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Types of clouds From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The list of cloud types groups all genera as high (cirro-, cirrus), middle (alto-), multi-level (nimbo-, cumulo-, cumulus), and low (strato-, stratus). These groupings are determined by the altitude level or levels in the troposphere at which each of the various cloud types is normally found. Small cumulus are commonly grouped with the low clouds because they do not show significant vertical extent. Of the multi-level genus-types, those with the greatest convective activity are often grouped separately as towering vertical. The genus types all have Latin names.
The genera are also grouped into five physical forms. These are, in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity: stratiform sheets; cirriform wisps and patches; stratocumuliform patches, rolls, and ripples; cumuliform heaps, and cumulonimbiform towers that often have complex structures. Most genera are divided into species with Latin names, some of which are common to more than one genus. Most genera and species can be subdivided into varieties, also with Latin names, some of which are common to more than one genus or species. The essentials of the modern nomenclature system for tropospheric clouds were proposed by Luke Howard, a British manufacturing chemist and an amateur meteorologist with broad interests in science, in an 1802 presentation to the Askesian Society. Very low stratiform clouds that touch the Earth's surface are given the common names fog and mist, which are not included with the Latin nomenclature of clouds that form aloft in the troposphere.
Above the troposphere, stratospheric and mesospheric clouds have their own classifications with common names for the major types and alpha-numeric nomenclature for the subtypes. They are characterized by altitude as very high level (polar stratospheric) and extreme level (polar mesospheric). Three of the five physical forms in the troposphere are also seen at these higher levels, stratiform, cirriform, and stratocumuliform, although the tops of very large cumulonimbiform clouds can penetrate the lower stratosphere.
In section two of this page (Classification of major types), height ranges are sorted in approximate descending order of altitude expressed in general terms. On the cross-classification table, forms and genus types (including some genus sub-types) are shown from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability.
In sections three to five, terrestrial clouds are listed in descending order of the altitude range of each atmospheric layer in which clouds can form:
In section six, the cloud types in the general lists and the mother clouds in the applicable classification table are sorted in alphabetical order except where noted. The species table shows these types sorted from left to right in approximate ascending order of the convective instability of each species. The table for supplementary features has them arranged in approximate descending order of frequency of occurrence.
In section seven, extraterrestrial clouds can be found in the atmospheres of other planets in our solar system and beyond. The planets with clouds are listed (not numbered) in order of their distance from the sun, and the clouds on each planet are in approximate descending order of altitude.
The table that follows is very broad in scope much like the cloud genera template near the bottom of the article and upon which this table is partly based. There are some variations in styles of nomenclature between the classification scheme used for the troposphere (strict Latin except for surface based aerosols) and the higher levels of the homosphere (common terms, some informally derived from Latin). However, the schemes presented here share a cross-classification of physical forms and altitude levels to derive the 10 tropospheric genera,[1] the fog and mist that forms at surface level, and several additional major types above the troposphere. The cumulus genus includes four species that indicate vertical size which can affect the altitude levels.
Form[2] Level[3] |
Stratiform non-convective |
Cirriform mostly non-convective |
Stratocumuliform limited-convective |
Cumuliform free-convective |
Cumulonimbiform strong-convective |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extreme-level | Noctilucent (NLC) veils | Noctilucent billows or whirls | Noctilucent bands | ||
| Very high-level[4] | Nitric acid & water polar stratospheric (PSC) | Cirriform nacreous PSC | Lenticular nacreous PSC | ||
| High-level | Cirrostratus (Cs) | Cirrus (Ci) | Cirrocumulus (Cc) | ||
| Mid-level | Altostratus (As) | Altocumulus (Ac) | |||
| Towering vertical[5] | Cumulus congestus (Cu con) | Cumulonimbus (Cb) | |||
| Multi-level or moderate vertical | Nimbostratus(Ns) | Cumulus mediocris (Cu med) | |||
| Low-level | Stratus (St) | Stratocumulus (Sc) | Cumulus humilis (Cu hum) or fractus (Cu fr) | ||
| Surface-level | Fog or mist |
Clouds that form in the mesosphere come in a variety of forms such as veils, bands, and billows, but are not given Latin names based on these characteristics. These clouds are the highest in the atmosphere and are given the Latin-derived name noctilucent which refers to their illumination during deep twilight rather than their physical forms. They are sub-classified alpha-numerically and with common terms according to specific details of their physical structures.
Noctilucent clouds are thin clouds that come in a variety of forms based from about 80 to 85 kilometres (262,000–279,000 ft) and occasionally seen in deep twilight after sunset and before sunrise.[6][7]
Polar stratospheric clouds form at very high altitudes in polar regions of the stratosphere. Those that show mother-of-pearl colors are given the name nacreous.[8]
Tropospheric clouds are divided into physical forms defined by structure, and levels defined by altitude range. These divisions are cross-classified to produce ten basic genus-types. They have Latin names as authorized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that indicate physical structure, altitude or étage, and process of formation.
High clouds form in the highest and coldest region of the troposphere from about 5 to 12 km (16,500 to 40,000 ft) in temperate latitudes.[9][10] At this altitude water almost always freezes so high clouds are generally composed of ice crystals or supercooled water droplets.
Abbreviation: Ci
Cirriform clouds tend to be wispy and are mostly transparent or translucent. Isolated cirrus do not bring rain; however, large amounts of cirrus can indicate an approaching storm system eventually followed by fair weather.
There are several variations of clouds of the cirrus genus based on species and varieties:
Abbreviation: Cc.[9]
High-level stratocumuliform clouds of the genus cirrocumulus form when moist air at high tropospheric altitude reaches saturation, creating ice crystals or supercooled water droplets. Limited convective instability at the cloud level gives the cloud a rolled or rippled appearance. Despite the lack of a strato- prefix, layered cirrocumulus is physically a high stratocumuliform genus.[14]
Abbreviation: Cs[9]
Clouds of the genus cirrostratus consist of mostly continuous, wide sheets of cloud that covers a large area of the sky. It is formed when convectively stable moist air cools to saturation at high altitude, forming ice crystals.[16] Frontal cirrostratus is a precursor to rain or snow if it thickens into mid-level altostratus and eventually nimbostratus, as the weather front moves closer to the observer.
Middle cloud forms from 2 to 7 km (6,500–23,000 ft) in temperate latitudes, and may be composed of water droplets or ice crystals depending on the temperature profile at that altitude range.[10]
Abbreviation: Ac[9]
Mid-level stratocumuliform clouds of the genus altocumulus are not always associated with a weather front but can still bring precipitation, usually in the form of virga which does not reach the ground. Layered forms of altocumulus are generally an indicator of limited convective instability, and are therefore mainly stratocumuliform in structure.
Abbreviation: As[9]
Stratiform clouds of the genus altostratus form when a large convectively stable air mass is lifted to condensation in the middle level of the troposphere, usually along a frontal system. Altostratus can bring light rain or snow. If the precipitation becomes continuous, it may thicken into nimbostratus which can bring precipitation of moderate to heavy intensity.
No differentiated species (always nebulous).[11]
Clouds with upward-growing vertical development usually form below 2 kilometres (6,600 ft),[10] but can be based as high as 2.5 kilometres (8,200 ft) in temperate climates, and often much higher in arid regions.
Abbreviation: Cb[9]
Clouds of the genus cumulonimbus have very-dark-gray-to-nearly-black flat bases and very high tops that can penetrate the tropopause. They develop from cumulus when the air mass is convectively highly unstable. They generally produce thunderstorms, rain or showers, and sometimes hail, strong outflow winds, and/or tornadoes at ground level.
No varieties (always opaque and does not form in patterns visible from surface level).[11][12]
Abbreviations: Cu con (cumulus congestus) or Tcu (towering cumulus)[18]
Abbreviation: Ns[9] (V-60)
Clouds of the genus nimbostratus tend to bring constant precipitation and low visibility. This cloud type normally forms above 2 kilometres (6,600 ft)[10] from altostratus cloud but tends to thicken into the lower levels during the occurrence of precipitation. The top of a nimbostratus deck is usually in the middle level of the troposphere.
No differentiated species (always nebulous).[11]
No varieties (always opaque and never forms in patterns).[11][12]
Abbreviation: Cu[9]
Moderate vertical cumulus is the product of free convective air mass instability. Continued upward growth suggests showers later in the day.
Low cloud forms from near surface to ca. 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) and are generally composed of water droplets.[10]
Abbreviation: Sc[9]
Clouds of the genus stratocumulus are lumpy, often forming in slightly unstable air, and they can produce very light rain or drizzle.
Abbreviation: Cu
These are fair weather cumuliform clouds of limited convection that do not grow vertically. The vertical height from base to top is generally less than the width of the cloud base. They appear similar to stratocumulus but the elements are generally more detached and less wide at the base.
Not commonly seen with cumulus fractus or humilis.[13]
Abbreviation: St[9]
Clouds of the genus stratus form in low horizontal layers having a ragged or uniform base. Ragged stratus often forms in precipitation while more uniform stratus forms in maritime or other moist stable air mass conditions. The latter often produces drizzle. Stratus that touches the Earth's surface is given the common name, fog, rather than a Latin name that applies only to clouds that form and remain aloft in the troposphere.
Cloud types are sorted in alphabetical order except where noted.
The division of genus types into species is as shown in the following table. The genus types (including some cumulus sub-types) are arranged from top to bottom in the left column in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. The species are sorted from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability or vertical extent of the forms to which each belongs:
These ordinal instability numbers appear in each box where a particular genus has a particular species.
| Level | Species (L-R) | Abbrev. | Neb | Fib | Unc | Spi | Str | Len | Vol | Flo | Cas | Fra | Hum | Med | Con | Cal | Cap | |
| Genus name | Species name L-R | (no species) | Nebulosus | Fibratus | Uncinus | Spissatus | Stratiformis | Lenticularis | Volutus | Floccus | Castellanus | Fractus | Humilis | Mediocris | Congestus | Calvus | Capillatus | |
| High | Cirrus | Ci | (2) | (2) | (2) | (2) | (2) | |||||||||||
| Cirrocumulus | Cc | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | |||||||||||||
| Cirrostratus | Cs | (1) | (1) | |||||||||||||||
| Middle | Altocumulus | Ac | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | |||||||||||
| Altostratus | As | (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Towering vertical | Cumulonimbus (5) | Cb | (5) | (5) | ||||||||||||||
| Cumulus congestus | Cu con or Tcu | (4) | ||||||||||||||||
| Moderate vertical | Nimbostratus | Ns | (1) | |||||||||||||||
| Cumulus mediocris | Cu med | (4) | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | Stratocumulus | Sc | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | |||||||||||
| Cumulus humilis | Cu hum | (4) | (4) | |||||||||||||||
| Stratus | St | (1) | (1) | |||||||||||||||
The following table shows the cloud varieties arranged across the top of the chart from left to right in approximate descending order of frequency of appearance. The genus types and some sub-types associated with each variety are sorted in the left column from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Where applicable, the genera and varieties are cross-classified to show the species normally associated with each combination of genus and variety. The exceptions comprise the following: Altostratus that have varieties but no species so the applicable boxes are marked without specific species names; cumulus congestus, a species that has its own altitude characteristic but no varieties; cumulonimbus that have species but no varieties, and nimbostratus that has no species or varieties. The boxes for genus and species combinations that have no varieties are left blank.
| Level | Name | Abbrev. | Tra | Per | Opa | Dup | Und | Rad | Lac | Int | Ver |
| Abbrev. | Translucidus | Perlucidus | Opacus | Duplicatus | Undulatus | Radiatus | Lacunosus | Intortus | Vertebratus | ||
| High | Cirrus | Ci | Fib Unc | Fib Unc | Fib | Fib | |||||
| Cirrocumulus | Cc | Str Len | Str, Cas Flo | ||||||||
| Cirrostratus | Cs | Fib | Fib | ||||||||
| Middle | Altocumulus | Ac | Str | Str | Str | Str Len | Str Len | Str | Str, Cas Flo | ||
| Altostratus | As | + | + | + | + | + | |||||
| Towering vertical | Cumulonimbus | Cb | |||||||||
| Cumulus congestus | Cu con or Tcu | ||||||||||
| Moderate vertical | Nimbostratus | Ns | |||||||||
| Cumulus mediocris | Cu med | Med | |||||||||
| Low | Stratocumulus | Sc | Str | Str | Str | Str Len | Str Len | Str | Str, Cas Flo | ||
| Cumulus humilis | Cu hum | Hum | |||||||||
| Stratus | St | Neb | Neb | Neb | |||||||
The supplementary features are associated with particular genera as follows. They are sorted from left to right in approximate decreasing order of frequency of occurrence for each of three categories. The genus types and some sub-types are arranged from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Each box is marked where a particular genus or sub-type has a particular supplementary feature.
| Level | Name | Class | Precipitation-based | Cloud-based | Accessory cloud | ||||||
| Abbrev. | Virga | Praecipitatio | Incus | Mamma | Arcus | Tuba | Pannus | Pileus | Velum | ||
| High | Cirrus | Ci | + | ||||||||
| Cirrocumulus | Cc | + | + | ||||||||
| Cirrostratus | Cs | ||||||||||
| Middle | Altocumulus | Ac | + | + | |||||||
| Altostratus | As | + | + | + | + | ||||||
| Towering vertical | Cumulonimbus | Cb | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Cumulus congestus | Cu con or Tcu | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||
| Moderate vertical | Nimbostratus | Ns | + | + | + | ||||||
| Cumulus mediocris | Cu med | + | + | + | + | + | |||||
| Low | Stratocumulus | Sc | + | + | + | ||||||
| Cumulus humilis | Cu hum | + | |||||||||
| Stratus | St | ||||||||||
Nomenclature works the same way as for genitus mother clouds except for the mutatus suffix to indicate the complete rather than the partial transformation of the original cloud type. e.g. Altocumulomutatus – formed by the complete transformation of altocumulus mother cloud.
The possible combinations of genera and mother clouds can be seen in this table. The genitus and mutatus clouds are each sorted from left to right in alphabetical order. The genus types and some sub-types are arranged from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Each box is marked where a particular genus or sub-type has a particular genitus or mutatus mother cloud.
| Level | Name | Class | Genitus mother | Mutatus mother | ||||||||||||||||||
| Abbrev. | Ac | As | Ci | Cc | Cs | Cu | Cb | Ns | St | Sc | Ac | As | Ci | Cc | Cs | Cu | Cb | Ns | St | Sc | ||
| Abbrev. | altocumulo | altostrato | cirro | cirrocumulo | cirrostrato | cumulo | cumulonimbo | nimbostrato | strato | stratocumulo | altocumulo | altostrato | cirro | cirrocumulo | cirrostrato | cumulo | cumulonimbo | nimbostrato | strato | stratocumulo | ||
| High | Cirrus | Ci | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||||
| Cirrocumulus | Cc | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cirrostratus | Cs | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||||
| Middle | Altocumulus | Ac | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
| Altostratus | As | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||||
| Towering vertical | Cumulonimbus | Cb | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
| Cumulus congestus | Cu con or Tcu | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Moderate vertical | Nimbostratus | Ns | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||
| Cumulus mediocris | Cu med | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||||
| Low | Stratocumulus | Sc | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||||
| Cumulus humilis | Cu hum | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||||
| Stratus | St | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||||
Thick overcast clouds of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide in three main layers at altitudes of 45 to 65 km that obscure the planet's surface and can produce virga.[23]
Clouds resembling several terrestrial types can be seen over Mars and are believed to be composed of water-ice.[25][26]
Cloud decks in parallel bands of latitude at and below the tropopause alternately composed of ammonia crystals and ammonium hydrosulfate.
Cloud layers composed mainly of methane gas.[32]
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