Tahpanhes

30°51′38″N 32°10′17″E

Tahpanhes Tehaphnehes Daphnae, Taphnas (ancient Greek) Tell Defenneh
Ancient city
Tahpanhes Location in Egypt
Coordinates: 30°51′38″N 32°10′17″E
Country	Egypt
Time zone	UTC+2 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	+3

Tahpanhes or Tehaphnehes (Phoenician: 𐤕𐤇𐤐𐤍𐤇𐤎, romanized: TḤPNḤS;^[1] Hebrew: תַּחְפַּנְחֵס, romanized: Taḥpanḥēs or Hebrew: תְּחַפְנְחֵס, romanized: Tǝḥafnǝḥēs^{[lower-alpha 1]}) known by the Ancient Greeks as the (Pelusian) Daphnae (Ancient Greek: Δάφναι αἱ Πηλούσιαι)^[2] and Taphnas (Ταφνας) in the Septuagint, now Tell Defenneh, was a city in ancient Egypt. It was located on Lake Manzala on the Tanitic branch of the Nile, about 26 km (16 miles) from Pelusium. The site is now situated on the Suez Canal.

Name

The meaning of the name remains uncertain although it appears to be of an Egyptian origin. Biblical scholar John L. McKenzie refers the name to T-h-p-nhsj meaning Fortress of the Nubian, while William Albright adds it means Fortress of Pinehas.^[3] Daressy and Spiegelberg connect the name with the hieroglyphic word Tephen.^[4][5]

or tpḥn[4][5] in hieroglyphs Era: Ptolemaic dynasty (305–30 BC)

ṯbn(t)[6][7] in hieroglyphs Era: New Kingdom (1550–1069 BC)

ṯbn(t)[6] in hieroglyphs Era: Late Period (664–332 BC)

History

King Psammetichus (664–610 BC) established a garrison of foreign mercenaries at Daphnae, mostly Carians and Ionian Greeks (Herodotus ii. 154).

According to the Hebrew Bible, the Jews from Jerusalem fled to this place after the death of Gedaliah and settled there for a time (Jeremiah 2:16; Jeremiah 43:7,8,9; 44:1; 46:14; Ezekiel 30:18). After Jerusalem was destroyed in 586 BC, the Jewish refugees, including Jeremiah, came to Tahpanhes (Jeremiah 43–44).

Artistic 3D reconstruction of the fort "Qasr Bint al-Yahudi" belong to the time between Psammetichus and Amasis

A platform of brickwork, which has been tentatively described as the pavement at the entry of Pharaoh's palace, has been discovered at this place. "Here," says the discoverer, William Flinders Petrie, "the ceremony described by Jeremiah 43:8–10; 'brick-kiln' (i.e. pavement of brick) took place before the chiefs of the fugitives assembled on the platform, and here Nebuchadnezzar II spread his royal pavilion".^[8]

When Naucratis was given the monopoly of Greek traffic by Amasis II (570–526 BC), the Greeks were removed from Daphnae and its prosperity never returned; in Herodotus' time the deserted remains of the docks and buildings were visible.

According to the Phoenician papyrus letters, Phoenicians settled in the site.^[9]

The site was discovered by Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie in 1886; it was then known by natives as Qasr Bint al-Yahudi, the "Castle of the Jew's Daughter".^[10] There is a massive fort and enclosure; the chief discovery was a large number of fragments of pottery, which are of great importance for the chronology of vase-painting, since they must belong to the time between Psammetichus and Amasis, i.e. the end of the 7th or the beginning of the 6th century BC. They show the characteristics of Ionian art, but their shapes and other details testify to their local manufacture.^[11]

Egyptologist Noël Aimé-Giron proposed to identify Tahpanhes with the biblical location of Baal-zephon based on the Saqqara letter.^[12]

See also

• Tell Nebesha

Notes

1. The Masoretic Text uses the prior spelling in all occurrences except Ez. 30:18, where the latter is found.

1. KAI 50 (Phoenician papyrus letter)
2. Herodotus (1907). "II.30,107". Histories.
3. McKenzie, John (1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible (Reprint ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 865. ISBN 9780684819136.
4. Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1056.
5. Gauthier, Henri (1929). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol .6. p. 41.
6. Gauthier, Henri (1929). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6. p. 73.
7. Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1059.
8. William Flinders Petrie, “Tanis II., Nebesheh, and Defenneh,” Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 4. London: Trübner & Co., 1888).
9. קצנשטיין, ה. יעקב (1978). "'מחנה הצורים' אשר בנוף בארץ מצרים (The Camp of the Tyrians at Memphis)". ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה (in Hebrew). 14: 163. ISSN 0071-108X.
10. Volume 14, The Antiquary, 1886
11.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Daphnae". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 825.
12. Noël Aimé-Giron, ‘Baʿal Saphon et les dieux de Tahpanhes dans un nouveau papyrus Phénicien’, ASAE (1941): 433–460.

References

• WMF Petrie, "Tanis II., Nebesheh, and Defenneh" (the Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1888)
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Tahpanhes". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.