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Regional jet airliner series From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Bombardier CRJ700 series is a family of regional jet airliners that were designed and manufactured by Canadian transportation conglomerate Bombardier (formerly Canadair). Officially launched in 1997, the CRJ700's maiden flight took place on 27 May 1999; it was soon followed by the stretched CRJ900 variant. Several additional variants of the type were subsequently introduced, including the elongated CRJ1000 and the CRJ550 and CRJ705, which were modified to comply with scope clauses. The CRJ program was acquired by the Japanese corporation Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 2020, which ended production of the aircraft.
| CRJ700 series (CRJ550 / CRJ700 / CRJ705 / CRJ900 / CRJ1000) | |
|---|---|
.jpg) An Air Nostrum CRJ900 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Regional jet |
| National origin | Canada |
| Manufacturer | Bombardier Aviation |
| Status | In service |
| Primary users | SkyWest Airlines[1] |
| Number built | 924[lower-alpha 1] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1999–2020 |
| Introduction date | 2001 |
| First flight | 27 May 1999 |
| Developed from | Bombardier CRJ100/200 |
Their design was derived from the smaller CRJ100 and 200 airliners, the other members of the Bombardier CRJ aircraft family. During the 1990s, Bombardier initiated development on the CRJ-X, a program to produce enlarged derivatives of its popular CRJ100/200 family. During its lifetime, competitors included the British Aerospace 146, the Embraer E-Jet family, the Fokker 70, and the Fokker 100.
In Bombardier's lineup, the CRJ Series was marketed alongside a family of larger jets, the C Series (now owned by Airbus and marketed as the Airbus A220), and a turboprop, the Q Series (now owned by De Havilland Canada and marketed as the Dash 8). During the late 2010s, Bombardier sought to sell off several of its aircraft programs. The CRJ program was acquired by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in a deal that closed 1 June 2020.[4] Bombardier continued to manufacture aircraft at the Mirabel facility until the order backlog was completed in December 2020.[2] Mitsubishi will continue to manufacture parts for existing CRJ operators, but currently does not plan to sell or build any new CRJ aircraft, originally planning to focus on their SpaceJet aircraft, for which development has now also ceased.
During the early 1990s, Bombardier Aerospace became interested in developing larger variants of the CRJ100/200 series; associated design work commenced in 1994.[5] The CRJ-X, as the new range was initially designated, sought to compete with larger regional jets such as the Fokker 70/Fokker 100 or the BAe 146 family.[6][7][8] The CRJ-X featured a stretched fuselage, a lengthened wing, and up-rated General Electric CF34-8C engines, while maintaining a common type-rating with the basic CRJ. Leading-edge extensions and high-lift slats improved the wing performance, other aerodynamic changes included an enlarged horizontal tailfin.[9] By March 1995, low-speed wind tunnel testing confirmed a 2,830 km (1,530 nm) range in the 74-seat North American configuration and 2,350 km in the 72-seat European configuration.[10] First deliveries were planned for 1999.[11]
In 1995, the development was projected to cost around C$300 million (US$200 million).[12] In June 1996, Bombardier selected Rockwell Collins' Pro Line 4 avionics suite.[13] During May 1996, General Electric formally launched the previously selected CF34-8C variant.[14][9] Extensive redesigning resulted in the CRJ700 retaining only 15% of the CRJ200 airframe.[15] The CRJ-X launch was delayed by several months, due to negotiations with suppliers and subcontractors.[16] During September 1996, Bombardier's board authorised sales of the CRJ-X.[17][18] During January 1997, the CRJ-X was officially launched.[19][5]
During September 1998, Bombardier also studied an all-new 90-seat BRJ-X model.[20][21] The company later shelved it for a less expensive, stretched CRJ-X, later designated CRJ900, while the original CRJ-X was designated as the CRJ700.[22] The CRJ700 incorporated several CRJ900 features, such as its revised wing and avionics improvements.[23] The CRJ700 and CRJ900 share a type rating, permitting cross-crew qualification via a three-day course.[24]
In March 1997, four prototypes were planned for the CRJ700's flight-test program.[5] On 27 May 1999, the first prototype CRJ700 made its maiden flight.[25] At this point, type certification was expected for 2001.[26][27] By 1999, Bombardier had invested C$650 million (US$440 million) to develop the 70-seat CRJ700, and was set to invest a further C$200 million to develop the CRJ900, stretched to 90 seats; the CRJ700 was listed at $24–25 million then, while the larger CRJ900 was priced at $28–29 million.[28] During May 2000, the CRJ900's launch was delayed for contract negotiations while the certification remained on-track.[29] In July 2000, the CRJ900 was formally launched.[30] The enlarged model was targeted at existing CRJ200/CRJ700 customers looking for larger airliners.[31]
A new final-assembly facility was established at Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, as the CRJ100/200's existing line had insufficient capacity.[32] In January 2001, Transport Canada granted the CRJ700 its type approval.[33] In May 2001, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration certification for the CRJ700 was close, but required two minor avionics-related changes.[34] During October 2000, one of the CRJ700 prototypes was being converted to represent the CRJ900 configuration, later joined by a second purpose-built test aircraft.[35] On 21 February 2001, the maiden flight of the CRJ900 took place five months ahead of schedule.[36][23] By March 2002, the CRJ900 was anticipated to enter service in 2003.[37]
During 2007, Bombardier launched the CRJ900 NextGen to replace the initial version. Its improvements and conic nozzle enhanced fuel economy by 5.5%.[38] The new model has improved economics and a new cabin common to the CRJ700 NextGen and CRJ1000 NextGen. Mesaba Aviation (now Endeavor Air), operating at the time as Northwest Airlink (now Delta Connection), was the launch customer, and remains the largest operator of the CRJ900 NextGen. The Endeavor fleet of CRJ900 NextGen aircraft was configured in a two-class seating configuration, with 12 first-class seats and 64 coach seats.[citation needed]
During 2008, the CRJ700 was replaced by the CRJ700 NextGen, which featured improved economics and a revised cabin common to the CRJ900 NextGen and CRJ1000 NextGen. In January 2011, SkyWest Airlines ordered four CRJ700 NextGen aircraft.[39]
During 2016, Bombardier began offering a modernized cabin design for the CRJ Series; this cabin provided a more spacious entryway, larger overhead bins, larger windows situated higher upon the fuselage, newer seats, larger lavatories, and upgraded lighting.[40] Around this time, maintenance intervals were also extended to 800/8,000 flight hours.[38] From summer 2018, "A" checks were performed every 800 flight hours, while "C" checks occurred every 8,000 flight hours. Also, the adoption of a new conic engine nozzle boosted fuel efficiency by 1%.[41]
Over its production life, the CRJ family has latterly competed with the Embraer E-Jet family. A re-engining of the CRJ, akin to the rival Embraer E-Jet E2, with newer and more efficient engines, such as the GE Passport, to replace the current GE CF34 powerplants, would be unlikely to overcome the certification expense, primarily as newer engines are larger and heavier, eroding fuel burn improvements that would be achieved on short regional routes.[42]
During April 2000, a substantial early order, valued at US$10 billion, for the CRJ700 (and CRJ200) was issued by Delta Air Lines, involving 500 aircraft along with options for 406 more.[43] Comair, operating as Delta Connection, placed an order of 14 CRJ900s; by November 2007, six of these had entered revenue service.[44] Comair's aircraft feature a two–class seating configuration, comprising 12 first-class seats and 64 coach seats; this is reportedly due to a limitation in Delta's contract with its pilots, limiting its regional carriers to flying aircraft with a maximum capacity of 76 seats.[citation needed]
During September 2011, PLUNA received its 11th airplane (from an eventual total order of 15 with options). Estonian Air ordered three CRJ900 NextGen 88-seat aircraft. Also, SAS ordered 13 of these in March 2008. Iraqi Airways has ordered six Bombardier CRJ900 NextGen airliners and options on a further four of the type.[45] In June 2010, Lufthansa ordered eight off the CRJ900 NextGen.[46] In December 2012, Delta Air Lines ordered 40 CRJ900 NextGen worth $1.89 billion with 30 options.[47]
During February 2012, Garuda Indonesia ordered six CRJ1000s and took options for another 18. Danish lessor Nordic Aviation Capital also ordered 12 for Garuda to operate, with delivery beginning in 2012.[48]
According to Bombardier, by 2015, the CRJ series accounted for over 20% of all jet departures in North America; globally, the family operated in excess of 200,000 flights per month.[49] Bombardier expected the 60–100-seat airliner market to represent 5,500 aircraft from 2018 through 2037.[41]
As of November 2018[update], following Bombardier's decisions to sell the CSeries to Airbus and the QSeries to Viking Air, the company was looking at "strategic options" to return the CRJ to profitability. Analysts suspected that it may decide to exit the commercial aircraft market altogether and refocus on business aircraft.[50][51]
On 25 June 2019, Bombardier announced a deal to sell the CRJ program to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the parent company of Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, which was developing the SpaceJet.[52] Mitsubishi had a historic interest in the CRJ program, having sounded out risk-sharing options with Bombardier, and at one point expected to take a stake in the venture during the 1990s.[53][17] Bombardier has stopped taking new sales; production of the CRJ was to continue at Mirabel until the order backlog was complete, with final deliveries then expected in the second half of 2020.[54] The deal was to include the type certificate for the CRJ series; Bombardier was working with Transport Canada to separate the CRJ certificate from that of the Challenger.[55]
Closure of the deal was confirmed on 1 June 2020, with Bombardier's service and support activities transferred to a new Montreal-based company, MHI RJ Aviation Group.[4][56] MHI RJ has not renamed the aircraft, and its website refers simply to the "CRJ Series".[57]
The final CRJ to be produced, a CRJ900, was delivered to SkyWest Airlines on 28 February 2021.[58]
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Design work on the CRJ700 by Bombardier started in 1995, and the program was officially launched in January 1997.[25] The CRJ700 is a stretched derivative of the CRJ200. The CRJ700 features a new wing with leading-edge slats and a stretched and slightly widened fuselage, with a lowered floor.[59] Its first flight took place on 27 May 1999.[25] The aircraft model is listed as CL-600-2C10 on the TCCA, FAA, and EASA Type Certificates.[60] The CRJ700 first entered commercial service with Brit Air in 2001.[25]
_AN1385675.jpg)
Seating ranges from 63 to 78. The CRJ700 was built in three variants, all of which are listed on the TCCA Type Certificate: Series 700, Series 701, and Series 702. The Series 700 is limited to 68 passengers, the Series 701 to 70 passengers, and the Series 702 to 78 passengers. The CRJ700 also has three fuel/weight options: standard, ER, and LR. The ER version has an increase in fuel capacity and maximum weight, which in turn increases the range. The LR increases those values further. The executive version is marketed as the Challenger 870. The CRJ700 directly competes with the Embraer 170, which typically seats 70 passengers.[61]
The early-built aircraft were equipped with two General Electric CF34-8C1 engines, but later-built aircraft are now equipped as standard with the -8C5 model, which is essentially an uprated 8C1. Most airlines have replaced the older-model engines with the newer model, while a few have kept the older -8C1 engines in their fleet.
Maximum speed is Mach 0.85 (903 km/h; 488 kn) at a maximum altitude of 12,500 m (41,000 ft). Depending upon payload, the CRJ700 has a range up to 3,620 km (2,250 mi) with original engines, and a new variant with CF34-8C5 engines has a range of up to 4,660 km (2,900 mi).
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The CRJ550 is a variant of the CRJ700 limited by type certification to just 50 seats and a lower maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 65,000 pounds (29,000 kg), compared to the CRJ700's 75,000 pounds (34,000 kg), to comply with U.S. pilot contract scope clauses. The type debuted on 6 February 2019. United Airlines was the launch customer, ordering aircraft configured with 10 first class, 20 economy plus, and 20 economy seats. These aircraft are operated by GoJet Airlines under the United Express brand[62] and by SkyWest Airlines under the Delta Connection and United Express brands.[63][64]
The reconfiguration addresses a common pain point of the CRJ series: limited overhead storage. Four large storage cabinets are installed on the cabin floor, allowing passengers to stow their carry-on luggage inside the cabin. Aircraft with 50 or fewer seats require only one flight attendant. Because this aircraft has a sizable first class section, where passengers might typically expect dedicated service, the CRJ550 is equipped with a self-service galley area to be stocked with a selection of snacks and a refrigerator with non-alcoholic beverages, empowering first class passengers to enjoy refreshments at their leisure, particularly when flight attendants are serving the economy cabin.[65][66]
As of 2024[update], all CRJ550s were converted from existing CRJ700s rather than being newly built.[67][68] The CRJ550's official designation on TCCA and FAA documents is CL-600-2C11. The aircraft received type certification from both TCCA and FAA in the latter half of 2019.[69] The first converted aircraft was delivered on August 7, 2019, and conducted a familiarization flight to Chicago-O’Hare International Airport.[70]
The CRJ900 is a stretched 76- to 90-seat version of the CRJ700. Internally designated as the RJX, the first CRJ900 (C-FRJX) was modified from the prototype CRJ700 by adding longer fuselage plugs fore and aft of the wings. It was later converted into the prototype CRJ1000 by replacing the fuselage plugs with longer plugs.[71] The CRJ900 also features strakes located at the rear of the plane. The CRJ900 competes with the Embraer 175, and is more efficient per seat-mile, according to Bombardier.[72] Mesa Air Group was the launch customer for the CRJ900 painted in America West livery. The aircraft model is listed as CL-600-2D24 on the TCCA, FAA, and EASA Type Certificates.
The wing is wider with added leading-edge slats, the tail is redesigned with more span and anhedral. The cabin floor has been lowered 2 in (5 cm), which gains outward visibility from the windows in the cabin, as the windows become closer to eye-level height. The cabin's recirculation fan aids in cooling and heating. The environmental packs have a target temperature instead of a hot-cold knob. The auxiliary power unit is a Honeywell RE220,[73] which supplies much more air to the AC packs and has higher limits for starting and altitude usage.
The aircraft features two GE CF34-8C5 engines, 59.4 kN (13,400 lbf) thrust with APR. The engines are controlled by FADEC digital engine control instead of control cables and a fuel-control unit. In typical service, the CRJ900 can cruise 8–10,000 ft higher with a slightly higher fuel burn and an average true airspeed of 450–500 knots, a significant improvement over its predecessor. Its maximum ground takeoff weight is 84,500 lb.[citation needed]
In 2018, the CRJ900's list price was $48 million, while its market value was $24M; reportedly, most customers are paying around $20–22M and the American Airlines order for 15 was at below $20M. A six-year old aircraft of 2012 was worth less than $14M and it was to fall by 30% in 2021.[74]
The CRJ705 was a variant of the CRJ900 regional jet limited by type certification to just 75 seats, to comply with Air Canada's pilot contract scope clause. Air Canada Jazz, a regional carrier operating under the Air Canada Express brand, served as the launch customer for this aircraft in 2005.[75] These aircraft were configured with 10 business class and 65 economy class seats.[76] The official designation for the CRJ705 on TCCA and FAA documents was CL-600-2D15.
The CRJ705 variant was short-lived. In April 2016, Jazz Aviation announced a plan to convert them all to standard CRJ900 configuration with a slightly increased capacity of 76 with 12 business class and 64 economy class seats.[77] By late February 2018, the conversion process was complete. All former CRJ705s received supplemental identification plates reflecting the change.
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On 19 February 2007, Bombardier launched the development of the CRJ1000, previously designated CRJ900X, as a stretched CRJ900, with up to 100 seats. The CRJ1000 completed its first production flight on 28 July 2009 in Montreal; the entry into service was planned for the first quarter of 2010.[78] A month after the first flight, however, a fault in the rudder controls forced the flight-test program to be grounded; the program was not resumed until February 2010, and deliveries were projected to begin by January 2011.[79] Brit Air and Air Nostrum were the launch customers for the CRJ1000.[80][81]
Bombardier Aerospace announced on 10 November 2010 that its 100-seat CRJ1000 was awarded aircraft Type Certificates from Transport Canada and the European Aviation Safety Agency, allowing for deliveries to begin.[82] On 14 December 2010, Bombardier began CRJ1000 deliveries to Brit Air and Air Nostrum.[80][83] On 23 December 2010, it was announced that the Federal Aviation Administration had also awarded a type certificate, allowing the CRJ1000 to operate in US airspace.[84] It has a separate type rating.[85] Bombardier states that it offers better performance and a higher profit per seat than the competing Embraer E-190.[86][87] The aircraft model is listed as CL-600-2E25 on the TCCA, FAA, and EASA Type Certificates.
In 2018, a new CRJ1000 discounted price was $24.8M, a 2015 model is valued $22.0M, a 2010 one is worth $15.5M for a $155,000 monthly lease, and it would be $12.0M in 2021 for a $145,000 monthly lease, while its D Check costs $800,000 and its engine overhaul costs $0.9 to 2.4M.[88]
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As of July 2018, 290 CRJ700 aircraft (all variants), 425 CRJ900 aircraft (all variants), and 62 CRJ1000 aircraft were in airline service with SkyWest Airlines (123), Endeavor Air (112), PSA Airlines (95), Mesa Airlines (84), GoJet Airlines (54), ExpressJet Airlines (39), Lufthansa CityLine (37), China Express Airlines (36), Jazz Aviation LP (35), Scandinavian Airlines (26), HOP! (25), Air Nostrum (23), Envoy Air (20), Garuda Indonesia (18), and other operators with fewer aircraft of the type.[89][needs update]
| Model series | Deliveries |
|---|---|
| CRJ700 and CRJ550 | 330 |
| CRJ705 | 16 |
| CRJ900 | 487 |
| CRJ1000 | 63 |
| Total | 896 |
Data as of 1 January 2021.[3]
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_de_Air_Nostrum_(cropped).JPG)
| Variant | CRJ550[91] | CRJ700[92] | CRJ705[93] | CRJ900[94] | CRJ1000[95] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cockpit crew | Two | ||||
| Seating capacity | 50 | 66 to 78 | 75 | 76 to 90 | 97 to 104 |
| Cargo capacity | 547 cu ft (15.5 m3) 5,375 lb (2,438 kg) |
594 cu ft (16.8 m3) 6,075 lb (2,756 kg) |
683 cu ft (19.4 m3) 7,180 lb (3,257 kg) | ||
| Length | 106 ft 1 in (32.3 m) | 118 ft 11 in (36.2 m) | 128 ft 5 in (39.1 m) | ||
| Height | 24 ft 10 in (7.6 m) | 24 ft 7 in (7.5 m) | 24 ft 6 in (7.5 m) | ||
| Wingspan | 76 ft 3 in (23.2 m) | 81 ft 7 in (24.9 m) | 85 ft 11 in (26.2 m) | ||
| Wing area | 760 sq ft (70.6 m2) | 765 sq ft (71.1 m2) | 833 sq ft (77.4 m2) | ||
| Fuselage | 8 ft 10 in (2.7 m) maximum diameter | ||||
| Cabin | 100.5 in (2.55 m) width × 74.4 in (1.89 m) height | ||||
| MTOW | 65,000 lb (29,484 kg) | ER: 75,000 lb (34,019 kg) | 80,500 lb (36,514 kg) | LR: 84,500 lb (38,330 kg) | ER: 91,800 lb (41,640 kg) |
| Operating empty | 43,455 lb (19,711 kg) | 44,245 lb (20,069 kg) | 47,410 lb (21,504 kg) | 48,160 lb (21,845 kg) | 51,120 lb (23,188 kg) |
| Max. payload | 15,545 lb (7,051 kg) | 18,055 lb (8,190 kg) | 22,590 lb (10,247 kg) | LR: 22,590 lb (10,247 kg) | 26,380 lb (11,966 kg) |
| Max. fuel | 19,595 lb (8,888 kg)[96] | 19,450 lb (8,822 kg)[97] | |||
| Engines (2×) | GE CF34-8C5B1 | GE CF34-8C5 | GE CF34-8C5A1 | ||
| Thrust (2×)[lower-alpha 2] | 13,790 lbf (61.3 kN) | 14,510 lbf (64.5 kN) | |||
| Max. speed | Mach .825 (473 kn, 876 km/h; 544 mph) | Mach .82 (470 kn, 871 km/h; 541 mph) | |||
| Service ceiling | 41,000 ft (12,479 m)[60] | ||||
| Cruise | Mach .78 (447 kn; 829 km/h; 515 mph) | ||||
| Range[lower-alpha 3] | 1,000 nmi (1,852 km; 1,200 mi) | ER: 1,400 nmi (2,593 km; 1,600 mi) | LR: 1,550 nmi (2,871 km; 1,780 mi) | ER: 1,650 nmi (3,056 km; 1,900 mi) | |
| Takeoff[lower-alpha 4] | 4,056 ft (1,236 m) | ER: 5,265 ft (1,605 m) | LR: 5,820 ft (1,770 m) | ER: 6,670 ft (2,030 m) | |
| Landing[lower-alpha 5] | 4,710 ft (1,436 m) | 5,040 ft (1,540 m) | 5,360 ft (1,630 m) | 5,740 ft (1,750 m) | |
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
In 2006, the CRJ700 was featured in Microsoft Flight Simulator X as one of the demo aircraft.[98]
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