Henry, King of Portugal

Henry (Portuguese: Henrique [ẽˈʁikɨ]; 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580), dubbed the Chaste (Portuguese: o Casto) and the Cardinal-King (Portuguese: o Cardeal-Rei), was king of Portugal and an inquisitor and cardinal of the Catholic Church, who ruled Portugal between 1578 and 1580. As a clergyman, he was bound to celibacy, and as such, had no children to succeed him, and thus put an end to the reigning House of Aviz. His death led to the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and ultimately to the 60-year Iberian Union that saw Portugal share a monarch with Habsburg Spain. The next independent monarch of Portugal would be John IV, who restored the throne after 60 years of Spanish rule.

Henry
Cardinal of the Catholic Church
Portrait by Domenico Tintoretto, c. 1579
King of Portugal
Reign	4 August 1578 – 31 January 1580
Coronation	28 August 1578, Lisbon
Predecessor	Sebastian
Successor	Anthony (disputed) or Philip I
Born	31 January 1512 Lisbon, Portugal
Died	31 January 1580 (aged 68) Almeirim, Portugal
Burial	Jerónimos Monastery
Dynasty	Aviz
Father	Manuel I of Portugal
Mother	Maria of Aragon
Religion	Catholicism

Life

Born in Lisbon, Henry was the fifth son of King Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon.^[1]

Cardinal

As the younger brother of King John III of Portugal and a younger son in the Royal Family, Henry was not expected to succeed to the Portuguese throne. Early in his life, Henry took Holy Orders to promote Portuguese interests within the Catholic Church, then dominated by Spain. He rose rapidly through the Church hierarchy, becoming in quick succession Archbishop of Braga, Archbishop of Évora, and Grand Inquisitor before being made a cardinal on 16 December 1545,^[2] with the title of Santi Quattro Coronati. From 1564 to 1570 he was Archbishop of Lisbon. Henry, more than anyone, endeavoured to bring the Jesuits to Portugal to encourage their activity in the colonial empire.

Styles of Henry of Portugal
Reference style	His Royal Highness[3]
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness[3]
Religious style	His Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal-King

Reign

Henry served as regent for his great-nephew King Sebastian, replacing his sister-in-law and Sebastian's grandmother Queen dowager Catherine, following her resignation from the role in 1562.^[4][5] King Sebastian died without an heir in the disastrous Battle of Alcácer Quibir that took place in 1578, and the elderly cardinal was proclaimed king soon after.^[6] Henry sought to be released from his ecclesiastical vows so he could take a bride and pursue the continuation of the Aviz dynasty, but Pope Gregory XIII, not wanting to antagonize Philip II of Spain, did not grant him that release.^[7][8]

Death and succession

The Cardinal-King died in the Royal Palace of Almeirim, on his 68th birthday, without having appointed a successor, leaving only a regency to care for the kingdom.^[9] One of the closest dynastic claimants was King Philip II of Spain who, in June 1580, sent the Duke of Alba to claim Portugal by force.^[10] Lisbon soon fell, and Philip was elected king of Portugal at the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar in 1581— on the condition that the kingdom and its overseas territories would retain their autonomy.^[11]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry, King of Portugal

8. Edward, King of Portugal[12] 4. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu[13] 9. Eleanor of Aragon[12] 2. Manuel I of Portugal 10. John, Constable of Portugal[14] 5. Beatrice of Portugal[13] 11. Isabel of Barcelos[14] 1. Henry, King of Portugal 12. John II of Aragon[15] 6. Ferdinand II of Aragon[14] 13. Juana Enríquez[15] 3. Maria of Aragon 14. John II of Castile[16] 7. Isabella I of Castile[14] 15. Isabella of Portugal[16]

See also

• Struggle for the throne of Portugal
• War of the Portuguese Succession
• Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal

Notes

1. McMurdo 1889, pp. 113–114.
2. Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Enrique de Portugal; Henry's brother Alonso had also been made a cardinal, in 1517 at the age of eight. (Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Alonso de Portugal Archived 5 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine).
3. As King, Cardinal Henry deprecated the manner of address of "Your Majesty", considering it to be appropriate only when applied to God.
4. Disney 2009, p. 174
5. McMurdo 1889, p. 165.
6. McMurdo 1889, pp. 220–221.
7. MacKay 2012, p. 44
8. Disney 2009, p. 176
9. Disney 2009, pp. 193–195.
10. Disney 2009, p. 195.
11. Stephens 1903, pp. 283–284.
12. Stephens 1903, p. 139
13. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Emanuel I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
14. Liss, Peggy K. (2015). Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0812293203.
15. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
16. Isabella I, Queen of Spain at the Encyclopædia Britannica

Bibliography

• Disney, A. R. (2009). A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60397-3.
• MacKay, Ruth (2012). The Baker Who Pretended to Be King of Portugal. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226501086.
• McMurdo, Edward (1889). The History of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. Vol. III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
• Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The Story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0722224731.

External links

Henry, King of Portugal House of Aviz Cadet branch of the House of Burgundy Born: 31 January 1512 Died: 31 January 1580
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sebastian	King of Portugal 1578–1580	Succeeded by Anthony or Philip I
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Diogo de Sousa	Archbishop of Braga 1533–1539	Succeeded by Diego da Silva
Preceded by Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal as Bishop of Evora	Archbishop of Evora 1540–1564	Succeeded by João de Melo
Preceded by Fernando de Menezes Coutinho e Vasconcellos	Archbishop of Lisboa 1564–1569	Succeeded by Jorge de Almeida
Preceded by João de Melo	Archbishop of Evora 1574–1578	Succeeded by Teotónio de Bragança