Candlepower

Candlepower (abbreviated as cp or CP) is a unit of measurement for luminous intensity. It expresses levels of light intensity relative to the light emitted by a candle of specific size and constituents. The historical candlepower is equal to 0.981 candelas. In modern usage, candlepower is sometimes used as a synonym for candla.^[1]

Candlepower
The candlepower was based on the light emitted from a candle
General information
Unit system	international standard (obsolete)
Unit of	Luminous intensity
Symbol	cp
Conversions
1 cp in ...	... is equal to ...
SI units	1 candela (modern definition)

History

The term candlepower was originally defined in the United Kingdom, by the Metropolitan Gas Act 1860, as the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle that weighs 1⁄6 pound (76 grams) and burns at a rate of 120 grains per hour (7.8 grams per hour). Spermaceti is a material from the heads of sperm whales, and was once used to make high-quality candles.

At the time the UK established candlepower as a unit, the French standard of light was based on the illumination from a Carcel burner, which defined the illumination that emanates from a lamp burning pure colza oil (obtained from the seed of the plant Brassica campestris) at a defined rate. Ten standard candles equaled about one Carcel burner.

In 1909, several agencies met to establish an international standard. It was attended by representatives of the Laboratoire Central de l’Electricité (France), the National Physical Laboratory (UK), the Bureau of Standards (United States), and the Physikalische Technische Reichsanstalt (Germany). The majority redefined the candle in term of an electric lamp with a carbon filament. The Germans, however, dissented and decided to use a definition equal to 9/10 of the output of a Hefner lamp.

In 1921, the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (International Commission for Illumination, commonly referred to as the CIE) redefined the international candle again in terms of a carbon filament incandescent lamp.

In 1937, the international candle was redefined again—against the luminous intensity of a blackbody at the freezing point of liquid platinum which was to be 58.9 international candles per square centimetre.

In 1948, the international unit (SI) candela replaced candlepower. One candlepower unit is about 0.981 candela. In general modern use, a candlepower now equates directly (1:1) to the number of candelas^[1]—an implicit increase from its old value.

Calibration of lamps

To measure the candlepower of a lamp, a person judged by eye the relative brightness of adjacent surfaces—one illuminated only by a standard lamp (or candle) and the other only by the lamp under test. They adjusted the distance of one of the lamps until the two surfaces appeared to be of equal brightness. Then they calculated the candlepower of the lamp under test from the two distances and the inverse square law.

Modern use

"Candlepower" is largely an obsolete term. However, people still sometimes use it to describe the luminous intensity of high powered flashlights and spotlights. Narrow-beamed lights of all sorts can have very high candlepower specifications, because candlepower measures the intensity of the light on a target, rather than the total amount of light it emits. A given lamp has a higher candlepower rating if its light is more tightly focused.^[2]

Candlepower is still used today in law. For example, it is presently used in the California Vehicle Code to define the legal requirements for headlamps and other lamps, including accessory lamps.^[3]

Only a few artificial light sources, such as military photoflash bombs, have the very high candlepower ratings characteristic of narrow-beamed spotlights but, simultaneously, a wide unfocused distribution of light.

See also

• Candela
• List of obsolete units of measurement
• Lumen (unit)

Notes and references

1. "Candlepower - Definition". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
2. Peak Beam Systems, Inc. "Frequently Asked Questions". peakbeam.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
3. See California Vehicle Code § 25105, among other sections.

Further reading

• Rowlett, Russ (2001-07-13). "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
• International candle at Sizes.com Last revised: 27 June 2007. Accessed July 2007
• Candle History - Candlepower 2003 Bob Sherman at Craftcave. Accessed July 2007.
• Brief History Of Lighting 2004 by The Wolfstone Group. Accessed July 2007.
• A History of Light and Lighting by Bill Williams Edition: 2.3 - (2005) Accessed July 2007.
• Coaton, J. R. (February 2002). "The genesis of incandescent lamp - manufacture". Engineering Science and Education Journal. 11. IEEE: 21. doi:10.1049/esej:20020103 (inactive 7 December 2024). Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved 2007-07-10. Measurement of the candlepower of lamps{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
• Cottington, Ian E. (February 1986). "Platinum and the Standard of Light - A Selective Review Of Proposals Which Led To An International Unit Of Luminous Intensity" (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. pp. 30, (2). Retrieved 2007-07-10. Metropolitan Gas Act of 1860