Chevrolet small-block engine (first- and second-generation)
Car engine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Car engine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chevrolet small-block engine is a series of gasoline-powered V8 automobile engines, produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors between 1954 and 2003, using the same basic engine block. Referred to as a "small-block" for its size relative to the physically much larger Chevrolet big-block engines, the small-block family spanned from 262 cu in (4.3 L) to 400 cu in (6.6 L) in displacement. Engineer Ed Cole is credited with leading the design for this engine. The engine block and cylinder heads were cast at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in Saginaw, Michigan.
| Chevrolet small-block engine | |
|---|---|
1985 Chevrolet Corvette L98 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | General Motors |
| Also called |
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| Production |
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| Layout | |
| Configuration | 90° V8 |
| Displacement |
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| Cylinder bore |
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| Piston stroke |
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| Cylinder block material | Cast iron, aluminum |
| Cylinder head material | Cast iron, aluminum |
| Valvetrain | |
| Valvetrain drive system | Chain |
| Compression ratio | 8.2:1, 8.3:1, 8.4:1, 8.5:1, 8.6:1, 9.0:1, 9.1:1, 9.5:1, 10.25:1, 10.9:1, 11.0:1, 14.25:1[2] |
| RPM range | |
| Max. engine speed | 4,800-7,200[3] |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Carburetor, fuel injection |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 110–765 hp (82–570 kW)[4][5] |
| Torque output | 215–620 lb⋅ft (292–841 N⋅m)[6][7] |
| Dimensions | |
| Dry weight | 389–600 lb (176–272 kg)[8][9][10][11] |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Chevrolet Series D, Cadillac OHV, Oldsmobile "Rocket" OHV |
| Successor | GM LS-based small-block engine |
LT1 and LT2 engines[12] are distinct from subsequent LS-based small-block engines.
The Generation II small-block engine is largely an improved version of the Generation I, having many interchangeable parts and dimensions. Later generation engines have only the rod bearings, transmission-to-block bolt pattern and bore spacing in common with the Generation I and II engines.[13]
Production of the original small-block began in late 1954 for the 1955 model year, with a displacement of 265 cu in (4.3 L), growing over time to 400 cu in (6.6 L) by 1970. Among the intermediate displacements were the 283 cu in (4.6 L), 327 cu in (5.4 L), and numerous 350 cu in (5.7 L) versions. Introduced as a performance engine in 1967, the 350 went on to be employed in both high- and low-output variants across the entire Chevrolet product line.
Although all of Chevrolet's siblings of the period (Buick, Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Holden) designed their own V8s, it was the Chevrolet 305 and 350 cu in (5.0 and 5.7 L) small-block that became the GM corporate standard. Over the years, every GM division in America, except Saturn and Geo, used it and its descendants in their vehicles.[14]
Finally superseded by the GM Generation III LS in 1997 and discontinued in 2003, the engine is still made by a General Motors subsidiary in Springfield, MO as a crate engine for replacement and hot rodding purposes. In all, over 100,000,000 small-blocks had been built in carbureted and fuel injected forms since 1955 as of November 29, 2011. The small-block family line was honored as one of the 10 Best Engines of the 20th Century by automotive magazine Ward's AutoWorld.[14]
In February 2008, a Wisconsin businessman reported that his 1991 Chevrolet C1500 pickup had logged over one million miles without any major repairs to its small-block V8 engine.[15]
All first- and second-generation Chevrolet small-block V8 engines share the same firing order of 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2.
The first generation of Chevrolet small-blocks began with the 1955 Chevrolet 265 cu in (4.3 L) V8 offered in the Corvette and Bel Air. The engine quickly gained popularity among stock car racers, and was nicknamed the "Mighty Mouse," after the then-popular cartoon character, later abbreviated to "Mouse".[16] By 1957 the engine had grown to 283 cu in (4.6 L). Fitted with the optional Rochester mechanical fuel injection (FI) and a Duntov high-lift camshaft, it was one of the first production engines to produce 1 hp (0.7 kW) per 1 cu in (16.4 cc). The 283 was adopted by other Chevrolet models, replacing the 265 V8s.
A high-performance 327 cu in (5.4 L) variant followed, turning out as much as 375 hp (280 kW) (SAE gross power, not SAE net power or the current SAE certified power values) and raising horsepower per cubic inch to 1.15 hp (0.86 kW). From 1954 to 1974, the small-block engine was known as the "Turbo-Fire" or "High Torque" V8. However, it was the 350 cu in (5.7 L) series that became the best-known Chevrolet small-block.
Installed in everything from station wagons and sports cars to commercial vehicles, boats, industrial equipment, and even (in highly modified form) in aircraft, the 350 is the most widely-used small-block engine of all time. Though not offered in GM vehicles since 2003, the 350 series is still in production at a GM subsidiary in Springfield, Missouri, under the company's "GM Genuine Parts" brand, and is also manufactured as an industrial and marine engine by GM Powertrain under the "Vortec" name.
All Chevrolet V8s, from the big-blocks to today's LS7 and LS9, evolved from the 265 / 283 cu in (4.3 / 4.6 L) small-block family. Of the three engines in this family, two of them, the 265 and the 283, made automotive history. The first of this family was the 265, introduced in 1954. The 265 had a 3.750 inches (95.25 mm) bore. The stroke of the 265 was 3 in (76.2 mm), like the 283.
The 265 cu in (4.3 L) "Turbo-Fire" V8 was the second Chevrolet small-block; the first Chevrolet V8 was produced in 1917. The 265 cu in Turbo Fire engine was designed by Ed Cole's group at Chevrolet to provide a more powerful engine for the 1955 Corvette than the model's original " Blue Flame" in-line six, the 162 hp (121 kW) 2-barrel debut version went from drawings to production in just 15 weeks.[17]
Cole's design borrowed the valve train design scheduled to be used at the time in the Pontiac V8. Internal GM rules at the time stated that once an automotive division had introduced a technological innovation, no other GM division could use it for a period of two years. The stud-mounted independent ball rocker arm design patented by Pontiac engineer Clayton Leach, was scheduled for introduction in the Pontiac 1955 V8. GM forced the Pontiac division to share its valvetrain design in Chevrolet's new 265 V8 in 1955, so that both engines were introduced the same year with the same valve train design.[17] A side note to Pontiac's V8 was that the engine was supposed to be introduced with 1953 cars, and all 1953 and 1954 Pontiac cars' chassis and suspensions were designed for the engine that did not make it into a Pontiac until late 1954. This was because the Buick division lobbied GM to postpone the release of Pontiac's engine, as it affected Buick's release of its new OHV V8 engine.
A pushrod engine with hydraulic lifters, the small-block was available with an optional four-barrel Rochester carburetor, increasing engine output to 180 hp (134 kW), or 195 hp (145 kW) in the Corvette. The short-stroke 3.75 in × 3 in (95.25 mm × 76.20 mm) bore × stroke engine's 4.4 in (111.8 mm) bore spacing would continue in use for decades.[18]
Also available in the Bel Air sedan, the basic passenger car version produced 162 hp (121 kW) with a two-barrel carburetor. Upgraded to a four-barrel Rochester, dual exhaust "Power Pack" version, the engine was conservatively rated at 180 hp (134 kW), and with the "Super Power Pack," it was boosted up to the power level of the Corvette.[18]
A shortcoming of the 1955 265 was its lack of any provision for oil filtration built into the block, instead relying on an add-on filter mounted on the thermostat housing, and that was an "option only." In spite of its novel green sand foundry construction, the lack of adequate oil filtration leaves it typically only desirable to period collectors.[citation needed]
The 1956 Corvette introduced three versions of this engine—210 hp (157 kW) with a single 4-barrel carburetor, 225 hp (168 kW) with twin 4-barrels, and 240 hp (179 kW) with two four-barrel carburetors and a high-lift camshaft.[18]
The 283 had a 3.875 in (98.43 mm) bore. The stroke of the 283 was 3 in (76.2 mm), like the 265. The 283, famous for being one of the first engines to make one hp per cubic inch, is also famous for being the evolutionary stepping stone that would later give rise to small-blocks and to the "W" blocks, ultimately culminating in the Chevrolet big-blocks. The last of this family was the 307 cu in (5.0 L), which was a stroked 283 with a medium journal.
The 265 cu in (4.3 L) V8 engine was bored out to 3.875 in (98.43 mm) in 1957, giving it a 283 cu in (4.6 L) displacement. The first 283 motors used the stock 265 blocks. However, the overbore to these blocks resulted in thin cylinder walls. Future 283 blocks were cast to accept the 3.875 bore. Five different versions between 188 hp (140 kW) and 283 hp (211 kW) were available, depending on whether a single carb, twin carbs, or fuel injection was used.
Horsepower was up a bit each year for 1958, 1959, 1960 (290hp), 1961 (315hp). The 1957 Rochester Ramjet mechanical fuel injection version produced an even one hp per one cu in (283 hp (211 kW), an impressive feat at the time. This was the third U.S.-built production V8 to produce one horsepower per cubic inch, after the 1956 Chrysler 300B and Desoto adventure .[19]
Besides being available in the Chevrolet line, it was optional in Checker Taxis beginning in 1965.[20] A version of it that was built by GM Canada was also available in Studebaker vehicles produced in Canada for 1965 and 1966.
A 307 cu in (5.0 L) version was produced from 1968 through 1973. Engine bore and stroke was 3.875 in × 3.25 in (98.4 mm × 82.6 mm). All 307s had large 2.45-inch (62.2 mm) journals to accept the 327's crankshaft. Pistons used with the 307 share the same pin height as the 327 but retaining the 283's bore size.
Originally intended as the performance block, this engine family through the 350 cu in (5.7 L) became an all-purpose engine that saw use in many applications from Corvettes to commercial vehicles. All engines in this family share the same block dimensions and sometimes even the same casting number; the latter meaning engines were of the same block, but with different strokes (e.g., the casting number 3970010 was used by all three engines: 302, 327, and 350). This engine family was updated in 1968 for the use of 2.45 in (62.2 mm) medium-sized journals. The first engine in this family was the small journal 327 in 1962 and the last being 2000s medium journal 350 in pickup trucks and commercial vehicles. The medium journal 350 was further developed into the Generation II LT1/4 350 in the early 1990s.
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In 1966, General Motors designed a special 302 cu in (4.9 L) engine for the production Z/28 Camaro in order for it to meet the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) Trans-Am Series road racing rules limiting engine displacement to 305 cu in (5.0 L) from 1967 to 1969. It was the product of placing the 283 cu in (4.6 L) 3 in (76.2 mm) stroke crankshaft into a 4 in (101.6 mm) bore 327 cu in (5.4 L) cylinder-block. The 1967 302 used the same crankshaft stroke as the 283, but was forged steel for high-performance duty. This block is one of three displacements, 302/327/350, that underwent a crankshaft bearing diameter transformation for 1968 when the rod-journal size was increased from the 2 in (50.8 mm) diameter small-journal to a 2.1 in (53.3 mm) large-journal and a main-journal size that was increased from 2.3 in (58.4 mm) to 2.45 in (62.2 mm). DZ 302.
The large-journal connecting rods were thicker (heavier) and used 3⁄8 in (9.5 mm) diameter cap-bolts to replace the small-journal's 11/32. 1968 blocks were made in 2-bolt and 4-bolt versions with the 4-bolt center-three main caps each fastened by two additional bolts which were supported by the addition of thicker crankcase main-web bulkheads. When the journal size increased to the standard large-journal size, the crankshaft for the 302 was specially built of tufftride-hardened forged 1053-steel and fitted with a high-rpm 8 in (203.2 mm) diameter harmonic balancer. It had a 3/4-length semi-circular windage tray, heat-treated, magnafluxed, shot-peened forged 1038-steel 'pink' connecting rods, floating-pin in 1969, forged-aluminum pistons with higher scuff-resistance and better sealing single-moly rings.
Its solid-lifter cam, known as the "30-30 Duntov" cam named after its 0.03 in (0.8 mm)/0.030 in hot intake/exhaust valve-lash and Zora Arkus-Duntov (the first Duntov cam was the 0.012 in (0.3 mm)/0.018 in (0.5 mm) 1957 grind known as the '097, which referred to the last three digits of the casting number) the "Father of the Corvette", was also used in the 1964-1965 carbureted 327/365 and fuel injected 327/375 engines. It used the '202' 2.02 in (51.3 mm)/1.6 in (40.6 mm) valve diameter high-performance 327 double-hump '186 and 461 heads, pushrod guide plates, hardened 'blue-stripe' pushrods, edge-orifice lifters to keep more valvetrain oil in the crankcase for high-rpm lubrication, and stiffer valvesprings. In 1967, a new design high-rise cast-aluminum dual-plane intake manifold with larger smoother turn runners was introduced for the Z/28 that the 350 cu in (5.7 L)/370 hp 1970 LT1 also used.
Unlike the Corvette, the exhaust manifolds were the more restrictive rear outlet 'log' design to clear the Camaro chassis's front cross-member. It had a chrome oil filler tube in the front of the intake manifold next to the thermostat housing from 1967 to 1968. The first year had unique chrome valve covers with Chevrolet stamped into them without an engine displacement decal pad. In 1968, the engine had the chrome covers, but without the Chevrolet name, connected to a PCV valve and a chrome 14 in × 3 in (355.6 mm × 76.2 mm) drop-base open-element air cleaner assembly fitted with a crankcase breather on a 780 cu ft/min (22 m3/min) vacuum secondary Holley 4-Bbl carburetor. 1969 Corvette and 1970 Z/28 engines were also equipped with this Holley carburetor until the Q-jet carburetor returned in 1973. A 'divorced' exhaust crossover port heated well-choke thermostat coil was used to provide cleaner and faster engine warm-up. Its cast-aluminum distributor came in two styles, single-point had an ignition point cam designed to reduce point bounce at high rpm (Camaro) and transistorized (Corvette). Both distributors had a vacuum diaphragm to advance ignition timing at part-throttle for economy and emissions.
Pulleys for the balancer, alternator, water-pump, as well as optional power steering, were deep-groove to retain the drive belt(s) at high rpm. In 1969, the 302 shared the finned cast aluminium valve covers with the LT1 350 Corvette engine. Conservatively rated at 290 hp (216 kW) (SAE gross) at 5800 rpm and 290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m) at 4800, actual output with its production 11.0:1 compression ratio was around 376 hp (280 kW) with 1.625 in (41.3 mm) primary x 3 in (76.2 mm) collector Sanderson tubular headers that came in the trunk when ordered with a 1967 Z/28, and associated carburetor main jet and ignition timing tuning.[citation needed] In 1968, the last year for factory headers, they had 1.75 in (44.5 mm) primaries x 3 in (76.2 mm) collectors. A stock 1968 Z/28 with the close-ratio transmission, optional transistorized-ignition and 4.88 gear, fitted with little more than the factory cowl plenum cold-air hood induction and headers, was capable of running 12.9 second/108 mph (174 km/h) 1⁄4 mile (402 m) times on street tires.
After the 1967 Trans-Am campaign with the four-barrel induction system producing more horsepower than the competing automakers' eight-barrel systems, for 1968, Chevrolet developed a factory 'cross-ram' aluminum intake-manifold package using two Holley 600 cu ft/min (17 m3/min) mechanical secondary carburetors for Trans-Am racing. It was available only as off-road service parts purchased over the Chevrolet dealership parts counter. With the Chevrolet `140 1st-design off-road cam, the package increased a stock 302's horsepower from 360 hp (268 kW) to approximately 400 hp (298 kW). Chevrolet went so far as to carry the positive crankcase ventilation system (PCV) over to the cross-ram induction system to retain emissions compliance mandated for U.S.-produced cars beginning in 1967, that also provided full-throttle crankcase pressure venting to the intake air to burn its vapors.
Engines prepared for competition use were capable of producing 465 hp (347 kW) with little more than the eight-barrel induction, ported heads with higher pressure valvesprings, roller rocker arms, and the `754 2nd-design road-race cam. 1967/1968 models' cowl-induction system had an enclosed air-cleaner assembly ducted from its passenger side into the firewall cowl above the heater core.
Another popular service-parts-only component used on the 302 was the magnetic-pulse Delco transistor-ignition ball bearing distributor. Introduced in 1963 on Pontiac's 389 and 421 cu in (6.4 and 6.9 L) drag racing engines, General Motors fitted it to the 1967 Z/28 before they used it on the L88 427 cu in (7.0 L) Corvette. It eliminated the production breaker-point ignition allowing greater spark energy and more stable ignition timing at all engine speeds including idle. This was one of the least talked about yet most transformative and comprehensive performance and durability upgrades of its time. Many of the 302s off-road service parts were the development work of racers like Roger Penske. Every part in a SCCA Trans-Am engine had to be available through local Chevrolet parts departments to encourage their use by anyone who wanted them.
While the 302 became a strong Limited Sportsman oval track racing engine in the hands of racers like Bud Lunsford in his 1966 Chevy II, its bore/stroke and rod/stroke geometries made it a natural high-rpm road-racing engine and were responsible for its being among the more reliable production street engines homologated for full competition across all the American makes, winning back-to-back Trans-Am Championships at the hands of Mark Donohue in 1968 and 1969. However, with engines built by Al Bartz, Falconer & Dunn and Traco Engineering, the pinnacle of the 302's use in professional racing was its being the primary engine that powered the outstanding but overshadowed 1968-1976 Formula 5000 Championship Series, a SCCA Formula A open-wheel class designed for lower cost.
The engine was also popular in Formula 5000 racing around the world, especially in Australia and New Zealand where it proved more powerful than the Repco-Holden V8. Weighing 1,350 lb (610 kg), with a 525–550 hp (391–410 kW) iron block and head engine positioned near the car's polar moment of inertia for responsive turn pivoting, a Hewland 5-speed magnesium transaxle, and 10 in (254.0 mm) wide 13 in (330.2 mm) front/20 in (508.0 mm) wide 15 in (381.0 mm) rear magnesium wheels, it produced incredibly exciting racing. They ran 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 2.8 seconds and over 180 mph (290 km/h).
Reminiscing about the series, mid-70s Australian F5000 driver Bruce Allison said, "We never used first gear at the start. We started in second, and even then there was so much torque, you'd get wheelspin through third and fourth gears." Prepared with a Lucas-McKay mechanically-timed individual-stack magnesium fuel-injection induction system that was paired with ported production car double-hump iron heads, a rev-kit fitted roller lifter camshaft, roller bearing rocker arms, and a virtually stock production crankshaft, it had a lasting impact on the series' ability to conduct high car-count finishes and close competition events by the degree of mechanical success it provided to a series filled with star international Grand Prix drivers like Mario Andretti, Mark Donohue, David Hobbs, Graham McRae, Brian Redman, Jody Scheckter, and Al and Bobby Unser.
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The 327 cu in (5.4 L) V8, introduced in 1962, had a bore of 4.00in and 3.25in stroke. The exact displacement is 326.7256 cu in (5,354 cc). Power ranged from 225 to 383 hp (168 to 286 kW) depending on the choice of carburetor or fuel injection, camshaft, cylinder heads, pistons and intake manifold. In 1962, the Duntov solid lifter cam versions produced 340 hp (254 kW), 344 lb⋅ft (466 N⋅m) with single Carter 4-barrel, and 360 hp (268 kW), 358 lb⋅ft (485 N⋅m) with Rochester fuel-injection. In 1964, horsepower increased to 366 hp (273 kW) for the newly named L-76 version, and 375 hp (280 kW) for the fuel injected L-84, making the L-84 the most powerful naturally aspirated, single-cam, production small-block V8 until the appearance of the 385 hp (287 kW), 395 lb⋅ft (536 N⋅m) Generation III LS6 in 2001. This block is one of three displacements that underwent a major change in 1968 when the main journal size was increased from 2.3 to 2.45 in (58.4 to 62.2 mm). In 1965, Chevrolet released the now-legendary L-79, which was nothing more than an L-76 (11.0:1 forged pop-up pistons, forged steel rods and crank, 2.02 Corvette heads), but with the 30-30 Duntov cam replaced by the No. 151 hydraulic cam.
In 1966, Checker began offering the 327 as an option.[21] The Avanti II and its successors were powered by the 327 and later versions of the small-block V8.
The 327 was fitted in the English Gordon-Keeble. Ninety-nine cars were made between 1964 and 1967. It was also installed in many Isos, until 1972 when General Motors started demanding cash in advance and the Italian manufacturer switched to the Ford Cleveland V8.[22]
In 1968, the 327 L73 developing 250 hp (186 kW) was part of the CKD packages exported to Australia from Canada for use in the locally assembled (by General Motors Holdens) Chevrolet Impala and Pontiac Parisienne. GMH used the same specification engine in the Holden HK Monaro GTS327. The engine was used in the Monaro GTS327 to make it the new Holden Muscle Car, and so it could compete in the local improved production (Australian Group C). The car had modified suspension just before release to also be used in local Series Production racing (Australian Group E). A special build 327 was built for GMH for the final run of the HK GTS327 by the Canadian McKinnon Industries. It was a lower compression version of the 1968 engine first used on the HK GTS327, and was dressed as a 1969 engine sporting all 1969 parts. The 327 was replaced in the mid-1969 HT Monaro by the 350 L48 developing 300 hp (224 kW).
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The 350 cu in (5.7 L), with a 3.48 in (88.39 mm) stroke, first appeared as a high-performance L-48 option for the 1967 Camaro. The exact displacement is 349.85 cu in (5,733 cc). One year later, it was made available in that form in the Chevrolet Nova, and in 1969 the lower-compression mainstream LM1 version became an option in the rest of the Chevrolet line. As had been the case with earlier versions of the small-block, the 350 was available in the Beaumont sold by Pontiac Canada, which unlike its U.S. counterparts, used Chevrolet chassis and drivelines. Many variants followed.
Years: 1969–1970
The L46 became an optional engine for the 1969 Chevrolet Corvette. It was a higher-performance version of the base 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8 with casting number 186, 2.02 / 1.6 in (51.3 / 40.6 mm) valve heads and had an 11.0:1 compression ratio requiring high octane gas. This produced 350 hp (261 kW) (SAE gross power) and 380 lb⋅ft (515 N⋅m) torque.[23] It was also available in 1970 with a four-barrel Quadrajet carburetor and L46 hydraulic cam, dome piston (+0.16 cu in (2.6 cc)), 186 heads, and a four-bolt block.
Years: 1967–1980
The L48 is the original 350 cu in (5.7 L) engine. It was introduced for 1967 in the Super Sport (SS) version of the Camaro (which used it until 1969) and for 1968 in the Chevy II/Nova (which used it until 1979). In 1969, it was used in almost all car lines—Camaros, Caprices, Impalas, El Caminos, Chevelles, and Novas. The 1969 L48s use a hydraulic cam, 4bbl Quadrajet carburetor, cast pistons, 4-bolt main casting number 010 blocks and casting number 041 or 186 heads. Power output was 300 hp (224 kW) SAE and 380 lb⋅ft (515 N⋅m) torque. Compression ratio was 10.25:1. The compression ratio of the L48 was lowered to 8.5:1 in 1971.
In 1972, the L48 (four-barrel V8) option for the Nova was part of the SS package. This is indicated by the fifth digit in the VIN being a K. 1972 was the only year the SS package could be verified by the VIN.
The L48 engine was exported to Australia, where it appeared in the Holden Monaro from 1969 through 1974, and in the Statesman from 1971 through 1974. Towards the end of the HQ series in 1973–74, due to US emissions regulations, the performance of these engines had dropped to the same or lower than Holden's locally manufactured 308 cu in (5.0 L) V8, which was not yet subject to similar regulations, so Holden discontinued using the engine.
The L48 V8 was the standard engine in the 1975–1980 Chevrolet Corvette. The L48 V8 Corvette engine produced 165 hp (123 kW) in 1975. Power increased to 180 hp (134 kW) in 1976 and stayed the same in 1977. The 1978 saw 175 hp (130 kW) for California or high altitude areas and 185 hp (138 kW) everywhere else. Power increased to 195 hp (145 kW) in 1979 but decreased to 190 hp (142 kW) in 1980.[23]
The 1970 model year Camaro had a 250 hp (186 kW) high-performance two-barrel Rochester carburetor. In 1971, it dropped to 245 hp (183 kW), and net performance further dropped to 165 hp (123 kW) for 1972 and 145 hp (108 kW) for 1973–1976. It was basically the two-barrel version of the L48 350. It was produced until the 1976 model year. It had 255 lb⋅ft (346 N⋅m) of torque.
The LM1 was introduced for 1969 model year as a 9.0:1 255 hp engine. It was essentially an L48 engine in all ways except for 75cc combustion chambers rather than the L48's 64cc, and less spark advance to allow it to run on regular-grade fuel. Throughout its lifespan, it used a four-barrel carburetor (usually with a Rochester Quadrajet), mechanical ignition points, and an electronic or computer-controlled spark system. In a lower compression, unleaded gas, considerably more emissions control-hampered form it was rated at 155–175 hp (116–130 kW) SAE net by 1971, and continued the base Chevrolet 350 cu in engine in passenger cars to 1988, optional in most models, standard in some. It was superseded by the L05 powerplant after 1988. This engine was fitted to automatic versions of the 1969 and 1970 Holden Monaro GTS350 in Australia where it was rated at 275 hp most likely due to the use of higher octane fuel and far more spark advance than was fitted to North American versions of the engine.
Years: 1969-1974
The ZQ3 was the standard engine in the 1969–1974 Chevrolet Corvette.
In 1969 and 1970 it was a 300 hp (224 kW) version of the 350 cu in (5.7 L) small-block, with 10.25:1 compression and hydraulic lifters. It used a Rochester "4MV" Quadra-Jet 4-barrel carburetor and a L48 camshaft.[23]
In 1971, power decreased to 270 hp (201 kW) (gross) and 300 lb⋅ft (407 N⋅m) (gross) of torque with a lower 8.5:1 compression. 1972 saw 200 hp (149 kW) (net) and 270 lb⋅ft (366 N⋅m) (net) of torque. In 1973 power decreased to 190 hp (142 kW), but increased slightly in 1974 to 195 hp (145 kW).[23]
Post-1971 blocks possibly had a lower nickel content but thicker cylinder deck, and post 1974 heads of the small-block Chevrolet used less iron, and were lighter weight, crack-prone, and were less powerful because of the lower compression ratios used.[citation needed]
Years: 1970–1972
The LT-1 was one of the most well-known Chevrolet small-block V8s, becoming available in 1970. It used solid lifters, 11.0:1 compression, the "178" high-performance camshaft, and a 780 cu ft/min (22 m3/min) vacuum secondary Holley four-barrel carburetor on a special high-rise aluminum intake, with special 2.5" outlet rams' horn exhaust manifolds in the Corvette, Delco transistor ignition and a low-restriction exhaust factory rated at 370 hp (276 kW) in the Corvette, and 360 hp (268 kW) at 6000 rpm and 380 lb⋅ft (515 N⋅m) at 4000 rpm in the Camaro Z28[24] (the NHRA rated it at 425 hp (317 kW) for classification purposes). Redline was 6,500 rpm but power fell off significantly past 6,200 rpm. The LT-1 was available in the Corvette and Camaro Z28. Power was down in 1971 to dual-rated 330 hp (246 kW) (gross)/255 hp (190 kW) (net) and 360 lb⋅ft (488 N⋅m) of torque with 9.0:1 compression, and again in 1972 (the last year of the LT-1, then rated using net only, rather than gross, measurement) to 255 hp (190 kW) and 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m).
Years: 1973–1980
The 1973–1974 L82 was a "performance" version of the 350 that still used the casting number 624 76cc chamber "2.02" heads but with a Rochester Quadra-jet 4bbl carburetor and dual-plane aluminum intake manifold, the earlier L46 350 hp (261 kW) 350 hydraulic-lifter cam, and 9.0:1 compression forged-aluminum pistons producing 250 hp (186 kW) (1971 was the first year for SAE net hp rating, as installed in the vehicle with accessories and mufflers) and 285 lb⋅ft (386 N⋅m) of torque. Its cast-aluminum LT1 valvecovers were painted crinkle-black contrasting with the aluminum manifold and distributor housing. It was down to 205 hp (153 kW) and 255 lb⋅ft (346 N⋅m) of torque for 1975. It produced 210 hp (157 kW) in the Corvette for 1976–1977. The 1978 L82 recovered somewhat, producing 220 hp (164 kW) and 260 lb⋅ft (353 N⋅m) in the Corvette and in 1979 it produced 225 hp (168 kW) in the Corvette. In 1980, its final year, it produced a peak of 230 hp (172 kW).[23] This engine was also available on the Chevrolet Camaro in 1973 and 1974.
Years: 1981
The L81 was the only 5.7 L (350 cu in) Corvette engine for 1981. It produced 190 hp (142 kW) and 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m) of torque from 8.2:1 compression, exactly the same as the 1980 L48, but added hotter cam and computer control spark advance, replacing the vacuum advance.[23] The L81 was the first Corvette engine to employ a "smart carburetor." The 1980 Rochester Quadrajet was modified to allow electronic mixture control, and an ECM (Engine Control Module) supplied with data from an exhaust oxygen sensor, modified the air–fuel mixture being fed to the engine.
Years: 1969–1986
The LS9 was GM's 350 cubic inch truck engine used in C/K and G-series models up to 8,500 lb (3,856 kg) GVWR (gross vehicle weight rating). The LS9 used a Rochester four-barrel carburetor, and its power ratings for 1984 were 165 hp (123 kW) at 3800 rpm, and 275 lb⋅ft (373 N⋅m) torque at 1600 rpm. A version using a closed-loop carburetor was used with the California emissions package in its final years. The LS9 and LT9 engines were replaced for 1987 by the L05 TBI (throttle-body fuel injection) engines. Most of the small-block engines in this timeframe were built at either the Flint engine plant in south Flint, Michigan, or at St. Catharines, Ontario. The Flint plant was producing about 5,200 engines per day in the mid-1980s, and had a slower, separate line for the TPI engines used in the Camaro and Corvette.[25]
Years: 1981–1986[26]
The LT9 served as GM's heavy-duty (over 8,500 lb (3,856 kg) GVWR) emissions[27] variant of the 5.7 L (350 cu in). It was used in C/K 20/30 pickups, G30 passenger and cargo vans (built in Lordstown, OH, and later in Flint, MI), and P30 chassis used for motorhomes and step vans.
The LT9's listed specifications are 160 hp (119 kW) at 3,800 rpm and 250 lb⋅ft (339 N⋅m) of torque at 2,800 rpm with 8.3:1 compression.[28] LT9 engines were carbureted with Rochester Quadrajets from the factory and generally have four-bolt mains. The LT9 is often known as the "M-code 350," from the eighth character of the VIN.[27]
Years: 1982 and 1984
The 1982 L83 was again the only Corvette engine, producing 200 hp (149 kW) and 285 lb⋅ft (386 N⋅m) of torque from 9.0:1 compression. Since GM did not assign a 1983 model year to production Corvettes, there was no L83 for 1983.[23] This was also the only engine on the 1984 Corvette, at 205 hp (153 kW) and 290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m) of torque. The L83 added "Cross-Fire" fuel injection (twin throttle-body fuel injection).
Years: 1985–1992
The new 1985 L98 350 added tuned-port fuel injection (TPI), which was standard on all 1985–1991 Corvettes. It was rated at 230 hp (172 kW) for 1985–1986, 240 hp (179 kW) for 1987-1989 (245 hp (183 kW) with 3.08:1 rear axle ratio (1988-1989 only)), and 245 hp (183 kW) in 1990–1991 (250 hp (186 kW) with 3.08:1 rear axle). Aluminum cylinder heads (Corvette only) were released part way through the 1986 model run, modified for 1987 with D-ports, and continued through the end of L98 Corvette production in 1991 (still used on ZZx 350 crate engines until 2015 when the ZZ6 received the fast burn heads).[23] The L98 V8 was optional in January 1987–1992 Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird models (rated at 225 hp (168 kW)-245 hp (183 kW) and 330 lb⋅ft (447 N⋅m)–345 lb⋅ft (468 N⋅m)) The 1987 versions had 20 hp (15 kW) and 15 lb⋅ft (20 N⋅m) more and a change to hydraulic roller camshaft. Compression was up again in 1990 to 9.5:1 Camaro/Firebird and 10:1 Corvettes, but rated output stayed the same.
Vehicles using the L98:
The L05 was introduced in 1987 for use in Chevrolet/GMC trucks in the GMT400 (introduced in April 1987 as 1988 models) and the R/V series trucks such as the K5 Blazer, Suburban, and rounded-era pickups (including chassis cabs and four-door crew cabs). The L05 was also used in the G-van models and the P30 step vans, as well as in 9C1-optioned police package Caprices, and in the following other vehicles:
L05s were used primarily with casting number 14102193 (64cc combustion chambers) cylinder heads with swirled intake ports—the intake ports were designed for fuel economy (the design was also shared with the 103 heads used on the 4.3L with TBI). The swirl ports (known to GM as a vortex chamber) along with the irregular shape of the combustion chambers limit the airflow and horsepower output where they did not provide a fast burn, later phased in with the 1996 Vortec heads. A majority of the L05s used with the trucks and vans had conventional flat tappet camshafts, while the Caprice 9C1 (1989–93) had a roller cam. L05 usage was replaced by the LT1 after 1993 in GM B-bodies and D-bodies until production ceased in 1996.
A single belt (serpentine belt) accessory drive was introduced on the L05, the 5.0L L03, and the 4.3L V6 LB4 engines used in the 1988 GMT400 models, but not on the older R/V models (R/V models received the serpentine belt drive in 1989 when the front grille was facelifted in appearance to the GMT400 lineup). In mid-1996, the L05 was equipped with heads used in the 1996 G30. In February 2008, a Wisconsin businessman reported that his 1991 Chevrolet C1500 pickup had logged over 1 million miles without any major repairs to its L05 engine.[15] The article also mentioned that the Flint engine plant that built the engine, had produced 45 million engines in its 45-year history, before closing in 1999.
The Vortec 5700 L31 (VIN code "R") is a 5.7L V8 truck engine. It is Chevrolet's last production first-generation small-block. The cylinder heads feature combustion chambers and intake ports very similar to those of the LT1 V8, but lacking the LT1's reverse-flow cooling and higher compression. As such, the L31 head is compatible with all older small-blocks, and is a very popular upgrade. It offers the airflow of more expensive heads, at a much lower cost. It does, however, require a specific intake manifold (the L31 has four bolts per head attaching the intake manifold, as opposed to the "traditional" six bolts per head found on older Chevrolet small-blocks). Chevrolet's L31 was replaced by GM's LS-based 5.3L LM7 and 6.0L LQ4. Depending on components and computer module the Vortec 5700 produces 255 hp (190 kW) to 350 hp (261 kW) at 4600 rpm and 330 lb⋅ft (447 N⋅m) to 350 lb⋅ft (475 N⋅m) of torque at 2800 rpm.[clarification needed][citation needed] Known as the GEN 1+, the final incarnation of the 1950s-vintage small-block ended production in 2003. It is still[when?] in current production as a crate engine for marine applications and automotive hobbyists as the 'RamJet 350' with minor modifications. Volvo Penta and Mercury Marine also still produce the L31. The "Marine" intake, despite its cast iron construction, is an L31 upgrade that allows use of common Bosch-style injectors with various flow rates while still maintaining emission compliance.
TBI L31 applications:
Special applications:
The 400.92 cu in (6,570 cc) 400 is the only engine in this family; it was introduced in 1970 and produced for ten years. It has a 4.125-inch (104.8 mm) bore and a 3.750-inch (95.25 mm) stroke. The 400 differed from other small-blocks in that the cylinders were siamesed and therefore required 'steam' holes in the block, head gaskets, and heads to help alleviate 'hot-spots' in the cooling system at the point above the siamesed cylinders. The 400 is the only engine that uses a 2.65 in (67.3 mm) main bearing journal and a 2.1 in (53.3 mm) rod bearing journal. The connecting rod was also 400 specific being 5.565 in (141.4 mm) as opposed to the 5.7 in (144.8 mm) rod used in all other small-block Chevrolet engines. The 400 was made in 4-bolt main journal from 1970 to 1972 and in 2-bolt main journal from 1973 to 1979. The 400 can have either 2 or 3 frost-plugs per side though all 400 blocks have the provisions for a 3rd frost-plug on each side.
The 400 was rated at 245–265 hp (183–198 kW) gross (150–180 hp (112–134 kW) SAE net) through its life. The 400 saw extensive use in full-size Chevrolet and GMC trucks; K5 Blazer/Jimmy, 1/2-ton, 3/4-ton, 1-ton, and even larger 'medium duty' trucks had an option to be equipped with a 400. The engine was available in midsize A-Body and full-size B-Body passenger cars until the end of the 1976 model year. Early models produced 265 hp (198 kW) with a two-barrel carburetor. All 400s came with a two-barrel carburetor until 1973. A four-barrel carburetor option became available in 1974.
The 400 was never intended as a high-performance engine and never saw large factory horsepower numbers; nevertheless, it developed a reputation for creating considerable torque for its horsepower (up to 400 lb⋅ft (542 N⋅m) in 1970)[citation needed] and has since become popular for many types of racing, both on- and off-road.[citation needed] It was also used for the limited production Avanti for a few years in the 1970s.
The 1975–1976 262 was a 262.5 cu in (4.3 L; 4,301 cc) 90° pushrod V8 with an iron block and heads. Bore and stroke were 3.671 in × 3.1 in (93.2 mm × 78.7 mm). Power output for 1975 was 110 hp (82 kW) at 3600 rpm and 195 lb⋅ft (264 N⋅m) at 2000 rpm. The 262 was replaced with the 305 for the 1977 model year.
This was Chevrolet's second 4.3L power plant; four other Chevrolet engines displaced 4.3L: the Vortec 4300 (a V6 based on the Chevrolet 350 cu in (5.7 L), with two cylinders removed), the original 265 cu in (4.3 L) V8 in 1954, a bored version of the stovebolt-era 235 inline six displacing 261 cu in (4.3 L), and a derivative of the Generation II LT engines known as the L99 (using the 305's 3.736 in (94.9 mm) bore, 5.94 in (150.9 mm)-long connecting rods, and a 3 in (76.2 mm) stroke).
This engine was used in the following cars:
Designed and built during the era of the gas embargo, CAFE mandates, and tighter emissions, this engine family was designed to become Chevrolet's cost-effective, all-purpose "economy V8" engine line. Introduced in 1976 models, it had a displacement of 305 cu in (5.0 L). It was intended to fill the gap left when the venerable 283 and 307 had been discontinued. Bore and stroke were 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm), using the 350's crankshaft throw. This new engine family would provide better gas economy than the 350, share its basic architecture and many parts with the 350 (thus reducing production costs), and provide customers with more horsepower and torque than Chevrolet's 1970s-era inline 6 and V6 engines. During the early 1980s, when GM was streamlining their engine lineups, the Chevrolet 305 would rise to prominence as General Motors' "corporate" engine, signified by being the standard (and often only) V8 in many GM vehicles. Through much of the 1980s, the 305 became General Motors' most common V8, followed closely by Oldsmobile's 307. The 305 also became the standard V8 in GM's C/K truck series, and was even used in the Corvette for California in 1980.
Crankshafts used with the 305 had the same casting number as the 350 with one discernible difference—the 305 crank is lighter in weight to compensate for engine balancing. As a result, the counterweights are smaller, which makes it unsuitable for use in a 350 where metal would have to be welded back on. The medium journal 305, like its big-brother 350, would be further developed in the 1990s, although with a reduced 3 in (76.2 mm) stroke using 5.94 in (150.9 mm) connecting rods, into the Generation II LT engine L99 263.
From 1976 onward into the early 1980s, these engines were prone to wearing out their camshaft lobes prematurely due to a combination of improper manufacturing and poor quality controls (a result of GM's cost-cutting measures). The 305 is sometimes dismissed in performance circles because of its lackluster performance, small bore size, and difficulty flowing large volumes of air at high RPM. However, two variants of the 1983 to 1992 305 were notable performers: the 1983–1988 L69 High Output 5.0L (only used in late 1983–early 1986 F-body and late 1983–1988 Monte Carlo SS) and the 1985–1992 LB9 Tuned Port Injection 5.0L (F-body only).
After 1993, its usage was limited to light trucks and SUVs until the 1999 model year while vans and commercial vehicles continued until 2002. The 305 was sold as a crate motor under the Mr. Goodwrench brand as a replacement motor and as a boat engine for Mercury Marine until late 2014 when it was discontinued. The cylinder block is still in production by GM (part number 10243869) for Sprint Car Spec Racing.[30]
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The first iteration of the 305, the LG3 was introduced in 1976. This variant used a Rochester 2GC carburetor from 1976 to 1978. In 1979, the more fuel-efficient Rochester Dual-Jet two-barrel carburetor replaced the older 2GC. This change also resulted in a drop in power to 130 hp (97 kW) and 125 hp (93 kW) for California emissions cars. All years had an 8.5:1 compression ratio. It was discontinued in 1982.
The LG4 produced 150–170 hp (112–127 kW) and 240–250 lb⋅ft (325–339 N⋅m). Introduced in 1978, the LG4 was essentially an LG3 with the addition of a four-barrel carburetor and larger valves. The engine saw a series of gradual improvements, increasing reliability, fuel economy, and power output through its production run. In 1981 (1980 for California models), Chevrolet added GM's new "Computer Command Control" (CCC) engine management system to the LG4 engines (except Canadian models). The CCC system included the electronic Rochester 4-bbl E4ME Quadra-Jet, with computer-adjusted fuel metering on the primary venturis and a throttle position sensor allowing the CCC to calculate engine load. In the ignition system, CCC was fully responsible for the timing curve; mechanical and vacuum advances were eliminated from the distributor. The more precise spark timing provided by the CCC made possible a series of increases in compression ratio from a pre-CCC 8.4:1, to 8.6:1, to a knock-sensor–assisted 9.5:1, all while still only requiring 87 AKI regular unleaded fuel.
In 1983, Chevrolet replaced the cast-iron intake with an aluminum version and used either 14014416 ("416") or 14022601 ("601") heads with 1.84 inch intake valves, 1.50 inch exhaust valves, 58 cc chambers, and 178 cc runners. For 1985, the 4-valve-relief, flat top pistons from the L69 were added to the LG4, which resulted in another increase in compression. Also added was a knock sensor to allow the "CCC" engine management system to compensate for the increase in compression and a more aggressive spark-timing map in the ECM. As a result, power increased for the 1985 models to 165 hp (123 kW) from the 150 hp (112 kW) rating in 1984. For 1986, Chevrolet changed over to a one-piece rear main seal engine block design to minimize leaks and warranty claims; however, some early 1986 blocks retained a two-piece rear main seal.
For 1987, Chevrolet once again made some revisions to increase overall reliability, many of them borrowed from the TBI L03, which was to replace the LG4. The coil-in-cap HEI distributor was retired, and an all-new electronic distributor design was used. The intake manifold to head bolt pattern was redesigned to improve gasket integrity—four of the center intake manifold bolts were drilled at 72° instead of 90° for the cast iron cylinder heads. Changes to the valve covers were also made. Ribbing was added to the top of the valve covers to increase surface area, acting as a heat sink. To improve intake gasket sealing, the mounting bolts were relocated to the valve cover centerline, placing all sealing pressure evenly upon the mounting flange perimeter. Thus, these became known as centerbolt valve covers, first introduced in 1985 on the LB4 4.3L V6 and the Corvette a year earlier (the aluminum cylinder heads used with the Corvette were the first to have the centerbolt valve covers). Another improvement was use of a hydraulic lifter/roller camshaft on most 1987 LG4s. Some early engines have lifter retainer provisions, but use the older, non-roller camshaft. 1987 would also be the last year for the LG4 production, however a run of LG4 engines was made to supplement the carry-over production for the 1988 Monte Carlo and the 1988 Chevrolet Caprice.
Years: 1982–1984
The LU5 "Crossfire EFI 5.0L" featured a dual Throttle Body Injection set-up, based upon the original "Crossfire Intake" supplied by Chevrolet for the 1969 Camaro Z28. Unlike, the original '69 version, Chevrolet did not place it in the trunk for owners to install. The system used a special version of GM's still-new "CCC" engine management system. Fuel was supplied by the two TBI units, set diagonally apart from each other, atop the unique, aluminum intake manifold. Unfortunately, the system was placed atop the basic LG4 and lacked any significant performance capability. The engine was originally planned for the long-awaited '82 Camaro Z28, however due to a last-minute GM-mandated cancellation of Pontiac's 301 V8 production & Turbo 4.9L Project (T301), the Crossfire 305 was made available in the '82 Trans Am. A 350 cubic inch version was also used in the Corvette from 1982 to 1984. Since it was fairly early into GM's electronic engine management development and electronic fuel injection programs, few dealerships had the technology, equipment, or properly trained mechanics capable of dealing with these engines. These problems were compounded by widely varying fuel quality standards, production issues, poor quality control by GM, & owners who tinkered with a system they did not understand. In a very short time, these engines obtained the notorious nickname; "Ceasefire Engine". Today, owners with these engines note that they are fairly reliable, and that a significant upgrade can be made by simply using the L69/LB9 TPI/L98 TPI exhaust manifolds/ exhaust systems. When combined with performance-built stock 305 heads w/larger valves or aftermarket heads, plus a camshaft upgrade, these engines can perform surprisingly well. Thanks mostly to a somewhat cult-like following, a number of aftermarket performance parts are also available through Crossfire-specialized manufacturers.
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Years: late 1983–1988
The L69 High Output 5.0L was released late into the 1983 model year. It was optional in the Firebird Trans Am, Camaro Z28, and IROC-Z, and was standard in the revived Monte Carlo Super Sport.
The L69 features a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a relatively aggressive stock camshaft. It also uses a performance-tuned CCC ECM/PROM, a knock sensor, a performance-tuned E4ME 750 cu ft/min (21 m3/min) Rochester Quadra-Jet 4 barrel carburetor, and a special, free-flowing exhaust system with large diameter exhaust manifolds, Y-pipe and catalytic converter.
The L69 F-body exhaust system components would be revised slightly and used again on the later LB9 305 and L98 350 TPI engines. Additionally, the engines came equipped with a functional cold air induction hood on the 1983-1984 Trans Am, a dual snorkel air cleaner assembly on the 1983-1986 Camaro Z28 and IROC-Z and 1985-1986 Trans Am, a large, single snorkel on the 1983-1988 Monte Carlo SS (also, rare optional dual snorkel in 1987-1988), an aluminum intake manifold, high stall torque converter on the Monte Carlo SS and 1984 F-bodies, or a lightweight flywheel on T-5 equipped F-bodies.
The L69 engine produced 190 hp (142 kW) at 4800 and 240 lb⋅ft (325 N⋅m) of torque at 3200 rpm in the F-Body and was rated at 180 hp (134 kW) in the Monte SS.[31][32]
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Years: 1981–1986
The LE9 5.0 L (305 cu in) was a version of the 305 with a four-barrel 650 cu ft/min (18 m3/min) carburetor and equipped with electronic spark control (ESC),[33] a 9.2-9.5:1 compression ratio, the LM1 cam and 14010201 casting heads featuring 1.84/1.50" valves, and 53 cc (3.2 cu in) chambers. The engine produced 165 hp (123 kW) at 4,400 and 240 lb⋅ft (325 N⋅m) at 2,000 rpm. The LE9 was available in C/K trucks and G vans.
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Years: 1985–1992
The LB9 "Tuned Port Injection 5.0L" was introduced in 1985. At its core was the stout L69 shortblock and it used the same aggressive L69 camshaft profile. The induction system was unlike any system used previously by GM. It featured a large plenum made of cast aluminum, with individual runners made of tubular aluminum, feeding air to each cylinder. And each cylinder had its own fuel injector fed by a fuel rail mounted above each bank. In 1985, this engine was optional only in the Camaro Z28, IROC-Z and Trans Am equipped with the WS6 performance suspension. The LB9 was also available in the '87-92 GTA and Firebird Formula. 215 hp (160 kW) and 275 lb⋅ft (373 N⋅m) and varied between 190–230 hp (142–172 kW) (with 275–300 lb⋅ft (373–407 N⋅m) of torque) over the years offered.
Years: 1987–95
The L03 produced 170 hp (127 kW) at 4400 rpm and 255 lb⋅ft (346 N⋅m) of torque at 2400 rpm in 1993–1995 GM trucks. This engine used the TBI throttle body fuel injection, which was a hybrid between EFI and carburetor technology. It used an EFI system with electronically controlled injectors, which were mated to a twin barrel "carburetor" body. It featured "swirl port" heads (helped emissions, but severely stunted power output) and served as the base V8 engine in all C/K 1500 Series and 2500 Series (under 8,500 lbs GVWR) GMC/Chevrolet trucks and vans. It was also very common in Firebirds and Camaros because it was the only engine that offered a five-speed manual combination. The 350 exceeded the Borg-Warner T5's input power ratings, and as such, it was cut from the 350 cars to prevent lemon law and warranty losses.
The L03 used hydraulic roller lifters, which allowed it to recover some of the lost horsepower from its factory design, while further increasing efficiency (reduced rotational drag). Despite downfalls in its aspiration restrictions, the L03 was known for its reliability (1987–1990 F-bodies with the L03 did not use a rev limiter). The L03 used dished pistons with a 9.3:1 to 9.5:1 compression ratio. The L03 TBI featured a 3.736" bore and 3.48" stroke, the same as its TPI cousin, the LB9.
Years: 1996–2002
The Vortec 5000 L30 is a V8 truck engine, displacing 5,020 cc (305.4 cubic inches). Bore is 95 mm (3.7 in) and stroke is 88.4 mm (3.5 in). The compression ratio is 9.1:1.[34] It was replaced by the 4.8 L Vortec 4800 LR4 for the 1999 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra trucks and 2003 Express/Savana vans. In C/K trucks, the 5000 produces 230 hp (172 kW) net flywheel at 4600 rpm and 285 lb⋅ft (386 N⋅m) net flywheel torque at 2,800 rpm. In vans, it produces 220 hp (164 kW) net flywheel at 4600 rpm and 290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m) net flywheel torque at 2,800 rpm. The engine uses a hydraulic roller cam and high-flowing, fast burn–style Vortec heads. Differences include bore and stroke, intake valve size, and smaller combustion chambers.
L30 applications:
The 267 was introduced in 1979 for the GM F-body (Camaro), G-body (Chevrolet Monte Carlo, El Camino), A-body (Malibu Classic, 1979–1981) and also used on GM B-body cars (Impala and Caprice models). The 4.4 L; 267.8 cu in (4,389 cc) engine had the 350's crankshaft stroke of 3.48 in (88.4 mm) and the smallest bore of any small-block, 3.5 in (88.9 mm), shared with the 200 V6 introduced a year earlier.
It was only available with a M2ME Rochester Dualjet 210–effectively a Rochester Quadrajet with no rear barrels. After 1980, electronic feedback carburetion was used on the 267 with the exception of the following Canada-spec cars: the Buick Regal in place of the Buick 4.1 V6, the Oldsmobile Cutlass and Delta 88 in place of the Olds 260 V8, and the Pontiac Grand LeMans, Grand Prix, and Parisienne in place of the Buick 4.1 V6. The 267 also saw use in 1980 to 1982 Checker Marathons.[35]
While similar in displacement to the other 4.3–4.4 L (265–267 cu in) V8 engines produced by General Motors (including the Oldsmobile 260 and Pontiac 265), the small bore 267 shared no parts with the other engines and was phased out after the 1982 model year due to inability to conform to emission standards. Chevrolet vehicles eventually used the 305 cu in (5.0 L) as their base V8 engine.
The 267, when introduced in the GM F-Body as the L39 4.4L, made 120 hp (89 kW) at 3600 rpm and 215 lb⋅ft (292 N⋅m) of torque at 2000 rpm (SAE net). Power output would drop in subsequent years of the engine. The 267 cu in (4.4 L) had a low 8.3:1 compression ratio.[36]
The original design of the small-block remained remarkably unchanged for its production run, which began in 1954 and ended, in passenger vehicles, in 2003. The engine is still being built today for many aftermarket applications, both to replace worn-out older engines and also by many builders as high-performance applications. The principal changes to it over the years include:
![[icon]](#/media/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion with: listings for the 265 cu. in., 283 and 327 versions of the Generation I engine. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017) |
note 1: depending upon vehicle application; horsepower, torque, and fuel requirements will vary.
| Gen I | Years | Engine option code (VIN identifier) | Power hp (kW) | Torque lb-ft (Nm) | Displacement c.i. (cc) | Fuel (octane) | Bore x Stroke in (mm) | Compression ratio | Block & heads (iron or aluminum) | Block features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | 1967-69 | Z28 | 290 hp (216 kW) at 5800 | 290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m) at 4200 | 302 cu in (4,942 cc) | 100+ | 4 in × 3 in (101.6 mm × 76.2 mm) | 11.0:1 | Iron | only Camaro Z/28, 1968 Cross-Ram intake-manifold with 2 Holley 4bbl |
| I | 1996-02 | L30 (M) | 220 hp (164 kW) at 4600 | 290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m) at 2800 | 305 cu in (5,001 cc) | 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9.1:1 | Iron | Truck/van only | |
| I | 1987-95 | L03 (E/H) | 170 hp (127 kW) at 4400 | 255 lb⋅ft (346 N⋅m) at 2400 | 305 cu in (5,001 cc) | 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9.1:1 | Iron | TBI; passenger car used roller cam | |
| I | 1988-96 | L05 (K) | 210 hp (157 kW) at 4400 | 300 lb⋅ft (407 N⋅m) at 2800 | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9.3:1 | Iron | TBI; 9C1 optioned Caprice and F-bodies had hydraulic roller cam | |
| I | 1978-88 | LG4 (F/H) | 150–170 hp (112–127 kW) at 4600 | 240–250 lb⋅ft (325–339 N⋅m) at 2800 | 305 cu in (5,001 cc) | 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm) | 8.6:1 | Iron | 4bbl Quadrajet | |
| I | 1981-86 | LE9 (F/H) | 165 hp (123 kW) at 4400 | 240 lb⋅ft (325 N⋅m) at 2000 | 305 cu in (5,001 cc) | 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9.5:1 | Iron | Truck/Van only - electronic spark control module used | |
| I | 1982-83 | LU5 | 165–175 hp (123–130 kW) | 305 cu in (5,001 cc) | 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm) | Iron | "Crossfire EFI 5.0L" | |||
| I | 1968-73 | L14 | 200 hp (149 kW) at 4600 | 300 lb⋅ft (407 N⋅m) at 2400 | 307 cu in (5,031 cc) | 3.875 in × 3.25 in (98.4 mm × 82.6 mm) | 9.0:1 | Iron | ||
| I | 1967-80 | L48 (K) | 165–195 hp (123–145 kW) | 380 lb⋅ft (515 N⋅m) | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 8.25-10.5:1 | Iron | ||
| I | 1969-70 | L46 | 350 hp (261 kW) | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 100+ | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 11.0:1 | Iron | Corvette only | |
| I | 1969-76 | L65 | 145 hp (108 kW) | 220 lb⋅ft (298 N⋅m) | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 87 | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 8.5:1 | Iron | 2bbl |
| I | 1969-88 | LM1 (L) | 255 hp (190 kW) 155–175 hp (116–130 kW) | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | Iron | 4bbl Rochester Quadrajet (4MV, M4MC, E4ME); retail option until 1981 when last used with the Camaro Z28; post-1980 use of the LM1 was for 9C1-optioned B (Caprice, Impala) and G-bodies (Malibu) | |||
| I | 1970-74 | ZQ3 | 190–300 hp (142–224 kW) | 270 lb⋅ft (366 N⋅m) at 3500 | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 8.5-10.25:1 | Iron | 4bbl, Corvette. L48 camshaft | |
| I | 1970-72 | LT1 | 250–370 hp (186–276 kW) at 6000 | 270–300 lb⋅ft (366–407 N⋅m) at 4000 | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9.1:1 | Iron | 4bbl | |
| II | 1992-97 | LT1 (P) | 260–305 hp (194–227 kW) at 4800-5200 | 325–340 lb⋅ft (441–461 N⋅m) at 2400-3400 | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 87 or 91 | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 10.4:1 | Iron for B & D bodies Aluminum for F and Y bodies | Reverse cooling |
| I | 1973-80 | L82 | 205–250 hp (153–186 kW) | 255–285 lb⋅ft (346–386 N⋅m) | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9:1 | Iron | 4bbl Rochester Quadrajet; flat top pistons with a D-shaped relief cut for valve clearance | |
| I | 1981 | L81 | 190 hp (142 kW) | 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m) | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 8.2:1 | Iron | 4bbl Rochester Quadrajet (E4ME), Corvette | |
| I | 1970-86 | LS9 (L) | 165 hp (123 kW) at 3800 | 275 lb⋅ft (373 N⋅m) at 1600 | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 8.2:1 | Iron | 4bbl, truck | |
| I | 1981-86 | LT9 (M) | 160 hp (119 kW) at 3800 | 250 lb⋅ft (339 N⋅m) at 2800 | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 8.3:1 | Iron | 4bbl, truck | |
| I | 1982-84 | L83 | 200–205 hp (149–153 kW) | 285–290 lb⋅ft (386–393 N⋅m) | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9.0:1 | Iron | CrossFire | |
| I | 1985-92 | L98 (8) | 225–250 hp (168–186 kW) at 4000 | 330–345 lb⋅ft (447–468 N⋅m) at 3200 | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9.5-10:1 | Iron/Aluminum (Corvette) | TPI | |
| I | 1996-02 | L31 (R) | 255–350 hp (190–261 kW) at 4600 | 330–350 lb⋅ft (447–475 N⋅m) at 2800 | 350 cu in (5,733 cc) | 4.0 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) | Iron | truck, Vortec | ||
| I | 1970-80 | 245–265 hp (183–198 kW) | 400 cu in (6,554 cc) | 4.125 in × 3.75 in (104.8 mm × 95.3 mm) | Iron | 1970-72 4-bolt main, 1973–80 2-bolt main | ||||
| I | 1975-76 | 110 hp (82 kW) | 133 lb⋅ft (180 N⋅m) at 3600 | 262 cu in (4,301 cc) | 3.671 in × 3.1 in (93.2 mm × 78.7 mm) | Iron | Nova and Monza only; 2bbl Rochester 2GC carburetor | |||
| II | 1994-96 | L99 (W) | 200 hp (149 kW) | 245 lb⋅ft (332 N⋅m) | 263 cu in (4,311 cc) | 3.75 in × 3.0 in (95.3 mm × 76.2 mm) | Iron | reverse cooling, Chevy Caprice sedans ONLY, including police vehicles | ||
| I | 1983-88 | L69 (G) | 180–190 hp (134–142 kW) at 4800 | 240 lb⋅ft (325 N⋅m) at 3200 | 305 cu in (5,001 cc) | 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm) | 9.5:1 | Iron | H.O., Firebird/Camaro, Monte Carlo SS only | |
| I | 1985-92 | LB9 (F) | 190–230 hp (142–172 kW) | 275–300 lb⋅ft (373–407 N⋅m) | 305 cu in (5,001 cc) | 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm) | Iron | TPI, Firebird/Camaro only | ||
| I | 1976-82 | LG3 (U) | 145 hp (108 kW) at 4400 | 245 lb⋅ft (332 N⋅m) at 2400 | 305 cu in (5,001 cc) | 3.736 in × 3.48 in (94.9 mm × 88.4 mm) | 8.5:1 | Iron | 2bbl | |
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2008) |
| Generation II | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | General Motors |
| Also called | GM LT engine |
| Production | 1991-1997[37][38] |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Naturally aspirated 90° V8 |
| Displacement |
|
| Cylinder bore |
|
| Piston stroke |
|
| Cylinder block material | Aluminum, Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum, Cast iron |
| Valvetrain | Pushrod, 1.5:1 ratio rocker arms; 2 valves per cylinder |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | |
| Fuel type |
|
| Oil system | Wet sump |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Generation I |
| Successor | Generation III |
General Motors' Generation II LT1 is a small-block V8 engine. Making its debut in the 1992 Chevrolet Corvette, the new LT1 sought to draw upon the heritage of the 1970 Chevrolet LT1.
A significant improvement over the original Generation I V8 is the Generation II LT1's "reverse cooling" system, allowing coolant to start at the heads and flow down through the block. This keeps the heads cooler, affording greater power through a higher compression ratio and greater spark advance at the same time it maintains higher and more consistent cylinder temperatures.
Some parts from the Generation II are interchangeable with the Generation I one-piece rear main seal engine. The interchangeable parts include the rotating assembly (crank shaft, pistons, connecting rods, and flywheel/flex-plate) one piece rear main seal housing, oil pan and valve cover gaskets and valvetrain assembly (not including timing set, which includes a gear to drive the water pump). The LT1 uses a new engine block, cylinder head, timing cover, water pump, intake manifold and accessory brackets. The harmonic damper also does not interchange; it is a unique damper/pulley assembly. Engine mounts and bell housing bolt pattern remain the same, permitting a newer engine to be readily swapped into an older vehicle.
In 1991, GM created a new-generation small-block engine called the "LT1 350", distinct from the high-output Generation I LT1 of the 1970s. It displaced 5.7 L (350 cu in), and was a 2-valve pushrod design. The LT1 used a reverse-flow cooling system which cooled the cylinder heads first, maintaining lower combustion chamber temperatures and allowing the engine to run at a higher compression than its immediate predecessors.
This engine was used in:
There were a few different versions of the LT1. All feature a cast iron block, with aluminum heads in the Y- and F-bodies, and cast iron heads in the B- and D-bodies. Corvette blocks had four-bolt main caps, while most other blocks were two-bolt main caps. Block castings remained the same between 2 and 4 bolt mains.
The 1992–93 LT1s used speed density fuel management, batch-fire fuel injection and a dedicated Engine Control Module (ECM). In 1994 the LT1 switched to a mass airflow sensor and sequential port injection. A new, more capable computer controlled the transmission as well as the engine and got a new name: Powertrain Control Module (PCM). Where the ECM held its calibration information in a replaceable PROM chip, the 1994-95 OBD1 PCMs are reprogrammable through the diagnostic port.
The early Optispark distributor had durability problems, and a revised version was introduced on the 1994 B- and D-bodies and on the 1995 Y- and F-bodies. Changes include a vacuum port to draw filtered air through the distributor to remove moisture and ozone and a revised drive system which uses an extended dowel pin on the camshaft rather than a separate splined shaft in the camshaft gear. 1996 saw major revisions for OBD-II: a second catalytic converter on the F-body cars, rear oxygen sensors to monitor catalyst efficiency, and a new engine front cover with a crankshaft position sensor. Some OBD-II features had been added to the Corvette starting in 1994 for testing purposes.[citation needed] The 1997 model year Camaro and Firebird were the last year for this engine in a GM production car before it was replaced by the LS1, which was already in the Corvette for 1997.
The 1992 LT1s in Y-body Corvettes were factory rated at 300 hp (220 kW) and 330 lb⋅ft (447 N⋅m). 1996 LT1 Corvettes were rated at 300 hp (220 kW) and 340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m).
The 1993–95 F-bodies were rated at 275 hp (205 kW) and 325 lb⋅ft (441 N⋅m), while the 96–97 cars were rated at 285 hp (213 kW) and 335 lb⋅ft (454 N⋅m). The 96–97 WS6 and SS F-bodies were rated at 305 hp (227 kW).
The 1994–96 B- and D-bodies were rated at 260 hp (194 kW) and 330 lb⋅ft (447 N⋅m) (250 hp (186 kW) with V08 mechanical fan as part of V92 or V4P towing option groups).
|
 | This section possibly contains original research. (July 2022) |
The LT4 was the special high-performance version of the new-generation LT1. It featured a slightly more aggressive camshaft profile, 1.6:1 aluminum roller rocker arms, lighter hollow intake valves and liquid-sodium filled exhaust valves, larger fuel injectors, performance crankshaft, higher 10.8:1 compression ratio and high-flow intake manifold (painted red) with extra material above the port available to allow port matching to the raised port LT4 cylinder heads. The LT4 was conservatively underrated at 330 hp (246 kW) and 340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m). It was introduced in the 1996 model year, for the last year of the C4 Corvette, and came standard on all manual transmission (ZF 6-speed equipped) C4 Corvettes. The engine was passed down to 1997 SLP Camaros SS and SLP Firehawks with 6-speed manual transmissions.
The LT4 was available on the following vehicles:
All 135 production engines for the Firehawks and SSs were completely disassembled, balanced, blueprinted and honed with stress plates. One in 5 engines was tested on a Superflow engine dyno. Every car was tested on a chassis dyno and then performed a 6-mile (10 km) road test.
For model year 1990, Chevrolet released the Corvette ZR-1 with the radical Lotus Engineering-designed double overhead cam LT5 engine. Engineered in the UK but produced and assembled in Stillwater, Oklahoma by specialty engine builder Mercury Marine, the all-aluminum LT5 shared only the 4.4 inch bore spacing with any previous Chevy small-block engine. It does not have reverse cooling and is generally not considered a small-block Chevrolet.
Used only in Corvettes,[39] the LT5 was the work of a team headed by Design manager David Whitehead, and was hand built by one headed by project engineer Terry D. Stinson.[40] It displaced 5.7 L; 349.5 cu in (5,727 cc) and had a bore x stroke 3.90 in × 3.66 in (99 mm × 93 mm) instead of the usual 4 in × 3.48 in (101.6 mm × 88.4 mm) and featured Lotus-designed DOHC 4 valves per cylinder rather than the usual Chevrolet 16-Valve OHV Heads. The preproduction LT5 initially produced 385 hp (287 kW), but was reduced to 375 hp (280 kW) and 370 lb⋅ft (502 N⋅m) for the 1990-1992 Corvette ZR-1. The power ratings jumped to 405 hp (411 PS; 302 kW) at 5800 rpm and 385 lb⋅ft (522 N⋅m) of torque at 5200 rpm from 1993 until its final year in 1995,[41] thanks to cam timing changes and improvements to the engine porting. 1993 also added 4-bolt main bearing caps and an exhaust gas recirculation system.
A second generation of the LT5 was in the testing phase as early as 1993. What little information survived showed that it would have used a dual plenum system similar to the first generation Dodge Viper as well as variable valve timing. The next generation LT5 was set to produce between 450 hp (336 kW) and 475 hp (354 kW). Unfortunately, the cost to produce the LT5 along with its weight, dimensions (it would not fit the C5 pilot cars without extensive modifications) and internal GM politics over using an engine that was not designed and built in house killed the LT5 after six years of production. GM canceled the ZR-1 option beginning model year 1993. Engines that were to be installed in the as yet unbuilt ZR-1's were sealed and crated for long-term storage. After they were built at the Mercruiser plant in Stillwater, Oklahoma they were shipped to Bowling Green, Kentucky and stored in the Corvette assembly plant until the 1994 and 1995 ZR-1s went down the assembly line. A total of 6,939 cars were produced.[42] The LT5 was not an evolutionary dead end: in spite of being discontinued without a direct successor, a new class of premium V8s for Cadillac and eventually Oldsmobile, the dual overhead cam V8 Northstar and its derivatives, drew heavily from the LT5's design and lessons learned from its production.[43] GM also took lessons learned from producing a completely aluminum engine and applied them to the new LS series of engines.
The LT5 was available on the following vehicles:
The L99 4.3 L (263.1 cu in; 4,311 cc) V8, produced from 1994–1996, shared a 3.736 in (94.9 mm) cylinder bore with the 305 cu in (5.0 L) but had a 3 in (76.2 mm) stroke compared to 3.48 in (88.4 mm) of the 305 cu in (5.0 L).[44] The pistons used in the 4.3 L V8 were the same as the Vortec 5000's, but longer 5.94 in (150.9 mm) connecting rods were used to compensate for the shorter stroke. The L99 featured updated Generation II block architecture, and is externally identical to the larger 5.7 L LT1 Generation II V8. Like the LT1, it features sequential fuel injection, reverse-flow cooling with a cam-driven water pump, and an optical ignition pickup. Output is 200 hp (149 kW) and 245 lb⋅ft (332 N⋅m).
The L99 4.3 L V8 was the base engine in 1994-1996 Chevrolet Caprice sedans, including 9C1 police package sedans, and was not available in any other vehicles. The L99's smaller displacement provided slightly better EPA fuel economy than the 5.7 L LT1, but at significantly reduced horsepower and torque levels.
The LT6 and LT7 are not actually part of the LT family. See Oldsmobile Diesel engine for more information.
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