Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients

See also: Messaging apps

The landscape for instant messaging involves cross-platform instant messaging clients that can handle one or multiple protocols.^[1] Clients that use the same protocol can typically federate and talk to one another. The following table compares general and technical information for cross-platform instant messaging clients in active development, each of which have their own article that provide further information.

General

Client	Developer	Initial release	Platform	Latest release		License (client)	License (server)	Monthly active users
				Version	Date
BlackBerryMessenger Enterprise	Blackberry	June 2014; 10 years ago (2014-06)[2]	iOS, Android			Proprietary freeware	Proprietary
Beeper	Nova Technology, Inc. Beeper, Inc. Automattic	May 10, 2021; 3 years ago (2021-05-10)	Android ChromeOS iOS Linux macOS Windows			Apache-2.0	Apache-2.0
Briar		May 9, 2018; 6 years ago (2018-05-09)[2]	Android	1.5.9[3]	2024-01-16	GPL-3.0-or-later	Not applicable (peer-to-peer over Bluetooth, WiFi, or Tor network)
Conversations	Daniel Gulsche	March 24, 2014; 10 years ago (2014-03-24)	Android	2.17.2[4]	2024-10-23	GPL-3.0-only	XMPP protocol
Discord	Discord Inc.	March 6, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-03-06)[5]	Android	159.10[6]	2023-01-04	Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	150 million (2021)[7]
			iOS	159.0[8]	2023-01-06
			Linux	0.0.22[9]	2022-12-10
			macOS	0.0.270[10]	2022-12-12
			Windows	1.0.9166	2024-10-08
Element	New Vector Limited	July 2016; 8 years ago (2016-07)	Android	1.6.22[11]	2024-09-23	Apache-2.0	Matrix protocol	43 million (2021)[12]
			iOS	1.11.18[13]	2024-09-17
			Linux	1.11.80[14]	2024-10-08
			macOS	1.11.80[14]	2024-10-08
			Windows	1.11.80[14]	2024-10-08
			Web	1.11.80[15]	2024-10-08
Fractal		March 16, 2018; 6 years ago (2018-03-16)	Linux desktops and mobile OSs			GPLv3	Matrix protocol
Gadu-Gadu	Łukasz Foltyn, GG Network S.A.	August 15, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-08-15)				Proprietary freeware	Proprietary
Gajim	Yann Le Boulanger	May 21, 2004; 20 years ago (2004-05-21)	BSD	1.9.3[16]	2024-07-29	GPL-3.0-only	XMPP protocol
			Linux
			macOS
			Windows
Gitter	New Vector Ltd	February 13, 2023; 21 months ago (2023-02-13)[17]	Web, Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Linux			MIT License	Apache-2.0 (Synapse)
Google Chat (formerly Google Hangouts)	Google	May 15, 2013; 11 years ago (2013-05-15) (as Google Hangouts) March 9, 2017; 7 years ago (2017-03-09) (as Google Chat)	Android			Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	1 billion (2021) 500 million active (2020)
			iOS
			Web
Google Messages (RCS)		2018; 6 years ago (2018)	Android			Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	1 billion (2021) 500 million active (2020)
			Web
			Wear OS
ICQ	Mail.Ru	November 1996; 28 years ago (1996-11)				Proprietary adware freemium	Proprietary	11 million (2018)[18]
Jami	Savoir-faire Linux		Android			GPL-3.0-or-later	Not applicable (peer-to-peer)
			iOS
			Linux
			macOS
			Windows
Jitsi	Emil Ivov	2003; 21 years ago (2003)	Desktop	2.10[19][20]	2017-10-01	Apache-2.0	Apache-2.0	20 million (2020)[21]
KakaoTalk	Kakao Corp.	March 18, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-03-18)				Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	47 million (2021)[22]
Kik Messenger	Medialab	October 2010; 14 years ago (2010-10)	Android	15.50.1.27996[23]	2023-03-17	Proprietary adware freemium	Proprietary	15 million (2017)[24]
			iOS	16.8.3[25]	2023-02-25
Line	LY Corporation	March 2012; 12 years ago (2012-03)	Android	13.0.1[26]	2023-01-17	Proprietary freemium	Proprietary	169 million (2020)[27]
			iOS	13.4.0[28]	2023-03-30
			Chrome	2.5.11[29]	2023-02-21
			macOS	7.16.1[30]	2023-03-17
			Windows	7.14.1.2907[31]	2023-03-23
Linphone	Belledonne Communications	2001; 23 years ago (2001)	Android	4.5.6[32]	2021-11-08	GPL-3.0-or-later or proprietary	SIP protocol, could connect to any SIP provider/server, including Linphone's service	only for SIP linphone service : over 700,000 in 2024[33]
			iOS	4.5.1[34]	2021-10-08
			Linux	5.2.4[35]
			macOS	5.2.4[35]
			Windows	5.2.4[35]
			BSD
Mattermost	Mattermost Inc	2015; 9 years ago (2015)	Android			Apache-2.0	MIT license binary, AGPLv3 for source code, Apache-2.0 for admin tools and config files
			iOS
			Linux	5.2.2[36]	2022-12-06
			macOS	5.2.2[36]	2022-12-06
			Windows	5.2.2[36]	2022-12-06
Messenger	Meta Platforms	August 9, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-08-09)	Android	431.1.0.35.116[37]	2023-10-24	Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	988 million (2022)[38]
			iOS	390.0[39]	2022-12-14
			macOS	169.0[40]	2022-11-17
			Windows	1180.4.112.0	2021-08-18
Movim	Timothée Jaussoin	March 3, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-03-03)	Any, Progressive web application	0.28[41]	2024-09-24	AGPL-3.0-or-later	XMPP protocol
Mumble[42]		September 22, 2005; 19 years ago (2005-09-22)	Linux, Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, iOS	1.4.287	2022-09-14	3-clause BSD	Open source
Palringo	Palringo Ltd	2006; 18 years ago (2006)	Android	10.14[43]	2021-11-29	Proprietary freemium	Proprietary
			iOS	10.13.1[44]	2021-10-19
Paltalk	AVM Software, Inc	June 1998; 26 years ago (1998-06)				Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	5.5 million (2013)[45]
Pidgin	Mark Spencer	November 1998; 26 years ago (1998-11)	BSD	2.14.13[46]	2024-02-23	GPL-2.0-or-later	Umpteen, both open protocols and interfaces with proprietary messengers
			Linux
			macOS
			Windows
Psi	Psi and Psi+ developers	2001; 23 years ago (2001)	Linux	1.5[47]	2020-09-06	GPL-2.0-or-later	XMPP protocol
			macOS
			Windows
QQ	Tencent Holdings	February 10, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-02-10)	Android	9.1.20[48]	2024-11-27	Proprietary adware	Proprietary	597 million (2023)[49]
			iOS, iPadOS, watchOS	9.1.2[50]	2024-11-28
			Windows	9.9.16[51]	2024-11-12
			macOS	6.9.61[52]	2024-11-21
			Linux	3.2.13[53]	2024-11-12
RetroShare	Cyril Soler, Gioacchino Mazzurco	2006; 18 years ago (2006)		0.6.7[54]	2023-11-30	GPL	Not applicable (peer-to-peer)
Ricochet	Invisible.im	June 2014; 10 years ago (2014-06)	FreeBSD	1.1.4[55][56] [needs update] (fork took over development, now at 3.0.15)	2016-11-07	BSD-3-Clause	Not applicable (peer-to-peer over the Tor network)
			Linux
			macOS
			Windows
Signal	Signal Foundation	July 2014; 10 years ago (2014-07)	Android	7.26.1[57]	2024-11-22	GPL-3.0-only	AGPL-3.0-only	40 million (2021)[58]
			iOS	7.39[59]	2024-11-27	GPL-3.0-only
			Desktop	7.34.0[60]	2024-11-22	AGPL-3.0-only
Skype	Skype Technologies, a subsidiary of Microsoft Corporation	2003; 21 years ago (2003)				Proprietary adware freemium	Proprietary	200 million (2020)[61]
Slack	Slack Technologies	August 2013; 11 years ago (2013-08)				Proprietary freemium	Proprietary	12 million (2019)[62]
Snapchat	Snap Inc.	November 2011; 13 years ago (2011-11)	Android	12.27.0.8[63]	2023-03-29	Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	557 million (2022)[38]
			iOS	12.27.0.37[64]	2023-03-28
Surespot	Surespot LLC	2013; 11 years ago (2013)	Android	81[65]	2019-04-27	GPL-3.0-or-later + freemium		Defunct
			iOS	21[66]	2018-11-14
TeamNote	TeamNote Limited	2012; 12 years ago (2012)				Subscription	Proprietary
Telegram	Telegram Messenger LLP	2013; 11 years ago (2013)	Android	11.3.1[67]	2024-10-31	GPL-2.0-or-later	Proprietary	700 million (2022)[68]900 million (2024)[69]
			iOS, iPadOS	11.3[70]	2024-10-31	GPL-2.0-or-later
			Desktop	5.7.1[71]	2024-11-01	GPL-3.0-or-later
			macOS	11.3[72]	2024-10-31	GPL-2.0-or-later
Threema	Threema GmbH	December 2012; 12 years ago (2012-12)	Android	5.6.2[73]	2024-11-28	AGPL-3.0-only	Proprietary	10 million (2021)[74]
			iOS	4.6.17[75]	2022-03-14
			Web			AGPL-3.0-or-later
Trillian	Cerulean Studios	July 1, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-07-01)	Android	6.6.0.13[76]	2023-07-25	Proprietary adware freemium	Proprietary
			iOS	6.6.12[77]	2023-06-05
			Linux	6.3.0.1[78]	2020-05-27
			macOS	6.5 Build 43[79]	2023-09-08
			Windows	6.5 Build 31[80]	2023-08-18
			Web	6.5 Build 12[81]	2023-01-05
Viber	Rakuten Viber	December 2, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-12-02)	Android	20.4.3.0[82]	2023-07-02	Proprietary freemium	Proprietary	260 million (2019)[83]
			iOS	20.4.0[84]	2023-07-04
			Linux	20.3.0.1[85]	2023-06-14
			macOS	20.2.0[86]	2023-06-12
			Windows	20.4.0.0[87]	2023-06-30
WeChat	Tencent Holdings Limited	January 21, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-01-21)				Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	1.263 billion (2022)[38]
WhatsApp	Meta Platforms	January 2009; 15 years ago (2009-01)	Android	2.24.22.79[88]	2024-11-04	Proprietary freeware	Proprietary	2 billion (2020),[89] confirmed in 2024[90]
			iOS	24.19.80[91]	2024-09-26
			macOS	24.16.78[92]	2024-08-13
			Windows	2.2429.10.0[93]	2024-07-29
Wire	Wire Swiss GmbH	December 3, 2014; 10 years ago (2014-12-03)	Android	4.3.5[94]	2023-09-27	GPL-3.0-or-later	AGPL-3.0-or-later
			iOS	3.110.1[95]	2023-08-08
			Linux	3.31.3060[96]	2023-05-16
			macOS	3.31.4556[97]	2023-05-16
			Windows	3.31.4421[98]	2023-05-16
			Web	0.27[99]	2023-07-13
Client	Developer	Initial release	Platform	Latest release		License (client)	License (server)	Monthly active users
				Version	Date

Operating system support

Operating system support for messaging clients

Client	Windows	macOS	Linux	Web	Android	iOS
Beeper	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Briar	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Discord	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Element	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Fractal	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Gadu-Gadu	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gajim	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gitter	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Google Chat	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Google Messages (RCS)	No[a]	No[a]	Needs third-party client[a][100]	Yes	Included	No
ICQ	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jami	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jitsi	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
KakaoTalk	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Kik Messenger	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Line	Yes	Yes	As browser extension[101]	No	Yes	Yes
Linphone	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Mattermost	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Messages (Apple)	No	Included	No	No	No	Included
Messenger	Yes	Yes	Needs third-party client[a][102]	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mumble	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes
Movim	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Palringo	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Paltalk	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Pidgin	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Psi	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
RetroShare	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Ricochet	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Session	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Signal	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Skype	Included	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Slack	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Snapchat	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Surespot	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
TeamNote	No[a]	No[a]	No[a]	Yes	Yes	Yes
Telegram	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Tencent QQ	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Threema	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Trillian	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Viber	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
WeChat	Yes	Yes	Needs third-party client[a][103]	Yes	Yes	Yes
WhatsApp	Yes	Yes	Needs third-party client[a][105][106][107]	Yes	Yes	iPhone devices only. App cannot be installed on iPad, iPod Touch.
Wire	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Client	Windows	macOS	Linux	Web	Android	iOS

Connectivity

Client	Registration requirement	Independent of mobile phone	End-to-end encryption	Peer-to-peer text chat	Open source servers	Federated servers
Briar	No		Yes	Yes	—(P2P)	—(P2P)
Discord	Email or Phone number	Yes	No	No	No	No
Element	No	Yes	Yes[108]	No	Yes	Yes
Fractal	No			No	Yes	Yes
Gadu-Gadu	Email and Phone number			No	No
Gajim	No	Yes	With plugin only	No	Yes
Gitter	?	?	?	?	?	?
Google Chat	Email; Google account	Yes
Google Messages (RCS)	Phone number	Similar to SMS requirements, RCS messaging requires a valid SIM card to be inserted in the device. RCS chat features may continue to work for up to 14 days, when a SIM card is removed from the device.[109]	Yes, only for RCS chats		—[clarification needed]	Yes
ICQ	Phone number	Phone required for initial registration. Desktop client can function independently afterwards.[110]		No
Jami	No	No	Yes	Yes	—(P2P)	—(P2P)
Jitsi	No	Yes		No	Yes	Yes
KakaoTalk		No		No	No	No
Kik Messenger	Email	No		No	No	No
Line	Phone number	No		No	No	No
Linphone	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Mattermost				No	Yes	No
Messages (Apple)	Email; Apple ID account	Yes		No	—[clarification needed]	—[clarification needed]
Messenger	Email or Phone number; Facebook account	Yes		No	No	No
Movim	No			No	Yes	Yes
Mumble	no	Yes			Yes	Yes
Palringo	No			No	No
Paltalk	Email			No	No
Pidgin	No	Yes	With extension only	Yes	Yes	Yes
Psi				No
RetroShare				Yes	—(P2P)	—(P2P)
Ricochet				Yes	—(P2P)	—(P2P)
Session	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Signal	Phone number; iOS or Android device.[111][112] VoIP number[113]	VoIP workaround[113]	Yes	No	Yes[114]	No
Skype	Email; Microsoft account	Yes		No	No	No
Slack	Email	Yes		No	No	No
Snapchat	Email or Phone number	No		No	No	No
Surespot	No			No	No
TeamNote
Telegram	Phone number; iOS or Android device[115]	Phone required for initial registration & login. Desktop client can function independently afterwards.[116]	For some features: secret chats,[117] voice and video calls,[118] and voice chats in groups[118]	No	No	No
Tencent QQ		No[119][120]	No	No	No	No
Threema	No	A valid phone number or email address is not required for registration & login. However, the mobile app serves as the primary device, due to the end-to-end encryption architecture.[121]	Yes	No	No	No
Trillian	No	Yes		No	No	Yes
Viber	Phone number	No		No	No	No
WeChat	Phone number or QQ number	No	No	No	No	No
WhatsApp	Phone number	No	Yes	No	No	No
Wire	Email or Phone number	Yes	Yes[122]	No	Yes[123]	Yes
Client	Registration requirement	Independent of mobile phone	End-to-end encryption	Peer-to-peer text chat	Open source servers	Federated servers

Privacy

Some messaging services that are not designed for privacy require a unique phone number for sign-up, as a form of identity verification and to prevent users from creating multiple accounts.

Some messaging services that do not solely focus on a mobile-first experience, or enforce SMS authentication, may allow email addresses to be used for sign-up instead.

Some messaging services offer greater flexibility and privacy, by allowing users to create more than one account to compartmentalize personal & work purposes, or not requiring personally identifiable information for sign-up.

To find out if the software has end-to-end encryption, see "media" table below.

Client	Share username	Hide number	Account expiration	Reset password	Password lockout	Search for contacts	Voice changer	Plugins
Briar						by public key or in-person pairing
Discord						•Username & Discord Tag •Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled		No
Element						•Username •Matrix ID		Yes
Fractal						•Username •Matrix ID
Gadu-Gadu								No
Gajim								Yes
Gitter
Google Chat						•Email address
Google Messages (RCS)						•Phone number
ICQ								Yes
Jami	Yes		No (not stored on servers)	No (not stored on servers)	No (not stored on servers)[124]	by random identifier or email-like address	No	Yes
Jitsi						by shared 4-random-words URL		Yes
KakaoTalk
Kik Messenger						•Username •Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled
Line						•Username •Phone number •Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled (sending friend requests are required)		Yes
Linphone
Mattermost								Yes
Messages (Apple)						•Email address •Phone number		No
Messenger						•Facebook profile •Username URL •Phone number •Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled		Yes
Movim								No
Mumble						•username
Palringo								No
Paltalk								No
Pidgin								Yes
Psi								Yes
RetroShare
Ricochet
Signal	Yes	Default. Number is only visible if it is saved to a friend's contact		No[125]	30 seconds after 5 fails	•Phone number (Contact list syncs automatically with phonebook contacts)		No
Skype						•Username •Email address •Phone number		Yes
Slack						•Name (requires joining a Slack workspace) •Email address invitation (requires Slack Connect)		Yes
Snapchat						•Username •Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled		Yes
Surespot							No	No
TeamNote
Telegram			6 months		5 seconds after 3 fails	•Username •Phone number (Contact list syncs automatically with phonebook contacts)		No
Tencent QQ								No
Threema								No
Trillian								Yes
Viber						•Phone number (Contact list syncs automatically with phonebook contacts)		Yes
WeChat						•Username •Phone number •Phonebook contacts scanning if enabled (sending friend requests are required)
WhatsApp	No					•Phone number (Contact list syncs automatically with phonebook contacts)		No
Wire								No
Client	Share username	Hide number	Account expiration	Reset password	Password lockout	Search for contacts	Voice changer	Plugins

• 1: Apple iOS doesn't allow screenshot protection.

Screenshot security

Client	Hide number in chats	Lock screen timeout	Lock screen when closed	Lock screen button	Screenshot detection	Screenshot/recording disabled (Android only)[126]
Briar		Yes				Yes
Discord		No
Element		No
Fractal
Gadu-Gadu
Gajim
Gitter
Google Chat
Google Messages (RCS)
ICQ
Jami	No (not stored on servers)	No			No	Yes[127]
Jitsi		No
KakaoTalk
Kik Messenger
Line		Yes
Linphone
Mattermost		No
Messages (Apple)		No
Messenger		No
Movim		?
Mumble
Palringo
Paltalk
Pidgin
Psi
RetroShare
Ricochet
Signal		Yes	No	Yes		Yes[128]
Skype
Slack
Snapchat		Yes
Surespot
TeamNote
Telegram	Yes	Yes	No		Yes (on Secret Chats)[129]	Yes (on Secret Chats)[130]
Tencent QQ
Threema		Yes
Trillian
Viber		Yes
WeChat
WhatsApp	No	Fingerprint sensor
Wire		No
Client	Hide number in chats	Lock screen timeout	Lock screen when closed	Lock screen button	Screenshot detection	Screenshot/recording disabled (Android only)[126]

Message handling

Client	Threads			Sent messages				Read messages		Self-destructing messages
	Threads	Collapse[131]	Ignore	Editing	Deleting	Delete for contacts	Delete notification	Receipts	Hide receipts	Exists	Deletion trigger
Briar	Yes[132]	No	No					Yes		No
Discord	Yes	Yes[133]	Yes[134]	Yes	Yes			No		No
Element	Yes[135]	Yes	No	Partial	Yes			Yes		No
Fractal
Gadu-Gadu
Gajim				Yes				Yes		No
Gitter
Google Chat	Yes[136]	Yes	Yes	Originally for Google Workspace accounts only; rolled out to consumer accounts in July 2023[137]	Originally for Google Workspace accounts only; rolled out to consumer accounts in July 2023			Yes		No
Google Messages (RCS)	No	No	No	No	Yes			Yes		No
ICQ	No	No	No		Yes
Jami	No	No	No	No	Desktop only	No	Not applicable	Yes[138]	Android only[138]	Yes
Jitsi	No	No	No							No
KakaoTalk	No	No	No
Kik Messenger	No	No	No
Line	No	No	No	No	Partial			Yes		No
Linphone	No	No	No
Mattermost	Yes	Optional 7+[139]	No	Yes	Yes			No		No
Messages (Apple)	No	No	No							No
Messenger	Yes[140]	No	No	No	Yes			Yes		Yes
Movim	Yes[141]	No	No	Yes	Yes					No
Mumble	No	No	No
Palringo	No	No	No
Paltalk	No	No	No
Pidgin	No	No	No	Yes
Psi	No	No	No	Yes
RetroShare	Yes	Yes[142]	No	No	No			Yes		No
Ricochet	No	No	No
Signal	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Within 24 hours[143]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Read[144]
Skype	No	No	No
Slack	Yes	Yes[145]	Yes[146]	Yes	Yes			Yes
Snapchat	No	No	No	No	Yes			Yes		Yes
Surespot	No	No	No							No
TeamNote	No	No	No	Yes	Yes			No
Telegram	No[147]	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Read
Tencent QQ	No	No	No
Threema	No[148]	No	No	No	Yes			Yes		No
Trillian	No	No	No					Yes
Viber	No	No	No	Yes	Yes			Yes		Yes
WeChat	No	No	No
WhatsApp	No	No	No	No	Partial			Yes	Yes	No
Wire	No	No	No	Yes	Yes			Yes		Yes[149]
Client	Threads			Sent messages				Read messages		Self-destructing messages
	Threads	Collapse	Ignore	Editing	Deleting	Delete for contacts	Delete notification	Receipts	Hide receipts	Exists	Deletion trigger

Media

Client	File transfer	Voice messages	Voice chat	Video chat	E2EE		Encrypted local storage
Individual					Groups
Briar	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Discord	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Element
Fractal
Gadu-Gadu	Yes	Yes	Yes		No	No
Gajim	Yes	Yes	No	No[150]	Yes	Yes
Gitter
Google Chat	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Google Messages (RCS)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ICQ	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No
Jami	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jitsi	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
KakaoTalk	Yes				Yes	Yes
Kik Messenger	Yes				No	No
Line	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial	Yes[151]
Linphone
Mattermost	Yes	Plug-in	Plug-in	Plug-in	No	No
Messages (Apple)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Messenger	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Movim	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	For private group
Mumble	Yes		Yes	No	No	No
Palringo	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Paltalk	Yes		Yes	Yes	No	No
Pidgin	No	No	Partial	Yes	Yes
Psi	Yes	Yes	Partial	Partial	Yes	Yes
RetroShare	Yes				Yes	Yes
Ricochet					Yes
Signal	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial[152]
Skype	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Slack	Yes				No	No
Snapchat	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Surespot	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No groupchat
TeamNote		Yes		No
Telegram	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Secret Chats	No	No[153]
Tencent QQ	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No
Threema	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Trillian	Yes	Partial	Yes	Yes	No	No
Viber	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
WeChat	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
WhatsApp	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Wire	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Client	File transfer	Voice messages	Voice chat	Video chat	E2EE		Encrypted local storage
Individual					Groups

Backup and restore messages

Official status to guarantee support for backing up and restoring messages.

Client	Windows	macOS	Linux	Web	Android	iOS
Beeper
Briar
Discord
Element
Fractal
Gadu-Gadu
Gajim
Gitter
Google Chat
Google Messages (RCS)
ICQ
Jami
Jitsi
KakaoTalk
Kik Messenger
Line
Linphone
Mattermost
Messages (Apple)
Messenger
Mumble
Movim
Palringo
Paltalk
Pidgin
Psi
RetroShare
Ricochet
Session
Signal	No[154]	No[154]	No[154]	No[154]	Yes[154]	Yes[154]
Skype
Slack
Snapchat
Surespot
TeamNote
Telegram
Tencent QQ
Threema
Trillian
Viber
WeChat
WhatsApp
Wire
Client	Windows	macOS	Linux	Web	Android	iOS

Miscellaneous

Messaging services can operate around different models, based on security and accessibility considerations.^[155]

A mobile-focused, phone number-based model operates on the concept of primary and secondary devices. Examples of such messaging services include: WhatsApp, Viber, Line, WeChat, Signal, etc. The primary device is a mobile phone and is required to login and send/receive messages. Only one mobile phone is allowed to be the primary device, as attempting to login to the messaging app on another mobile phone would trigger the previous phone to be logged out. The secondary device is a computer running a desktop operating system, which serves as a companion for the primary device. Desktop messaging clients on secondary devices do not function independently, as they are reliant on the mobile phone maintaining an active network connection for login authentication and syncing messages.

A multi-device, device-agnostic model is designed for accessibility on multiple devices, regardless of desktop or mobile. Examples of such messaging services include: Skype, Facebook Messenger, Google Hangouts (subsequently Google Chat), Telegram, ICQ, Element, Slack, Discord, etc. Users have more options as usernames or email addresses can be used as user identifiers, besides phone numbers. Unlike the phone-based model, user accounts on a multi-device model are not tied to a single device, and logins are allowed on multiple devices. Messaging services with a multi-device model are able to eliminate feature disparity and provide identical functionality on both mobile and desktop clients. Desktop clients can function independently, without relying on the mobile phone to login and sync messages.

Client	Typing notifications	Multi-device support	Emoji reactions	Stickers	GIF search	Custom emoji	Themes / skins
Briar				No		Yes	No
Discord	Yes	Yes[156][157]	Yes	Yes (custom stickers require paid)	Yes	Paid[158]	Paid[159]
Element		Yes[160][157]	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Fractal
Gadu-Gadu						No
Gajim						Yes	Yes
Gitter
Google Chat		Yes (an optional setting allows messages to be accessible on Gmail as well)[161][162]		Yes	Yes		No
Google Messages (RCS)		On secondary web browsers only (phone required to sync messages)[163]	Only a limited set of reactions available	Yes	Yes		Partial
ICQ		Yes[164]		Yes		Yes	Yes
Jami	Yes[138]	Yes	Partial[165]	No
Jitsi						Yes
KakaoTalk		On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[166][167]				No
Kik Messenger		No[168]				Yes	Yes
Line		On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[169]		Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Linphone
Mattermost				No		Yes	Yes
Messages (Apple)		Yes (Apple devices)[170]				No	No
Messenger		Yes (messages are also accessible on the main Facebook website)[171]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Movim				Yes		No	No
Mumble
Palringo						No	Yes
Paltalk						No	Yes
Pidgin				No	No	Yes	Yes
Psi						Yes	Yes
RetroShare				Yes		No
Ricochet						No
Signal	Yes	On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages; 5 linked devices)[172]	Yes	Yes	Only on Android and iOS	No	Yes
Skype		Yes[173][157]		Yes	Yes	No	No
Slack		Yes[155][157]				Yes	Yes
Snapchat		No[174]		Yes	Yes	No	No
Surespot						No	Yes
TeamNote						No
Telegram	Yes	Yes[175][157][176]	Full set of reactions only available on Telegram Premium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Tencent QQ		On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[177]				No	Yes
Threema		On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages). Phone must maintain an active network connection at all times to use the desktop client.[178]		Yes		No	Yes
Trillian						Yes	Yes
Viber		On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[179]	Only a limited set of reactions available	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
WeChat		On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages)[180]				No
WhatsApp		On secondary desktop devices only (phone required to sync messages; 4 linked devices) Phone must not be offline for ≥ 14 days; message history limited to 3 months. Unsupported on iPad, iPod Touch.[181]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Wire		Yes[182]		No		No	No
Client	Typing notifications	Multi-device support	Emoji reactions	Stickers	GIF search	Custom emoji	Themes / skins

See also

• Technology portal

• Comparison of instant messaging protocols
• Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients
• Comparison of VoIP software
  • List of SIP software
• Comparison of LAN messengers
• List of video telecommunication services and product brands
• Comparison of user features of messaging platforms

Notes

1. In addition to other official and third-party solutions, a native desktop application can be generated for the instant messaging app website using Nativefier.^[104]

References

1. "History of Instant Messaging". The top 6 best Instant Message client apps on any platform. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
2. "Secure P2P Messenger Releases First Version, Receives New Funding". Briar. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
3. "release-1.5.9". 16 January 2024.
4. https://codeberg.org/iNPUTmice/Conversations/releases/tag/2.17.2. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
5. Marks, Tom (May 14, 2016). "One year after its launch, Discord is the best VoIP service available". PC Gamer. Future plc. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
6. "Discord: Talk, Chat & Hang OutAbout this app". Retrieved 6 January 2023.
7. "Number of monthly active users (MAU) of Discord worldwide as of September 2021". Statista. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
8. "What's New Jan 6, 2023 Version 159.0". Retrieved 6 January 2023.
9. "discord-0.0.22.tar.gz/resources/build_info.json". Retrieved 6 January 2023.
10. "What's new in version 0.0.270 Updated on Dec 12 2022". Retrieved 6 January 2023.
11. "Element Android v1.6.22". 23 September 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
12. "2021: It's been a busy year for Element!" (Press release). Element Blog. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
13. "v1.11.18". 17 September 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
14. "v1.11.80". 8 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
15. "v1.11.80". 8 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
16. "Gajim 1.9.3". 29 July 2024.
17. "CHANGELOG.md · develop · gitter / webapp · GitLab". GitLab. 15 February 2023.
18. ICQ 11 million users in the world per month, 28 November 2018
19. Дамян Минков (4 February 2017). "Changes version to 2.10". Retrieved 29 January 2018.
20. "Release 2.10". 1 October 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
21. "'It was quite a ride' – Jitsi's Emil Ivov on scaling up the video conferencing platform during a pandemic". The Daily Swig. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
22. "Number of monthly active users of KakaoTalk in South Korea from 2nd quarter of 2015 to 4th quarter of 2021". Statista. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
23. "Kik Messenger: 15.50.1.27996 Mar 17, 2023". 17 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
24. Ponciano, Jonathan. "Billion-Dollar Kik Taps $125 Million Token Offering To Energize User Base". Forbes.
25. "Kik Messenger: Version History: 16.8.3 Feb 25, 2023". 25 February 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
26. https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/line-corporation/line/line-13-0-1-release/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
27. "Line Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)". Business of Apps. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
28. "LINE Version History 13.4.0 Mar 30, 2023". 30 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
29. "LINE: Additional Information". 21 February 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
30. "LINE: Version History 7.16.1 Mar 17, 2023". 17 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
31. "LINE: Version 7.14.1.2907 Latest update Mar 23, 2023". 23 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
32. "Linphone 4.5.6 on GitLab".
33. "Linphone Free SIP Service". subscribe.linphone.org. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
34. "Linphone 4.5.1 on GitLab".
35. "Linphone 5.2.4 on GitLab". 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
36. https://github.com/mattermost/desktop/releases/tag/v5.2.2. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
37. "Facebook Messenger 431.1.0.35.116". Retrieved 30 October 2023.
38. "Most popular global mobile messenger apps as of January 2022, based on number of monthly active users". Statista.
39. "What's New Dec 14, 2022 Version 390.0". Retrieved 5 January 2023.
40. "Version 169.0 New! Messenger has a new look and more ways to connect with friends". Retrieved 5 January 2023.
41. "Release 0.28". 24 September 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
42. "Screenshots.debian.net".
43. https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/palringo/wolf-live-audio-shows-group-chat/wolf-live-audio-shows-group-chat-10-14-release/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
44. https://apps.apple.com/app/id286274367. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
45. "PalTalk: It Was "Flattering" To Be Included In The PRISM Slidedeck". TechCrunch. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
46. "Pidgin 2.14.13 has been released!". 23 February 2024.
47. "Release 1.5". 6 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
48. https://sj.qq.com/appdetail/com.tencent.mobileqq. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
49. "腾讯公布二零二三年第一季业绩" (PDF) (in Chinese). Tencent. 17 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
50. . App Store https://apps.apple.com/cn/app/qq/id444934666. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
51. "QQ Windows版". Tencent. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
52. https://im.qq.com/macqq/index.shtml. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
53. "QQ Linux版". Tencent. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
54. "Release 0.6.7". 30 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
55. https://github.com/ricochet-im/ricochet/releases. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
56. "Release 1.1.4". 7 November 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
57. "Release 7.26.1". 22 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
58. "Signal Revenue & Usage Statistics (2021)". Business of Apps. 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
59. "Release 7.39". Retrieved 27 November 2024.
60. "Release 7.34.0". Retrieved 27 November 2024.
61. "Microsoft's Skype struggles have created a Zoom moment". The Verge. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
62. "Slack Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)". Business of Apps. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
63. "Snapchat 12.27.0.8 (2 variants) March 29, 2023". 29 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
64. "Snapchat Version 12.27.0.37 Mar 28, 2023". 28 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
65. https://github.com/surespot/android/releases/tag/v81. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
66. https://github.com/surespot/surespot-ios/releases/tag/v21. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
67. "Telegram". Google Play. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
68. The Telegram Team (19 June 2022). "700 Million Users and Telegram Premium". Telegram. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
69. Faulconbridge, Guy; Kelly, Lidia (2024). "Telegram to hit one billion users within a year, founder says". Reuters.
70. "Telegram Messenger". App Store. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
71. "Releases v5.7.1". Retrieved 2 November 2024.
72. "Telegram for macOS". Retrieved 31 October 2024.
73. "Release 5.6.2". 28 November 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
74. Threema GmbH (January 2021). "Threema's Success Story: From the Company's Founding to Today" (PDF). Threema. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
75. "What's New - Threema". Retrieved 14 March 2022.
76. "Android: Version 6.6.0.13; Updated on Jul 25, 2023". 25 July 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
77. "iOS: Version History 6.6.12; Jun 5, 2023". 5 June 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
78. "Linux 6.3 Build 1 - May 27, 2020". 27 May 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
79. "6.5 Build 43; September 8, 2023". 8 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
80. "6.5 Build 31;August 18, 2023". 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
81. "6.5 Build 12; January 5, 2023". 5 January 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
82. "Android: Viber - Safe Chats And Calls 20.4.3.0". 2 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
83. "More than a chatting platform: What makes Viber a powerful business messaging tool?". Pushwize. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
84. "iOS: Version History 20.4.0 Jul 4, 2023". 4 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
85. "viber.rpm". 14 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
86. "Viber for MacV 20.2.0". 12 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
87. "Windows: Latest version 20.4.0.0 Jun 30, 2023". 30 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
88. "WhatsApp apk mirror repo". 4 November 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
89. "WhatsApp". WhatsApp.com.
90. "Reuters". Reuters.
91. "WhatsApp Messenger on the App Store". Retrieved 11 October 2024.
92. "WhatsApp Messenger on the App Store". 13 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
93. "WhatsApp Win Uptodown Repo". 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
94. "Release v4.3.5 · wireapp/wire-android-reloaded · GitHub".
95. "Release 3.110.1 · wireapp/wire-ios · GitHub".
96. "Release 3.31.3060 - Linux".
97. "Release 3.31.4556 - macOS".
98. "Release 3.31.4421 - Windows".
99. "Release 2023-07-13-production.0".
100. "How to Use Google Messages on Linux". MUO. 20 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
101. "LINE". Chrome Web Store. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
102. "How to Install Facebook Messenger 'Caprine' in Ubuntu 18.04". UbuntuHandbook. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
103. "How to Install WeChat Desktop Client in Ubuntu Linux". It's FOSS. 22 June 2020. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
104. "Nativefier". GitHub. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
105. "How to Install and Use WhatsApp Desktop Client in Linux". It's FOSS. 15 June 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
106. "WhatSie - WhatsApp for Linux". Snapcraft. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
107. "WhatsApp". ArchWiki. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
108. "End-to-end encryption (E2EE) | Collaboration and messaging".
109. "Turn on chat features in Messages - Messages Help".
110. "ICQ Is Back, and There Are 11 Things You Should Know About It by Dimitry O. Photo". 22 August 2017.
111. Ciobica, Vladimir (26 May 2021). "Signal Desktop". Softpedia. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
112. Youngren, Jan (19 January 2021). "Signal messaging app review 2021". VPNpro. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
113. Collective, Tech Learning (29 October 2019). "This little-known trick lets you use Signal without giving out your phone number". Tech Learning Collective.
114. "Signal · GitHub". GitHub. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
115. Witman, Emma (22 January 2021). "How to make a Telegram account and start using the popular group chatting app". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
116. "Login and SMS - Telegram FAQ".
117. "Q: How are secret chats different? - Telegram FAQ". Telegram. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
118. "Q: What is Telegram? What do I do here? - Telegram FAQ". Telegram. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
119. "How to sign up for a QQ account in 2021? (For PUBG, Game for Peace or Honor of Kings)". 29 February 2020.
120. "Latest Guide: How to Register a QQ International Account For PUBG, Avena of Valors and Quick Login to other Chinese Apps". 28 April 2019.
121. "Comparison of Popular Messenger Services – Threema".
122. "Wire Product Features". Retrieved 13 July 2023.
123. "Wire server code now 100% open source – the journey continues". Medium. Wire Swiss GmbH. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
124. "Jami". Jami. 9 August 2019.
125. "Signal PIN".
126. "Why don't you disable screen capture? – Wickr Inc". Archived from the original on 2017-10-01.
127. "7bb77aa65771c36f709e14d593dc8e0d88e16ddd - jami-client-android - Gitiles". review.jami.net.
128. "Screen Security".
129. "Telegram FAQ". Telegram.
130. Says, جلوگیری از اسکرین شات در تلگرام چگونه است؟-تکست روزانه (24 February 2022). "How To Prevent People From Screenshotting Your Telegram Chat". Gadgets Africa.
131. The Importance of Message Threads in Team Messaging Apps
132. Briar User Manual
133. Discord Threads FAQ
134. Discord I Want To Leave A Thread
135. Introducing Threads in Beta!
136. Learn how to manage a space with in-line threading
137. "New Google Chat features: smart compose, message editing and more". 30 June 2023.
138. "FAQ — Jami documentation". docs.jami.net.
139. Organize conversations using Collapsed Reply Threads
140. Facebook Messenger gets threaded replies
141. Movim: a decentralized open-source XMPP-based messaging and social platform
142. Retroshare » Docs » User Guide » Interface
143. "Delete messages, alerts, or chats – Signal Support".
144. "Set and manage disappearing messages – Signal Support".
145. Use threads to organize discussions
146. How to Unfollow Thread in Slack?
147. Bugs and Suggestions » Threads
148. Comparison of Communication Tools for Companies
149. "Safe and tidy with Timed Messages". Wire Swiss. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
150. "Gajimfaq · Wiki · gajim / Gajim". 16 April 2023.
151. Shin, Ki Bin (12 August 2016). "The next step for even safer messaging: Letter Sealing". Line Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
152. "Signal and Encryption at rest". SignalCommunity. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
153. "Telegram App Store Secret-Chat Messages in Plain-Text Database". 23 February 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
154. "Backup and Restore Messages".
155. "Product design decisions for secure messengers - by Wire - Medium". 31 May 2017.
156. "Discord on Twitter: "Yup, you can be logged into as many devices at the same time..." / Twitter".
157. "Top 5 Messenger Apps Supporting Multi-Device Support Feature - Mirror Review". 10 August 2020.
158. "Boost Your Account and Support Us with Discord Nitro". Discord. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
159. "Now in Nitro: Bring Your Vibe to Discord with New Themes". Discord. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
160. "The Element messenger (and the Matrix standard) - Linux Kamarada". 20 May 2021.
161. "Use classic Hangouts on all your devices - Google Workspace Admin Help".
162. "Use Google Chat in Gmail - Computer - Google Chat Help".
163. "Check your messages on your computer or Android tablet - Messages Help". Google Support. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
164. "» A whole new ICQ awaits you on iOS". 13 January 2021.
165. "Features of Jami Clients". 11 January 2024.
166. "Help - Kaokao". Archived from the original on 2017-02-08.
167. "General - Kaokao".
168. "Kik FAQs – Kik".
169. "Help center - LINE".
170. "Access your messages on all your Apple devices - Apple Support".
171. "A Guide on How to Use Facebook Secret Conversations". 24 October 2019.
172. "Troubleshooting multiple devices – Signal Support".
173. "Can I sync my Skype instant messages across devices? - Skype Support".
174. "Snapchat Support on Twitter: "The Snapchat app does not currently allow multiple users to log into one shared account. Similarly, the Snapchat app cannot run on multiple devices at once, so each time you log in to a device, it will log you out of the other device." / Twitter".
175. "Telegram — Feature rich messaging - by Sumit Grover - Medium". 29 May 2016.
176. "Q: Which devices can I use? - Telegram FAQ".
177. "Opening QQ login protection is still stolen -- a comprehensive analysis of QQ security mechanism". Archived from the original on 2022-08-06. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
178. "Support – Threema - Desktop/Web".
179. "Set Up Viber on Your Tablet or iPad - Viber Support Knowledge Base". Archived from the original on 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
180. "I'm prompted of already logging in to another device. - WeChat Help Centre".
181. "About linked devices - WhatsApp Help Center".
182. "Can I use Wire on multiple devices, for example on the phone and laptop? – Wire – Support". 5 June 2023.