217]
1988 Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic	1988	Shanghai, China	Hepatitis A	31–47	[218][219][220]
1991 Bangladesh cholera epidemic	1991	Bangladesh	Cholera	8,410–9,432	[221]
1991 Latin America cholera epidemic	1991–1993	Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala	Cholera	8,000	[222][223]
1994 plague in India	1994	India	Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague	56	[224]
United Kingdom BSE outbreak	1996–2001	United Kingdom	Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease / vCJD	178	[225][226]
1996 West Africa meningitis epidemic	1996	West Africa	Meningitis	10,000	[227]
1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak	1998–1999	Malaysia	Nipah virus infection	105	[228]
1998–2000 Democratic Republic of the Congo Marburg virus outbreak	1998–2000	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Marburg virus	128	[229]
2000 Central America dengue epidemic	2000	Central America	Dengue fever	40+	[230]
2001 Nigeria cholera epidemic	2001	Nigeria	Cholera	400+	[231]
2001 South Africa cholera epidemic	2001	South Africa	Cholera	139	[232][233]
2002–2004 SARS outbreak	2002–2004	Worldwide	Severe acute respiratory syndrome / SARS	774	[234]
2003–2019 Asia and Egypt avian influenza epidemic	2003–2019	China, Southeast Asia and Egypt	Influenza A virus subtype H5N1	455	[235]
2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic	2004	Indonesia	Dengue fever	658	[236]
2004 Sudan Ebola outbreak	2004	Sudan	Ebola	7	[237]
2004–2005 Angola Marburg virus outbreak	2004–2005	Angola	Marburg virus	227	[229]
2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore	2005	Singapore	Dengue fever	27	[238]
2006 Luanda cholera epidemic	2006	Luanda, Angola	Cholera	1,200+	[239]
2006 Ituri Province plague epidemic	2006	Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo	Bubonic plague	61	[240][241]
2006 India malaria outbreak	2006	India	Malaria	17	[242]
2006 dengue outbreak in India	2006	India	Dengue fever	50+	[243]
2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	2006	Pakistan	Dengue fever	50+	[244]
2006 Philippines dengue epidemic	2006	Philippines	Dengue fever	1,000	[245]
2006–2007 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak	2006–2007	East Africa	Rift Valley fever	394	[246]
Mweka Ebola epidemic	2007	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ebola	187	[247]
2007 Ethiopia cholera epidemic	2007	Ethiopia	Cholera	684	[248]
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak	2007	Iraq	Cholera	10	[249]
2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Mexico dengue fever epidemic	2007	Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico	Dengue fever	183	[250]
2007 Uganda Ebola outbreak	2007	Uganda	Ebola	37	[237]
2007 Netherlands Q-fever epidemic	2007–2018	Netherlands	Q-fever	95	[251]
2008 Brazil dengue epidemic	2008	Brazil	Dengue fever	67	[252]
2008 Cambodia dengue epidemic	2008	Cambodia	Dengue fever	407	[253]
2008 Chad cholera epidemic	2008	Chad	Cholera	123	[254]
2008–2017 China hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic	2008–2017	China	Hand, foot, and mouth disease	3,322+	[255]
2008 India cholera epidemic	2008	India	Cholera	115	[256]
2008 Madagascar plague outbreak	2008	Madagascar	Bubonic plague	18+	[257]
2008 Philippines dengue epidemic	2008	Philippines	Dengue fever	172	[258]
2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak	2008–2009	Zimbabwe	Cholera	4,293	[259]
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic	2009	Bolivia	Dengue fever	18	[260]
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak	2009	India	Hepatitis B	49	[261]
Queensland 2009 dengue outbreak	2009	Queensland, Australia	Dengue fever	1+ (503 cases)	[262]
2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak	2009–2010	West Africa	Meningitis	1,100	[263]
2009 swine flu pandemic	2009–2010	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the WHO)	[264]
				Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700–575,400)	[265]
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak	2010–2019	Haiti	Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa)	10,075	[266]
2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak	2010–2014	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Measles	4,500+	[267][268]
2011 Vietnam hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic	2011	Vietnam	Hand, foot, and mouth disease	170	[269][270]
2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	2011	Pakistan	Dengue fever	350+	[271]
2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan	2012	Darfur, Sudan	Yellow fever	171	[272]
MERS outbreak	2012–present	Worldwide	Middle East respiratory syndrome / MERS-CoV	941 (as of 8 May 2021[update])	[273][274]
2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore	2013	Singapore	Dengue fever	8
2013 Vietnam measles outbreak	2013–2014	Vietnam	Measles	142	[275]
Western African Ebola virus epidemic	2013–2016	Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone	Ebola	11,323+	[276][277][278]
2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak	2013–2015	Americas	Chikungunya	183	[279]
2013–19 avian influenza epidemic	2013–2019	China	Influenza A virus subtype H7N9	616	[280]
21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks	2014–2017	Madagascar	Bubonic plague	292	[281]
Flint water crisis	2014–2015	Flint, Michigan, United States	Legionnaires' disease	12	[282]
2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak	2014–2015	India	Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A	36	[283]
2015 Indian swine flu outbreak	2015	India	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	2,035	[284][285][286]
2015–16 Zika virus epidemic	2015–2016	Worldwide	Zika virus	53	[287]
2016 Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo yellow fever outbreak	2016	Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo	Yellow fever	498 (377 in Angola, 121 in Congo)	[288]
2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak	2016–2023	Yemen	Cholera	4,004 (as of June 11, 2023[update])	[289]
2017 Nigeria Lassa fever epidemic	2017–2023	Nigeria	Lassa fever	1103 (as of April 2023)	[290]
2017 dengue outbreak in Peshawar	2017	Peshawar, Pakistan	Dengue fever	69	[291]
2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths	2017	India	Japanese encephalitis	1,317	[292]
2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka	2017	Sri Lanka	Dengue fever	440	[293]
2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala	2018	India	Nipah virus infection	17	[294]
Kivu Ebola epidemic	2018–2020	Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda	Ebola	2,280	[295][296][297]
2018 NDM-CRE outbreak in Italy	2018–2019	Italy	New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae	31 (as of September 2019)	[298]
2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo	2019–2020	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Measles	7,018+	[299]
2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak	2019–2020	New Zealand	Measles	2	[300]
2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines	2019	Philippines	Measles	415	[301]
2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak	2019	Kuala Koh, Malaysia	Measles	15	[302]
2019 Samoa measles outbreak	2019	Samoa	Measles	83	[303]
2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic	2019–2020	Asia-Pacific, Latin America	Dengue fever	3,931	[304]
COVID-19 pandemic	2019[b]–present	Worldwide	COVID-19	7–35 million	[306]
2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola outbreak	2020	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ebola	55	[307]
2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore	2020	Singapore	Dengue fever	32	[308]
2020 Nigeria yellow fever epidemic	2020	Nigeria	Yellow fever	296 (as of 31 December 2020)	[309]
2021 South Sudan disease outbreak	2021	South Sudan	Unkown	97 (as of December 2021)	[310]
2021 India black fungus epidemic	2021–2022	India	Black fungus (COVID-19 condition)	4,332	[311]
2022 hepatitis of unknown origin in children	2021–2022	Worldwide	Hepatitis by Adenovirus variant AF41 (Unconfirmed)	18	[312][313][314]
2022–2023 mpox outbreak	2022–2023	Worldwide	Mpox	280	[315][316][317][318]
2022 Uganda Ebola outbreak	2022–2023	Uganda	Sudan ebolavirus	77	[319]
2023 South Poland Legionellosis outbreak	2023	Poland	Legionnaires' disease	41	[320][321]
African mpox epidemic	2023–present	Worldwide, primarly Africa	Mpox	812	[322]
2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak	2023–present	Bangsamoro, Philippines	Measles	14
2023–2024 Oropouche virus disease outbreak	2023–present	Brazil	Oropouche fever	2	[323][324][325]
2024 American dengue epidemic	2024–present	Latin America and the Caribbean	Dengue virus	4,500	[326]

See also

• Pandemic portal

• Globalization and disease – Overview of globalization and disease transmission
• History of smallpox
• List of Ebola outbreaks – Cases and outbreaks of Ebola virus disease
• List of infectious diseases
• List of natural disasters by death toll#Deadliest epidemics
• Timeline of plague – Human and animal diseasePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

Explanatory notes

1. Global population increase outpaced the death rate significantly during the period of this pandemic.
2. The COVID-19 pandemic started as a regional outbreak/epidemic of COVID-19 in China in late 2019. The World Health Organization referred to it as a "pandemic" on 11 March 2020.^[305] The starting time of this epidemic is thus 2019, regardless of the time when it became a pandemic.
3. The disease was a public health emergency of international concern from January 30, 2020 – May 5, 2023.

References

1. Green MS; Swartz T; Mayshar E; Lev B; Leventhal A; Slater PE; Shemer Js (January 2002). "When is an epidemic an epidemic?". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4 (1): 3–6. PMID 11802306.
2. Whitfield, J. (2002). "Portrait of a serial killer". Nature. doi:10.1038/news021001-6. Archived from the original on 2023-10-17. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
3. "World Population History". World Population. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
4. "The Spanish flu (1918–20): The global impact of the largest influenza pandemic in history". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
5. Mordechai, Lee; Eisenberg, Merle; Newfield, Timothy P.; Izdebski, Adam; Kay, Janet E.; Poinar, Hendrik (2019-12-17). "The Justinianic Plague: An inconsequential pandemic?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (51): 25546–25554. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11625546M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1903797116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6926030. PMID 31792176.
6. Wade, Lizzie (2020-05-14). "From Black Death to fatal flu, past pandemics show why people on the margins suffer most". Science. Archived from the original on 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
7. Beyrer C (June 2021). "A pandemic anniversary: 40 years of HIV/AIDS". Lancet (Review). 397 (10290): 2142–2143. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01167-3. PMID 34087110. S2CID 235273243.
8. "WHO COVID-19 dashboard". WHO. 14 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
9. "The pandemic's true death toll". The Economist. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
10. "Archived: WHO Timeline - COVID-19". Word Health Organization. 27 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
11. "COVID is still a pandemic, WHO leader says". TheMessenger. 2024-01-03. Archived from the original on Jan 2, 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
12. Acuna-Soto, R.; Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Therrell, M. D. (April 8, 2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. PMC 2730237. PMID 11971767.
13. "Antonine Plague". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2023-08-28. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
14. "Population of Russia". www.tacitus.nu. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
15. Suzuki, A. (2011). "Smallpox and the epidemiological heritage of modern Japan: Towards a total history". Medical History. 55 (3): 313–318. doi:10.1017/S0025727300005329. PMC 3143877. PMID 21792253.
16. Knowable Magazine Staff (July 16, 2020). "Pandemics in recent history". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-071520-2. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
17. King, Anthony (May 2020). "An uncommon cold". New Scientist. 246 (3280): 32–35. Bibcode:2020NewSc.246...32K. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30862-9. PMC 7252012. PMID 32501321.
18. "Malaria". World Health Organization. 2023-03-29. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
19. Frith, John. "History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague". Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. Archived from the original on 2021-04-08. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
20. Zürcher, Kathrin; Zwahlen, Marcel; Ballif, Marie; Rieder, Hans L.; Egger, Matthias; Fenner, Lukas (2016-10-05). "Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0162575. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1162575Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162575. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5051959. PMID 27706149.
21. "Tuberculosis". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012-07-06). "CDC Grand Rounds: the TB/HIV syndemic". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 61 (26): 484–489. ISSN 1545-861X. PMID 22763886. Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
23. "Hepatitis B". World Health Organization. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
24. Franco, Elisabetta; Bagnato, Barbara; Marino, Maria Giulia; Meleleo, Cristina; Serino, Laura; Zaratti, Laura (2012-03-27). "Hepatitis B: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries". World Journal of Hepatology. 4 (3): 74–80. doi:10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.74. ISSN 1948-5182. PMC 3321493. PMID 22489259.
25. "Hepatitis C". World Health Organization. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020.
26. Shiffman, Mitchell L. (February 2018). "The next wave of hepatitis C virus: The epidemic of intravenous drug use". Liver International. 38 (Suppl 1): 34–39. doi:10.1111/liv.13647. ISSN 1478-3231. PMID 29427493. S2CID 46805810.
27. Rodrigo, Chaturaka; Eltahla, Auda A.; Bull, Rowena A.; Grebely, Jason; Dore, Gregory J.; Applegate, Tanya; Page, Kimberly; Bruneau, Julie; Morris, Meghan D.; Cox, Andrea L.; Osburn, William (2016-11-01). "Historical Trends in the Hepatitis C Virus Epidemics in North America and Australia". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 214 (9): 1383–1389. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw389. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 5079374. PMID 27571901.
28. Palladino, Claudia; Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude; Marcelino, Rute; Briz, Verónica; Moranguinho, Inês; Serejo, Fátima; Velosa, José Fernando; Marinho, Rui Tato; Borrego, Pedro; Taveira, Nuno (2018-08-16). "Epidemic history of hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes in Portugal". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 12266. Bibcode:2018NatSR...812266P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30528-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6095915. PMID 30116054.
29. Amarna Tablet 244 Archived 2023-04-04 at the Wayback Machine.
30. "Pandemics That Changed History". History.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-03. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
31. "Plague of Athens: Another Medical Mystery Solved at University of Maryland". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
32. Papagrigorakis, Manolis J.; Yapijakis, Christos; Synodinos, Philippos N.; Baziotopoulou-Valavani, Effie (2007). "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 10 (3): 206–214. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001. PMID 16412683.
33. Olson, PE; Hames, CS; Benenson, AS; Genovese, EN (1996). "The Thucydides syndrome: Ebola déjà vu? (or Ebola reemergent?)". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2 (2): 155–156. doi:10.3201/eid0202.960220. PMC 2639821. PMID 8964060.
34. Potter, C. W. (2002). "Foreword". Influenza. Elsevier Science. p. vii.
35. "Reactions to Plague in the Ancient & Medieval World". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
36. "Past pandemics that ravaged Europe" Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 7 November 2005
37. Mazanec, Thomas J. (2020-09-01). "Review: The Halberd at Red Cliff: Jian'an and the Three Kingdoms, by Xiaofei Tian". Studies in Late Antiquity. 4 (3): 353–359. doi:10.1525/sla.2020.4.3.353. ISSN 2470-6469. S2CID 225333779. Archived from the original on 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
38. Tian, Xiaofei (2018-10-14). Plague and Poetry: Rethinking Jian'an. Brill. ISBN 978-1-68417-092-0. Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
39. D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
40. Harper, Kyle (1 November 2017). "Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
41. Tharoor, Ishaan (2010-10-26). "Top 10 Terrible Epidemics - TIME". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 2021-01-16. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
42. Maugh, Thomas. "An Empire's Epidemic". University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 4 August 2002. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
43. Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916
44. Frerichs, Ralph R. "An Empire's Epidemic". Ph.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 13 December 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
45. Turner, David (November 1990). "The Politics of Despair: The Plague of 746–747 and Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire1". Annual of the British School at Athens. 85: 419–434. doi:10.1017/S006824540001577X. ISSN 2045-2403. S2CID 153709117.
46. Maddicott, J. R. (1 August 1997). "Plague in seventh century England". Past & Present (156): 7–54. doi:10.1093/past/156.1.7. ISSN 0031-2746. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
47. Little, Lester K., ed. (2007). Plague and the end of Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4.
48. Kohn, George C. (2002). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Checkmark Books. p. 213. ISBN 978-0816048939.
49. Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
50. Heyman, Paul; Simons, Leopold; Cochez, Christel (7 January 2014). "Were the English Sweating Sickness and the Picardy Sweat Caused by Hantaviruses?". Viruses. 6 (1): 151–171. doi:10.3390/v6010151. PMC 3917436. PMID 24402305.
51. "Typhus, War, and Vaccines". historyofvaccines.org. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
52. Morens, David; North, Michael; Taubenberger, Jeffrey (4 December 2011). "Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe". Lancet. 367 (9756): 1894–1895. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62204-0. PMC 3180818. PMID 21155080.
53. "American plague". New Scientist. December 19, 2000. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
54. Acuna-Soto, R.; Romero, L. C.; Maguire, J. H. (2000). "Large epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers in Mexico 1545–1815". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (6): 733–739. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.733. PMID 11304065.
55. Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Therrell, M. D. (2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. PMC 2730237. PMID 11971767.
56. Vågene, Åshild J.; Herbig, Alexander; Campana, Michael G.; Robles García, Nelly M.; Warinner, Christina; Sabin, Susanna; Spyrou, Maria A.; Andrades Valtueña, Aida; Huson, Daniel; Tuross, Noreen; Bos, Kirsten I.; Krause, Johannes (2018). "Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 520–528. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..520V. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6. PMID 29335577. S2CID 3358440.
57. Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Cervantesvirtual.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-06.
58. Creighton, Charles (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 305. Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
59. "Plague. The fourth horseman – Historic epidemics and their impact in Tenerife" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
60. "American Indian Epidemics". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.
61. "Our Heritage Saved: St Roque Chapel". The Malta Independent. 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
62. Creighton, Charles (November 1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain: From A.D 664 to the Extinction of Plague. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–354.
63. "A History of Spain". Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
64. "The Death of Queen Elizabeth I, the Return of the Black Plague, the Rise of Shakespeare, Piracy, Witchcraft, and the Birth of the Stuart Era". Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
65. "Worst Diseases in Shakespeare's London". Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
66. Bell, Walter George (1951). Belinda Hollyer (ed.). The great Plague in London (folio society ed.). Folio society by arrangement with Random House. pp. 3–5
67. Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010). "New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 281–286. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090276. PMC 2957993. PMID 20113559.
68. Mann, Charles C. (December 2005). "Native intelligence". Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
69. Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 103. ISBN 978-1851096589.
70. Eckert, Edward-A. (1978). Annales de Démographie Historique. Vol. 1978. p. 55. doi:10.3406/adh.1978.1378. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
71. "1633–34 — Smallpox Epidemic, New England Natives, Plymouth Colonists, MA –>1000". usdeadlyevents.com. January 1632. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
72. Johansen, Bruce E. (2015). American Indian Culture: From Counting Coup to Wampum [2 volumes]: From Counting Coup to Wampum. ABC-CLIO. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4408-2874-4. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
73. Newman, Kira L. S. (2012). "Shutt up: bubonic plague and quarantine in early modern England". Journal of Social History. 45 (3): 809–834. doi:10.1093/jsh/shr114. ISSN 0022-4529. JSTOR 41678910. PMID 22611587. S2CID 24952354.
74. Ch'iu, Chung-lin. "The Epidemics in Ming Beijing and the Responses from the Empire's Public Health System". 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 (in Chinese): 331–388. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
75. Timothy Brook (1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
76. Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1, Ch 15 The Seventeenth-Century Decline Archived 2017-03-27 at the Wayback Machine THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE, accessed 26 May 2020
77. Rogers, D.J.; Wilson, A.J.; Hay, S.I.; Graham, A.J. (2006). "The Global Distribution of Yellow Fever and Dengue". Advances in Parasitology. 62: 181–220. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62006-4. ISBN 9780120317622. ISSN 0065-308X. PMC 3164798. PMID 16647971.
78. Scasciamacchia, Silvia; Serrecchia, Luigina; Giangrossi, Luigi; Garofolo, Giuliano; Balestrucci, Antonio; Sammartino, Gilberto; Fasanella, Antonio (2012). "Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (1): 186–188. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110597. PMC 3310102. PMID 22260781.
79. "De pest" (in Dutch). 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
80. Ross, David. "UK travel and heritage – Britain Express UK travel guide". The London Plague of 1665. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
81. Archives, The National. "Great Plague of 1665–1666 – The National Archives". Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
82. Jones, Colin (1996). "Plague and Its Metaphors in Early Modern France". Representations. 53 (53): 97–127. doi:10.2307/2928672. ISSN 0734-6018. JSTOR 2928672.
83. Grima, Noel (19 June 2017). "The 1676 plague in Malta". The Malta Independent. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017.
84. Casey, James (1999). Early Modern Spain: A Social History. Psychology Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-13813-0. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
85. "1677–1678 — Smallpox Epidemic, Massachusetts Bay Colony, esp. Boston & vic. –750-1,000". usdeadlyevents. January 1676. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
86. Payne, Joseph Frank (1911). "Plague" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 696.
87. "Plague". britannica. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
88. History of South Africa 1486–1691, George McCall Theal, London, pub. Swan Sonnenschein, 1888. p. 332 "Towards the beginning of the winter of 1687 the colony was visited by a destructive disease, a kind of fever which carried off many of the inhabitants. The natives suffered very..."
89. "1693 — June 17 start, Yellow Fever, Boston, British fleet arrival from Martinique[1]—<10?". 17 June 1693. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
90. "1699 — Yellow Fever Epidemics Charleston, SC(170–311); Philadelphia (220) –390 – 531". January 1699. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
91. "1702 — Summer to late Fall, Yellow Fever Epidemic, New York City, NY −500-570". June 1702. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
92. Desjardins, Bertrand (1996). "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population. 23 (1): 49–67. doi:10.25336/P6459C.
93. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
94. Sticker, Georg (1908). Die Pest. Abhandlungen aus der Seuchengeschichte und Seuchenlehre. Vol. 1. Gießen: A. Töpelmann (vormals J. Ricker). p. 213.
95. Kroll, Stefan; Grabinsky, Anne. "Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Neuzeit – Historisches Informationssystem und Analyse von Demografie, Wirtschaft und Baukultur im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. B: Komplexe Historische Informationssysteme. B2: Der letzte Ausbruch der Pest im Ostseeraum zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts. Chronologie des Seuchenzugs und Bestandsaufnahme überlieferter Sterbeziffern. Karte". University of Rostock. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
    Specific sections: Danzig Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Königsberg Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Stettin Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Memel Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Tilsit Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Narva Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Stargard Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Riga Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Pernau Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Reval Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Stralsund Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Stockholm Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Visby Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Linköping Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Jönköping Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Ystad Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Malmö Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Helsingør Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Kopenhagen Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine; Hamburg Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
96. Morens, David M. (2015). "The Past Is Never Dead – Measles Epidemic, Boston, Massachusetts, 1713". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (7): 1257–1260. doi:10.3201/eid2107.150397. PMC 4480406. PMID 26277799.
97. Mazan, Ryan; Gagnon, Alain; Desjardins, Bertrand (2009). "The Measles Epidemic of 1714–1715 in New France". Canadian Studies in Population. 36 (3–4): 295–323. doi:10.25336/P63P5Q.
98. Devaux, Christian A. (2013). "Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1723): Lessons from the past". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 14: 169–185. Bibcode:2013InfGE..14..169D. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.016. PMID 23246639.
99. "Zabdiel Boylston and inoculation". Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
100. Brink, Susan (28 August 2016). "Yellow Fever Timeline: The History Of A Long Misunderstood Disease". NPR. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
101. "Ambrosevideo.com". Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
102. Gagnon, Alain; Mazan, Ryan (2009). "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population". Social Science & Medicine. 68 (9): 1609–1616. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.008. PMID 19269727.
103. Purvis, Thomas L. (2014). Colonial America To 1763. Infobase. p. 173. ISBN 9781438107998. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
104. "Banat's historical chronology for the last millennium- XVIII Century". www.genealogy.ro. Genealogy RO Group. Archived from the original on 4 June 2002. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
105. "1738–39 — Smallpox, Catawba (NC/SC) and Cherokee Natives (NC) –7,700–11,700". usdeadlyevents.com. January 1738. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
106. "The Early History of Yellow Fever". jdc.jefferson.edu. Thomas Jefferson University. September 2009. p. 3. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
107. Tognotti, Eugenia (February 2013). "Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (2): 254–259. doi:10.3201/eid1902.120312. PMC 3559034. PMID 23343512.
108. Wyman, Walter (April 1897). "The North American Review". The Black Plague. 164 (485). University of Northern Iowa: 442. JSTOR 25118799.
109. LeMay, Michael C. (2016). Global Pandemic Threats: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4408-4283-2. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
110. Krebsbach, Suzanne (1996). "The Great Charlestown Smallpox Epidemic of 1760". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 97 (1): 30–37. ISSN 0038-3082. JSTOR 27570134.
111. "1760 — Smallpox Epidemic, Charleston, SC (as well as undocumented Native deaths)–730-940". usdeadlyevents.com. January 1760. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
112. Ranlet, Philip (2000). "The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 67 (3): 427–441. ISSN 0031-4528. JSTOR 27774278.
113. Melikishvili, Alexander (2006). "Genesis of the anti-plague system: the Tsarist period" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 36 (1): 19–31. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.204.1976. doi:10.1080/10408410500496763. PMID 16610335. S2CID 7420734. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
114. "1772 — Measles Epidemics, Charleston, SC (800–900), Philadelphia, PA (180) –980-1,080". usdeadlyevents.com. January 1772. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
115. Hashemi Shahraki A; Carniel E; Mostafavi E (2016). "Plague in Iran: its history and current status". Epidemiol Health. 38: e2016033. doi:10.4178/epih.e2016033. PMC 5037359. PMID 27457063.
116. Prichard, Augustin; Fothergill, John (1894). "Influenza in 1775". The Lancet. 143 (3673): 175–176. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66026-4. Archived from the original on 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
117. Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s" Archived 2008-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
118. Houston, C. S.; Houston, S. (2000). "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 11 (2): 112–115. doi:10.1155/2000/782978. PMC 2094753. PMID 18159275.
119. Rohé, George Henry; Robin, Albert (1908). Text-book of Hygiene: A Comprehensive Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Preventive Medicine from an American Standpoint. Davis. p. 428. Retrieved 12 February 2020. spain 1788 dengue fever.
120. Waldman, Carl; Braun, Molly (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian. Infobase Publishing. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-4381-2671-5. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
121. The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788–1908, JHL Cumpston, (1914, Government Printer, Melb.)This epidemic is unlikely to have been a natural event. see, Warren (2013) doi:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750 After Cook and coinciding with Colonisation "With the arrival of the Europeans, the Gadigal population was virtually wiped. In 1789 and 1790 a smallpox epidemic swept through the Aboriginal population around Sydney" Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
122. "The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789". thefreelibrary. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
123. "Epidemics". Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
124. "Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain". Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
125. Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
126. "The 1802 Saint-Domingue Yellow Fever Epidemic and the Louisiana Purchase (page 78)" (PDF). 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
127. Lynch, Lily (5 December 2015). "Odessa, 1812: Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire". Balkanist. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020.
128. Mangion, Fabian (19 May 2013). "Maltese islands devastated by a deadly epidemic 200 years ago". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
129. Ştefan Ionescu, Bucureştii în vremea fanarioţilor (Bucharest in the time of the Phanariotes), Editura Dacia, Cluj, 1974. p. 287-293
130. Fenning, Hugh (1999). "Typhus Epidemic in Ireland, 1817–1819: Priests, Ministers, Doctors". Collectanea Hibernica. 41 (41): 117–152. JSTOR 30004680.
131. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
132. "The Autumnal Fever: The Outbreak of the Yellow Fever in Savannah, Georgia in 1820". projects.leadr.msu.edu. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
133. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Yellow Fever" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 910–911.
134. "Yellow fever in Barcelona". 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
135. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
136. "Aboriginal Health History". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
137. "The smallpox holocaust that swept Aboriginal Australia – Red hot echidna spikes are burning me". candobetter. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
138. "Epidemieën in Groningen: De Groninger ziekte (1826)". rtvnoord (in Dutch). 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
139. "A Listing Of Some Worldwide Epidemics". raogk. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
140. "Disease Epidemics among Indians, 1770s–1850s (essay)". oregonencyclopedia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
141. A History of the Human Plague in Iran Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
142. Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
143. "Smallpox decimates tribes; survivors join together – Timeline – Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
144. "1841 — Yellow Fever, esp. FL & LA, esp. New Orleans, also Vicksburg, Charleston −3,498". usdeadlyevents.com. January 1840. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
145. Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936). "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web Site. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
146. "1847 –Yellow Fever, esp. New Orleans, also Galveston, Mobile, Pensacola, Vicksburg >3,400". usdeadlyevents.com. January 1846. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
147. a s, &NA (1849). "On the Influenza, or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever of 1847–8". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 18 (35): 148–154. doi:10.1097/00000441-184907000-00018. PMC 5277660.
148. Schmitt, Robert C.; Nordyke, Eleanor C. (2001). "Death in Hawai'i: the Epidemics of 1848 – 1849". Hawaiian Journal of History. 35. hdl:10524/339.
149. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
150. Practitioner. 1877. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
151. "Efterhistorien". wayback-01.kb.dk. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015.
152. John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
153. "Norfolk's Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1855". historicforrest.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
154. Pryor, E. G. (1975). "The Great Plague of Hong Kong". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 61–70. ISSN 0085-5774. JSTOR 23881624. PMID 11614750. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
155. Stenseth, Nils Chr (8 August 2008). "Plague Through History". Science. 321 (5890): 773–774. doi:10.1126/science.1161496. S2CID 161336516.
156. "La fiebre amarilla en el siglo XIX" (in Spanish). 13 August 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
157. "Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life". Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
158. Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)^{[page needed]}
159. Creating Canada: 1850–1890 (PDF). p. 42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
160. "How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia". macleans.ca. August 2017. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
161. Boyd, Robert; Boyd, Robert Thomas (1999). "A final disaster: the 1862 smallpox epidemic in coastal British Columbia". The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 172–201. ISBN 978-0-295-97837-6. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
162. "Typhoid Fever History". news-medical.net. 22 April 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
163. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
164. "Epidemics". dictionaryofsydney.org. 2008. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
165. "The Yellow Fever Outbreak of 1871". Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
166. "Franco-Prussian War". strategypage.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
167. Jorland, Gerard (2011). "Smallpox and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870". Les Tribunes de la Santé. 33 (4): 25–30. doi:10.3917/seve.033.0025. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
168. "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles". Liverpool Mercury. 29 Sep 1875. Retrieved 9 Nov 2012.
169. "Plague in the 19th Century: (2) 1853–84". 1902encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
170. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
171. Plague A Story of Smallpox in Montreal Archived 2023-04-04 at the Wayback Machine Michael Bliss, 1991, accessed 8 May 2020
172. Huynh, Jeremy; Li, Shimena; Yount, Boyd; Smith, Alexander; Sturges, Leslie; Olsen, John C.; Nagel, Juliet; Johnson, Joshua B.; Agnihothram, Sudhakar; Gates, J. Edward; Frieman, Matthew B.; Baric, Ralph S.; Donaldson, Eric F. (1 December 2012). "Evidence Supporting a Zoonotic Origin of Human Coronavirus Strain NL63". Journal of Virology. 86 (23): 12816–12825. doi:10.1128/JVI.00906-12. PMC 3497669. PMID 22993147.
173. Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. p. 49. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
174. "A lesson from history – Hong Kong's plague epidemic points way ahead in face of crisis". South China Morning Post. 2016-01-11. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
175. "The 1896 Bombay Plague: Lessons In What Not To Do". outlookindia. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
176. "The history of sleeping sickness". WHO. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
177. Pontes, David (2012). O cerco da peste no Porto: Cidade, imprensa e saúde pública na crise sanitária de 1899 (PDF) (master's degree) (in Portuguese). Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
178. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
179. Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8147-2232-9.
180. "The day bubonic plague hit Sydney". www.dailytelegraph.com.au. 2015-09-03. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
181. Liberski, Pawel; Gajos, Agata; Sikorska, Beata; Lindenbaum, Shirley (2019). "Kuru, the First Human Prion Disease †". Viruses. 11 (3): 232. doi:10.3390/v11030232. PMC 6466359. PMID 30866511.
182. Zafar Khan, Zartash (20 July 2021). Kuru: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology (Report). Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via emedicine.medscape.com.
183. Blackburne, George Hugh Spencer; Anderson, T. L. (1903). Report on the outbreak of plague at Fremantle  – via Wikisource.
184. Wijesundere, Dilkushi Anula; Ramasamy, Ranjan (2017-08-28). "Analysis of Historical Trends and Recent Elimination of Malaria from Sri Lanka and Its Applicability for Malaria Control in Other Countries". Frontiers in Public Health. 5: 212. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00212. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 5581355. PMID 28894732.
185. Meiklejohn, Iain. "Manchurian plague, 1910–11". Disaster History. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
186. Ochman, Sophie; Roser, Max (9 November 2017). "Polio (graph "Reported paralytic polio cases and deaths in the United States since 1910")". Our World in Data. OurWorldInData.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
187. "Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2013. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
188. P. Spreeuwenberg; et al. (1 December 2018). "Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic". American Journal of Epidemiology. 187 (12): 2561–2567. doi:10.1093/aje/kwy191. PMC 7314216. PMID 30202996.
189. Borza, T. (2001-12-10). "[Spanish flu in Norway 1918-19]". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening. 121 (30): 3551–3554. ISSN 0029-2001. PMID 11808016. Archived from the original on 2020-08-20. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
190. Patterson KD (1993). "Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870–1940". Med Hist. 37 (4): 361–381 [378]. doi:10.1017/s0025727300058725. PMC 1036775. PMID 8246643.
191. Ravenholt, R. T; Foege, WilliamH (1982-10-16). "1918 Influenza, Encephalitis Lethargica, Parkinsonism". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 8303. 320 (8303): 860–864. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90820-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 6126720. S2CID 45138249. Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
192. McCall, Sherman; Vilensky, Joel A; Gilman, Sid; Taubenberger, Jeffery K (May 2008). "The relationship between encephalitis lethargica and influenza: A critical analysis". Journal of Neurovirology. 14 (3): 177–185. doi:10.1080/13550280801995445. ISSN 1355-0284. PMC 2778472. PMID 18569452.
193. Foster, Harold D.; Hoffer, Abram (1 January 2007). "Hyperoxidation of the Two Catecholamines, Dopamine and Adrenaline: Implications for the Etiologies and Treatment of Encephalitis Lethargica, Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Schizophrenia". Chapter 16 – Hyperoxidation of the Two Catecholamines, Dopamine and Adrenaline: Implications for the Etiologies and Treatment of Encephalitis Lethargica, Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Schizophrenia. Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 369–382. doi:10.1016/B978-044452809-4/50157-5. ISBN 9780444528094. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
194. Viseltear A.J. (March 1974). "The Pneumonic Plague Epidemic of 1924 in Los Angeles". Yale J. Biol. Med. 47 (1): 40–54. PMC 2595158. PMID 4596466.
195. Nelson, Paul (2018-01-02). "Smallpox Epidemic, 1924–1925". MNopedia. Archived from the original on 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
196. Berger, Stephen (20 January 2017). Typhoid and Enteric Fever: Global Status: 2017 edition. GIDEON Informatics, Incorporated. ISBN 9781498816878. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
197. Honigsbaum, Mark (2020). "3. The Great Parrot Fever Pandemic". The Pandemic Century: One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria and Hubris (PDF). London: Hurst & Company. pp. 67–98. ISBN 9781787381216. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
198. Ravenel, Mazÿk P. (May 1938). "The Croydon Epidemic of Typhoid Fever". American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health. 28 (5): 644–646. doi:10.2105/AJPH.28.5.644. PMC 1529192. PMID 18014847.
199. Professor Joan McMeeken (University of Melbourne) (2018-01-18). "Remembering Australia's polio scourge". Pursuit. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
200. "Yellow Fever in Sudan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
201. Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5 pp. 4–6
202. Shousha AT (1948). "Cholera Epidemic in Egypt (1947): A Preliminary Report". Bull. World Health Organ. 1 (2): 353–81. PMC 2553924. PMID 20603928.
203. William E. Paul (2008). Fundamental Immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
204. "Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009" (PDF). 2011-05-05. p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
205. Lilay, Abrham; Asamene, Negga; Bekele, Abyot; Mengesha, Mesfin; Wendabeku, Milliyon; Tareke, Israel; Girmay, Abiy; Wuletaw, Yonas; Adossa, Abate; Ba, Yamar; Sall, Amadou; Jima, Daddi; Mengesha, Debritu (15 May 2017). "Reemergence of yellow fever in Ethiopia after 50 years, 2013: epidemiological and entomological investigations". BMC Infectious Diseases. 17 (1): 343. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2435-4. PMC 5432991. PMID 28506254. S2CID 21276606.
206. J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
207. "Polio in Staphorst". anderetijden (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
208. Ehrengut W (1974). "[Smallpox in Yugoslavia in 1972 (author's transl)]". Med Klin. 69 (8): 350–352. PMID 4826683.
209. "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. January 24, 1975. p. 3. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
210. De Lorenzo F.; Manzillo G.; Soscia M.; Balestrieri G.G. (1974). "Epidemic of Cholera el Tor in Naples, 1973". The Lancet. 303 (7859): 669. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)93214-0. PMID 4132328.
211. "The control and eradication of smallpox in South Asia". www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
212. Michaelis, Martin; Doerr, Hans Wilhem; Cinatl, Jindrich (2009-08-01). "Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door". Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 198 (3): 175–183 (Table 1). doi:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5. ISSN 1432-1831. PMID 19543913. S2CID 20496301.
213. "You're more likely to die from the H1N1 flu if you were born in 1957". University of Montreal. 2020-11-18. Archived from the original on 2019-01-31. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
214. Meselson, Matthew; Guillemin, J; Hugh-Jones, Martin; Langmuir, A; Popova, I; Shelokov, A; Yampolskaya, O (1994-12-01). "The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979". Science. 266 (5188): 1202–8. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1202M. doi:10.1126/science.7973702. PMID 7973702. Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
215. "Global HIV and AIDS statistics". UNAIDS. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
216. De Cock KM; Monath TP; Nasidi A; Tukei PM; Enriquez J; Lichfield P; Craven RB; Fabiyi A; Okafor BC; Ravaonjanahary C (1988). "Epidemic yellow fever in eastern Nigeria, 1986". Lancet. 1 (8586): 630–3. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91425-0. PMID 2894558. S2CID 31563771.
217. "Yellow fever in Mali". who.int. Archived from the original on January 9, 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
218. Cooksley, W. G. (May 2000). "What did we learn from the Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic?". Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 7 (Suppl 1): 1–3. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2000.00021.x. ISSN 1352-0504. PMID 10870174. S2CID 34673718. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
219. "City getting tougher on blood clam ban". Shanghai Daily. 2013-07-23. Archived from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
220. Halliday, Mabel L.; Kang, Lai-Yi; Zhou, Ting-Kui; Hu, Meng-Dong; Pan, Qi-Chao; Fu, Ting-Yuan; Huang, Yu-Sheng; Hu, Shan-Lian (1991). "An Epidemic of Hepatitis A Attributable to the Ingestion of Raw Clams in Shanghai, China". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 164 (5): 852–859. doi:10.1093/infdis/164.5.852. ISSN 0022-1899. JSTOR 30111993. PMID 1658157. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
221. Summary of cholera cases and deaths reported in the literature, by date, country and World Health Organization (WHO) mortality stratum Mohammad Ali, Anna Lena Lopez, Young Ae You, Young Eun Kim, Binod Sah, Brian Maskery & John Clemens, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Volume 90, Number 3, March 2012, 209-218A www.who.int, accessed 4 May 2020
222. Tickner, Joel; Gouveia-Vigeant, Tami (June 2005). "The 1991 Cholera Epidemic in Peru: Not a Case of Precaution Gone Awry". Risk Analysis. 25 (3): 495–502. Bibcode:2005RiskA..25..495T. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00617.x. PMID 16022685. S2CID 15792284.
223. "Cholera in the Americas". Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization. 25 (3): 267–273. 1991. ISSN 0085-4638. PMID 1742573.
224. Dutt, Ashok (2006). "Surat Plaque of 1994 re-examined" (PDF). Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (4): 755–760. PMID 17121302. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
225. "'Mad cow disease': What is BSE?". BBC. 18 October 2018. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
226. "Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Current Data (July 2012)". The National Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit (NCJDSU), University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link);
227. Wide Epidemic of Meningitis Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa Archived 2023-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Eoward W. French, 8 May 1996 www.nytimes.com, accessed 26 April 2020
228. Lai-Meng Looi; Kaw-Bing Chua (2007). "Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia" (PDF). The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 29 (2). Department of Pathology, University of Malaya and National Public Health Laboratory of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia: 63–7. PMID 19108397. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2019.
229. "Outbreak Table | Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC". Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
230. "Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
231. "Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400". 2001-11-26. Archived from the original on 19 December 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
232. "Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships". Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
233. 2001 – Cholera in South Africa 16 March 2001 www.who.int, accessed 28 April 2020
234. "WHO | Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
235. "Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003 – 2020" (PDF). 8 May 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
236. Dengue fever in Indonesia – update 4 11 May 2004 www.who.int, accessed 16 February 2020
237. "Ebola virus disease" (Press release). World Health Organization (WHO). 12 February 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
238. Koh, B. K.; Ng, L. C.; Kita, Y.; Tang, C. S.; Ang, L. W.; Wong, K. Y.; James, L.; Goh, K. T. (2008). "The 2005 dengue epidemic in Singapore: Epidemiology, prevention and control" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 37 (7): 538–545. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N7p538. PMID 18695764. S2CID 31640849. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
239. Worst cholera outbreak in Angola Archived 2017-04-29 at the Wayback Machine, BBC
240. Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 June 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020
241. Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 October 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020
242. "Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India". Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
243. "Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital". News-Medical.net. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
244. Khan, E.; Siddiqui, J.; Shakoor, S.; Mehraj, V.; Jamil, B.; Hasan, R. (2007). "Dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 2006: Experience at a tertiary care center". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (11): 1114–1119. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.016. PMID 17706259.
245. Epidemiology of Dengue Disease in the Philippines (2000–2011): A Systematic Literature Review Archived 2023-07-11 at the Wayback Machine November 2014 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases via www.researchgate.net, accessed 16 February 2020
246. Rift Valley fever Archived 2021-10-09 at the Wayback Machine 19 February 2018 www.who.int, accessed 26 April 2020
247. "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
248. Xan Rice (2007-02-22). "Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
249. Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press
250. Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
251. "Q-koorts nog niet voorbij: In totaal al 95 doden". nu.nl (in Dutch). 3 November 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
252. Thousands hit by Brazil outbreak of dengue Archived 2023-07-11 at the Wayback Machine edition.cnn.com, accessed 16 February 2020
253. Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead Archived 2009-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
254. "Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123". 2004-09-02. Archived from the original on 2009-01-12. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
255. Huang, Jiao; Liao, Qiaohong; Ooi, Mong How; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Chang, Zhaorui; Wu, Peng; Liu, Fengfeng; Li, Yu; Luo, Li; Yu, Shuanbao; Yu, Hongjie; Wei, Sheng (2018). "Epidemiology of Recurrent Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, China, 2008–2015". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 24 (3): 432–442. doi:10.3201/eid2403.171303. PMC 5823341. PMID 29460747.2008–2015, ≈13 million HFMD cases were reported, including 123,261 severe cases and 3,322 deaths in 31 provinces of mainland China
256. Cholera death toll in India rises Archived 2017-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
257. "Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008". Archived from the original on May 9, 2009.
258. "Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government". Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
259. "Cholera Country Profile: Zimbabwe" (PDF). World Health Organization – Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 31 October 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
260. Brathwaite Dick O; San Martín JL; Montoya RH; del Diego J; Zambrano B; Dayan GH (2012). "The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 87 (4): 584–593. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0770. PMC 3516305. PMID 23042846.
261. "NDTV Report". Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
262. McCredie, J. (2009). "Dengue fever epidemic hits northern Australia". BMJ. 338 (mar09 2): b967. doi:10.1136/bmj.b967. PMID 19273518. S2CID 41469446.
263. Odigwe, C. (2009). "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". BMJ. 338 (apr21 1): b1638. doi:10.1136/bmj.b1638. PMID 19383759. S2CID 11085562.
264. "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration". www.cdc.gov. 2019-11-20. Archived from the original on 2020-03-03. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
265. "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – update 112". Archived from the original on March 27, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2020.()
266. "Epidemiological Update Cholera 28 Dec 2017". www.paho.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
267. "Doctorswithoutborders.org". MSF USA. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
268. "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed". Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
269. Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children – Yahoo News Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. News.yahoo.com (2011-08-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
270. Nguyen, Ngoc TB; Pham, Hau V.; Hoang, Cuong Q.; Nguyen, Tien M.; Nguyen, Long T.; Phan, Hung C.; Phan, Lan T.; Vu, Long N.; Tran Minh, Nguyen N. (2014). "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011". BMC Infectious Diseases. 14 (1): 341. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-341. PMC 4068316. PMID 24942066.
271. Surveillance, forecasting and response International conference on dengue control, 27–29 February 2012 Archived 11 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine www.emro.who.int accessed 16 February 2020
272. Yuill, Thomas M.; Woodall, John P.; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak–Darfur Sudan and Chad". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 17 (7): e476–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009.
273. "Geographical distribution of confirmed MERS-CoV cases by country of infection and year". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
274. "Saudi Arabia reports 8th MERS case of 2021". Outbreak News Today. 8 May 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
275. "Vietnam measles outbreak kills more than 100 people, mostly children". Sydney Morning Herald. 18 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
276. "2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa (section titled 'Impact')". www.cdc.gov. 2019-08-22. Archived from the original on 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
277. "Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organization (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20". Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
278. Gignoux, Etienne; Idowu, Rachel; Bawo, Luke; Hurum, Lindis; Sprecher, Armand; Bastard, Mathieu; Porten, Klaudia (2015). "Use of Capture–Recapture to Estimate Underreporting of Ebola Virus Disease, Montserrado County, Liberia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (12): 2265–2267. doi:10.3201/eid2112.150756. PMC 4672419. PMID 26583831.
279. "Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas – SE 5 (February 6, 2015)". Pan American Health Organization. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
280. "FAO H7N9 situation update – Avian Influenza A(H7N9) virus". www.fao.org. 2019-12-04. Archived from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
281. "Plague – Madagascar". WHO. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
282. "Lethal Pneumonia Outbreak Caused by Low Chlorine in Flint Water". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2023-07-11. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
283. "Odisha grapples with jaundice outbreak". Deccan Herald. 17 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
284. Press Trust of India (March 21, 2015). "Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
285. "India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak". BBC News. 20 February 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
286. "Death toll Gujarat". Business Standard. 15 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
287. "2015–16 Zika Virus Epidemic". worldwideoutbreak. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
288. "Yellow fever – countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
289. "Cholera situation in Yemen, December 2020". reliefweb.int. World Health Organization. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
290. "NCDC Lassa fever Situation Report Epi Week 18: 03 – 09 May 2021". 9 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
291. "Pakistan: Dengue Outbreak – Sep 2017". reliefweb.int. WHO. 16 December 2019. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
292. Encephalitis outbreak: AES is a perennial issue in eastern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar Archived 2023-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Bihar's AES data summary looks more like a repeat of 2017 when a major JEV outbreak in Uttar Pradesh's Gorakhpur claimed the lives of many children. 17 June 2019 www.indiatvnews.com, accessed 17 February 2020
293. "Trends". www.epid.gov.lk. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
294. "Nipah virus contained, last two positive cases have recovered: Kerala Health Min". The News Minute. 2018-06-11. Archived from the original on 2019-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
295. "Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS". who.maps.arcgis.com. 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
296. "Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Uganda Situation Reports". WHO | Regional Office for Africa. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
297. "DR Congo's deadliest Ebola outbreak declared over". BBC News. 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
298. "Superbug That Surfaced In Delhi Strikes In Italy's Tuscany". ndtv.com. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
299. "DRC: More Ebola and plague cases reported, End of measles epidemic declared". Archived from the original on 2020-08-30. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
300. "Measles weekly report" (PDF). Public Health Surveillance. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
301. Tomacruz, Sofia (11 February 2019). "At least 70 deaths due to measles – DOH". Rappler. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
302. Oon, Alyssa J. (17 June 2019). "A Measles Outbreak Is The Cause of 15 Orang Asli Deaths In Kelantan". Says.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
303. "Two more deaths from measles in samoa over new year period". Radio New Zealand. 2020-01-07. Archived from the original on 2020-01-07.
304. "Dengue and severe dengue". World Health Organization (WHO). 2 March 2020.
305. "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020". World Health Organization.
306. "The pandemic's true death toll". The Economist. 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024.
307. "UNICEF welcomes end of Ebola outbreak in the Equateur Province of the DRC". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
308. "Dengue surveillance data, Oct – Dec 2020" (PDF). National Environment Agency.
309. "YELLOW FEVER SITUATION REPORT week 53 (December 31 2020)". Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. 31 Dec 2020. Retrieved 27 Jan 2021.
310. Heilman, Greg (2021-12-24). "What disease does WHO say is causing deaths in South Sudan?". Diario AS. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
311. "India reports 45,374 Black fungus cases, 4,332 deaths so far, says Health Ministry". Asian News International. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
312. "Mystery liver disease kills three more children after "unexpected significant increase" in cases reported". CBS News. 3 May 2022.
313. "CDC investigating 109 cases of severe hepatitis in kids across two dozen states, including 5 deaths". CNBC. 6 May 2022.
314. "UPDATE: Israel report death of a child as Acute Hepatitis cases rise to 228 cases in mysterious global outbreak". Euro Weekly News. 4 May 2022.
315. Steenhuysen, Julie (30 August 2022). "Texas reports first U.S. death in person with monkeypox". Reuters.
316. Faus, Joan (30 July 2022). "Spain reports second monkeypox-related death in Europe". Reuters. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
317. "Monkeypox" (PDF). African CDC. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
318. "RDC : 3 décès et 69 nouveaux cas de Variole de singe enregistrés au Sankuru". Actualite.cd (in French). 12 August 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
319. "Ebola outbreak in Uganda declared over". BNO News. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
320. "Legionellosis – Poland". www.who.int. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
321. "Poland: Legionnaire's bacteria outbreak kills 19 – DW – 09/02/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
322. "Rapid Spread of Mpox in Africa Is Global Health Emergency, WHO Says". www.wsj.com. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
323. "Oropouche: The mysterious 'sloth virus' with no treatment". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
324. Lenharo, Mariana (2024-08-26). "Mysterious Oropouche virus is spreading: what you should know". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-02746-2.
325. Morrison, Andrea (2024). "Oropouche Virus Disease Among U.S. Travelers — United States, 2024". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 73. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7335e1. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 11376504.
326. Osborn, Catherine (August 26, 2024). "Dengue Surge Grips Latin America".

Further reading

• Eisenberg, Merle, and Lee Mordechai. "The Justinianic Plague and Global Pandemics: The Making of the Plague Concept." American Historical Review 125.5 (2020): 1632–1667.
• Hunter, Philip (2007). "Inevitable or avoidable? Despite the lessons of history, the world is not yet ready to face the next great plague". EMBO Reports. 8 (6): 531–534. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400987. PMC 2002527. PMID 17545992.
• Snowden, Frank M. (2019). Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300192216.

External links

• Media related to Epidemics at Wikimedia Commons