COVID-19 lockdowns

"COVID lockdowns" and "the lockdowns" redirect here. For the general topic, see Lockdown. For other uses, see Lockdown (disambiguation).

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of non-pharmaceutical interventions, particularly lockdowns (encompassing stay-at-home orders, curfews, quarantines, cordons sanitaires and similar societal restrictions), were implemented in numerous countries and territories around the world.^[1] These restrictions were established with the intention to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.^[2] By April 2020, about half of the world's population was under some form of lockdown, with more than 3.9 billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments.^[3] Although similar disease control measures have been used for hundreds of years, the scale of those implemented in the 2020s is thought to be unprecedented.^{[4][failed verification]}

A usually congested highway in Penang, Malaysia, deserted during the Movement Control Order

Healthcare workers in Hong Kong prepare to conduct mass COVID-19 testing of Jordan residents during a localised lockdown.

Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon delivers a press conference instructing the public to stay at home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland.

At a community quarantine checkpoint in Bohol, Philippines, police officers check a passing jeepney.

Queue in front of a supermarket in Italy caused by social distancing measures and supply shortages during the lockdown

Volunteers in Cape Town pack food parcels to distribute to the needy during the pandemic lockdown in South Africa.

Research and case studies have shown that lockdowns were generally effective at reducing the spread of COVID-19, therefore flattening the curve.^{[5][unreliable medical source?] [6][contradictory][7]} The World Health Organization's recommendation on lockdowns is that they should be very brief, short-term measures to reorganize, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect health workers who are exhausted.^{[citation needed]} To achieve a balance between restrictions and normal life, the WHO recommends a response to the pandemic that consists of strict personal hygiene, effective contact tracing, and isolating when ill.^{[8][better source needed]}

In addition to the health effects of lockdown restrictions,^[9] researchers have found the lockdowns have reduced crime and violence by armed non-state actors, such as the Islamic State, and other terrorist groups.^[10] They have also had profound negative economic impacts, and have been met with protests in some territories.

Efficacy

Lockdowns, implemented in many countries, were effective at reducing COVID-19 mortality.^[11]

Voluntary versus mandatory restrictions

A member of the Peruvian Army with a police dog enforces curfew on 31 March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

One study led by an economist at the University of Chicago found that involuntary lockdowns had little impact, with voluntary distancing making up nearly 90% of the fall in consumer traffic as people feared the virus itself.^[12] Similarly, a National Bureau of Economic Research study found stay-at-home orders increased staying at home by just 5–10%.^[13] Another study from Yale University found that most social distancing was voluntary, driven primarily by "media coverage of morbidity and mortality".^[14]

On the other hand, some studies have argued^[15][16] that coercive measures probably decreased interactions, while accepting that most of the reduction may have been voluntary. One of those two studies, by Flaxman et al., has been criticized, among other things for having a country-specific adjustment factor, without which the model would predict a massive number of deaths for Sweden.^[17] One widely cited economic simulation asserting that shelter-in-place orders reduced total cases three-fold, however, held voluntary distancing constant.^[18] Another study found a 30% difference among border-counties where stay-at-home orders were imposed.^[19]

Another study that compared the impact of 'less restrictive interventions' on the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden and South Korea, with mandatory stay-at home orders in 8 other countries, such as France and Spain, did not find evidence for greater disease control in the countries with more restrictions.^[20] However, the findings of the study have been questioned due to its numerous limitations, including the small sample size of countries.^[21][22]

Some research has also found that an "advisory" approach is not adequate to control COVID-19 outbreaks. An analysis of an outbreak in northern Italy found that an effective reduction in community transmission occurred during a strict national lockdown, and that earlier less stringent measures were ineffective at reducing mobility to a level low enough to reduce the spread of COVID-19.^[23]

Since the beginning of the pandemic, Google has consistently collected data on movements, showing rapid declines in public activity long before legal restrictions were imposed.^[24] An April 2020 poll found that 93% of Americans voluntarily chose to only leave home when necessary, regardless of legal restrictions.^[25]

Reception

A February 2021 review of 348 articles concluded there was acknowledgement of the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in controlling the spread of COVID-19.^[7] However, later research also acknowledges high societal costs, though in some circumstances less than the costs of allowing the pandemic to spread without mitigation.^[6][5][7]

Related to epidemiology

Epidemiological evidence supports generalized non-pharmaceutical interventions to curb the spread of COVID-19.^{[7][26][27][28]}

During the early stages of the pandemic in Europe and the United States, statistical modeling which advised that restrictions were helpful to prevent a large number of deaths were used as the basis for lockdowns.^[29] This includes an Imperial College projection, led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson.^[30] Despite some criticisms, academics defended the Imperial projection as fundamentally sound, while admitting the code was "a buggy mess".^[31] Retrospective evaluation of lockdowns and computer modeling has verified that they have significantly contributed to reducing mortality and morbidity from COVID-19.^[32]

A notable opponent of lockdowns has included Sweden's state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell, who has frequently criticised the strategy.^[33][34] The Swedish government's approach has included minimal restrictions and has been controversial in part due to the relatively high death toll due to widespread transmission.^[35][36] However, the Swedish government began considering enacting a lockdown in early 2021.^[37][38]

While arguing in August 2020 for the need for further lockdowns in the United States, physicians Ranu Dhillon and Abraar Karan argued for "smarter lockdowns" that impose restrictions on areas with high levels of transmission, and to increase support to vulnerable populations in these locations to offset the economic costs.^[39]

A number of medical experts signed the Great Barrington Declaration in October 2020 which called for "Focused Protection" on high risk groups and minimal restrictions on the general population to achieve herd immunity through COVID-19 infection. However, the majority of medical experts and the WHO have strongly criticised this proposed strategy for its lack of scientific basis and for being unethical.^[27][40][41] The declaration has also attracted controversy over its funding and the authenticity of its signatures.^[26][42]

Related to social impacts

See also: Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

The lockdowns had multiple effects on people's everyday lives. Some of these were direct effects, such as cancelling or postponing a social event, and others had indirect effects, such as losing a sense of identity.^[43] For example, teachers often derive meaning and a sense of life purpose from teaching, but the schools were closed, which caused many of them to feel disconnected from their identity as teachers.^[43] Many people also felt that they could not trust that the things (e.g., doorknobs) and people around them were safe.^[43] People also lost a sense of time, with the feelings of unpredictability developing into the opposite of the normal human ontological security.^[43] Instead of knowing what to do, what to trust, and what to expect in the future, people felt disconnected and at a loss.^[43] It also made people more aware of the pre-existing problems they were facing, such as abuse, addiction, and racism.^[43] The sociologist Ann Swidler compared the social changes to anomie, an absence of social norms that was first described at the end of the Industrial Revolution, as the prior, socially agreed-upon system of interpersonal connections, values, interdependence, and ideas about normal behavior was set aside, and a new system had not yet emerged.^[43]

Some commentators have suggested that states' use of emergency powers to curb freedom of assembly and movement are authoritarian and may result in long-term democratic backsliding.^[44] Centralization of power by political leadership in Hungary, Poland, China and Cambodia in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have been cited as examples.^[45][46][47]

Some researchers have noted that COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have come with mental health costs, compounded by those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic itself.^{[7][48][49][50][51]} Systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate that the COVID-19 lockdowns were associated with increased rates of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and a decline in health-related quality of life among children and adolescents, largely driven by school closures, social isolation, and disrupted routines.^[52] Lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic also led to strained relationships, increased cyberbullying, and physical consequences like abuse, accidental poisonings, and foreign object injuries.^[53] Pandemic policies were associated with increased depressive symptoms, decreased physical activity, poorer nutrition, reduced emergency department visits, higher child mortality in Cameroon, a drop in immunizations in Pakistan, and an increase in physical child abuse trauma cases in one U.S. center.^[54]

Due to their closure, educational institutions worldwide transitioned to online learning. Teachers and faculty had to learn new ways to engage with students while in a COVID-19 pandemic. Examples of online teaching tools are podcasts, videos, and virtual classrooms.^{[55][better source needed]} Prolonged COVID-19 school closures and the ineffectiveness of remote learning, especially in low- and middle-income countries, exacerbated educational inequities, leading to substantial learning losses that could cost this generation of students $17 trillion in lifetime earnings. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted education for 1.6 billion students at its peak, exacerbating the gender divide with disproportionately greater learning losses among girls and increased risks of child labor, gender-based violence, early marriage, and pregnancy in some countries.^[56] School closures during the pandemic resulted in significant learning loss, although some countries managed to limit the impact.^[57][58] The closures also led to a significant reduction in child abuse reporting, especially in Florida, where allegations of child abuse and neglect dropped by nearly one-third. This decline has been attributed to the limited access that teachers and school staff had to students, who typically serve as key reporters of child abuse.^[59]

UN Women warned in an April 2020 report that COVID-19 pandemic restrictions exacerbate gender inequalities and have led to an increase in domestic violence.^[60] Many women were being forced to 'lockdown' at home with their abusers at the same time that services to support survivors are being disrupted or made inaccessible.^[61] For instance, in France there was around a 30% spike in cases of violence against women since the lockdown in March 2020.^[60]

Telehealth had an important role to allow physicians not to miss the follow-up of patients with different chronic diseases and potentially helped to contain SARS-CoV-2 spreading among both patients and healthcare providers ^[62] During the COVID-19 pandemic, video-communications became an easy-to-use quick-to-learn tool for many people, and the anxiety to contract COVID-19 could have counterbalanced some patients' low level of trust in technology. For these reasons, most patients accepted to receive a video-consultation in spite of the traditional in-person visit and trusted telemedicine.^{[63][non-primary source needed][failed verification]}

In late 2023, former Director of the National Institutes of Health Francis Collins went viral online amongst critics of the lockdown response when he discussed the lack of weight that public health authorities had given to the potential downsides of the lockdown measures when they were formulating the official response to COVID-19.^[64]

Related to economic impacts

An anti-lockdown protest at the Ohio Statehouse in April 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the state

Police presence in Melbourne at an anti-lockdown protest

Some economists supported increased government funding for mitigation efforts, even at the cost of tolerating a very large economic contraction.^[65] They agreed that lockdowns should continue until the threat of resurgence has declined, even when considering only the economic impact.^[66] There was a general agreement, at least in some economic circles, that "severe lockdowns — including closing non-essential businesses and strict limitations on people's movement — are likely to be better for the economy in the medium term than less aggressive measures".^[67]

Both the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have published statements noting the impact of the lockdowns on livelihoods and food security, and David Nabarro, WHO Special Envoy on COVID-19 stated in October 2020 that "lockdowns just have one consequence that you must never ever belittle, and that is making poor people an awful lot poorer".^[68][69][70]

Protests

Further information: Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

There have also been a number of protests worldwide in opposition to lockdowns, including in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Canada and New Zealand. The motivations for and sizes of these protests have varied. Some have been spurred by the economic and social impacts of lockdowns, but have also been associated with misinformation related to the pandemic, conspiracy theories and anti-vaccination.^[71][72]

Table of pandemic lockdowns

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COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns

Country / territory	Place	First lockdown			Second lockdown			Third lockdown			Fourth lockdown			Fifth lockdown			Sixth lockdown			Seventh lockdown			Eighth lockdown			Total length (days)	Level
		Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)
Albania		2020-03-13[73]	2020-06-01[74]	80																						80	National
Algeria	Algiers	2020-03-23[75]	2020-05-14[76]	52																						52	City
	Blida
Argentina	Greater Buenos Aires	2020-03-19[77]	2020-11-08[78]	234	2021-05-22[79]	2021-05-30	9	2021-06-05[80]	2021-06-06	2																245	Metropolitan area
	Rest of the country	2020-03-19[77]	2020-05-10[81]	52	2021-05-22[79]	2021-05-30	9	2021-06-05[80]	2021-06-06	2																63	National
Armenia		2020-03-24[82]	2020-05-04[83]	41																						41	National
Australia	Melbourne	2020-03-31[84]	2020-05-12[85][a]	43	2020-07-09[b][86][87]	2020-10-27[88]	111	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28[90]	2021-06-10[91]	14	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-10-21[95]	78							263	Metropolitan area
	Greater Shepparton	2020-03-31	2020-05-12[85]	43	2020-08-06[87]	2020-09-16[87]	41	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28	2021-06-03	7	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-08-09	5	2021-08-21[96]	2021-09-15[97][98]	25	2021-10-02[99]	2021-10-09[100]	7	145	Local government area
	Ballarat	2020-03-31	2020-05-12[85]	43	2020-08-06[87]	2020-09-16[87]	41	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28	2021-06-03	7	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-08-09	5	2021-08-21[96]	2021-09-09[97][98]	20	2021-09-16[101]	2021-09-22[c][102][103]	7	140
	Greater Geelong	2020-03-31	2020-05-12[85]	43	2020-08-06[87]	2020-09-16[87]	41	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28	2021-06-03	7	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-08-09	5	2021-08-21[96]	2021-09-09[97][98]	20	2021-09-20[104]	2021-09-26[105]	7	140
	Surf Coast Shire	2020-03-31	2020-05-12[85]	43	2020-08-06[87]	2020-09-16[87]	41	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28	2021-06-03	7	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-08-09	5	2021-08-21[96]	2021-09-09[97][98]	20	2021-09-20[104]	2021-09-26[105]	7	140
	Mitchell Shire	2020-03-31	2020-05-12[85]	43	2020-07-09[b][106]	2020-09-16[87]	70	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28	2021-06-03	7	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-08-09	5	2021-08-21[96]	2021-09-09[97][98]	20	2021-09-20[104]	2021-10-13[d][107]	24	186
	Mildura	2020-03-31	2020-05-12[85]	43	2020-08-06[87]	2020-09-16[87]	41	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28	2021-06-03	7	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-08-09	5	2021-08-21[96]	2021-09-09[97][98]	20	2021-10-09[108]	2021-10-22[109]	14	147
	Latrobe Valley	2020-03-31	2020-05-12[85]	43	2020-08-06[87]	2020-09-16[87]	41	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28	2021-06-03	7	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-08-09	5	2021-08-21[96]	2021-09-09[97][98]	20	2021-09-29[110]	2021-10-06[111]	7	140	Region
	Rest of regional Victoria[e]	2020-03-31	2020-05-12[85]	43	2020-08-06[87]	2020-09-16[87]	41	2021-02-13[89]	2021-02-17[89]	5	2021-05-28	2021-06-03	7	2021-07-16[92]	2021-07-27[93]	12	2021-08-05[94]	2021-08-09	5	2021-08-21[96]	2021-09-09[97][98]	20				133	State
	South Australia				2020-11-19[112]	2020-11-22[113]	3	2021-07-21[114]	2021-07-27	7																62
	Southern Tasmania				2021-10-16[115]	2021-10-19	3																			55
	Northern Beaches (NSW)				2020-12-19[116]	2021-01-10[117]	22	2021-06-26	2021-10-11[f][118]	107																181	Local government area
	Brisbane				2021-01-08[119]	2021-01-11[119]	3	2021-03-29[120]	2021-04-01[121]	3	2021-06-29[122]	2021-07-03	4	2021-07-31[123]	2021-08-08[124]	8										67	Metropolitan area
	Perth				2021-01-31[125]	2021-02-05[125]	5	2021-04-23[126]	2021-04-26[126]	3	2021-06-28[127]	2021-07-02[127]	4													61	Metropolitan area
	Peel				2021-01-31[125]	2021-02-05[125]	5	2021-04-23[126]	2021-04-26[126]	3	2021-06-28	2021-07-02	4													61	Region
	South West				2021-01-31[125]	2021-02-05[125]	5																			57
	Illawarra				2021-06-26[128]	2021-10-11[g][129][130][118]	107																			159
	Greater Sydney				2021-06-26[128]	2021-10-11[h][129][130][118]	107																			159	Metropolitan area
	Darwin				2021-06-27[131]	2021-07-02[132]	5	2021-08-16	2021-08-19	3																57	Metropolitan area
	South East Queensland				2021-06-29[122]	2021-07-02	3	2021-07-31	2021-08-08	8																63	Region
	Townsville				2021-06-29[122]	2021-07-02	3	2021-07-31	2021-08-08	8																63	Metropolitan area
	Alice Springs				2021-06-30 [133]	2021-07-03	3																			55	Metropolitan area
	Central West				2021-07-20[134]	2021-07-27[134]	7	2021-08-14	2021-10-11[i][135]	58																117	Region
	Hunter Region				2021-08-05[136][137]	2021-10-11[j][135]	67																			119
	Upper Hunter				2021-08-05[136]	2021-09-16[k][135][138]	42																			94
	Muswellbrook				2021-08-05[136]	2021-09-16[l][135][138]	42	2021-09-28[139]	2021-10-11[m]	13																107	Local government area
	Armidale				2021-08-07[140]	2021-09-10[141]	34																			87
	Cairns Region				2021-08-08[142]	2021-08-11[143]	3																			55	Region
	Yarrabah				2021-08-08[142]	2021-08-11[143]	3																			55	Local government area
	Richmond Valley				2021-08-09[144]	2021-09-10[135][145]	32																			84
	Lismore				2021-08-09[144]	2021-09-10[135][141]	32	2021-09-16[138]	2021-09-23	7	2021-10-03[146]	2021-10-11	8													99
	Byron Shire				2021-08-09[144]	2021-09-10[135][145]	32	2021-09-21[147]	2021-09-28	7																91
	Ballina				2021-08-09[144]	2021-09-10[135][145]	32																			84
	Tamworth				2021-08-09[148]	2021-09-10[135][145][141]	32																			84
	Dubbo				2021-08-11[149]	2021-10-11[n][135][141]	61																			113
	Australian Capital Territory				2021-08-12[150]	2021-10-15[151]	61																			114	Territory
	Regional NSW[o]				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28																			81	Region
	Mid-Coast				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141][153]	28																			81	Local government area
	South Coast[p]				2021-08-14[152]	2021-10-11[q][135][141]	57																			109	Region
	Bega Valley				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-16[r][135][141][154]	33																			85	Local government area
	Goulburn–Mulwaree				2021-08-14[152]	2021-10-11[s][135][141]	57																			109
	Snowy Monaro				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-16[t][135][141][154]	33	2021-09-30[155]	2021-10-11[156]	11																96
	Yass Valley				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[141]	28	2021-09-14[157]	2021-09-27	14																94
	Albury (NSW)				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28	2021-09-16[138]	2021-09-23	7																87
	Cowra				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28	2021-09-20[158]	2021-10-05[159]	14																94
	Glen Innes Severn (NSW)				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28	2021-09-17[160]	2021-09-24	7																87
	Hilltops (NSW)				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28	2021-09-17[160]	2021-10-01[161]	14																94
	Port Macquarie-Hastings				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28	2021-09-28[139]	2021-10-05	7																87
	Oberon				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28	2021-09-29[162]	2021-10-11[156]	12																92
	Gunnedah				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28	2021-10-05[163]	2021-10-11	6																86
	Casino				2021-08-14[152]	2021-09-10[135][141]	28	2021-10-02[164]	2021-10-11	9																89	Town
	Rest of the country[u]	2020-03-23[165]	2020-05-15[166]	52																						52	National
Austria		2020-03-16[167]	2020-04-13[168]	28	2020-11-03[169]	2020-11-30[169]	27	2020-12-26[170]	2021-02-07[171]	43	2021-11-22[172]	2021-12-11[173]	20													118
Azerbaijan		2020-03-31[174]	2020-08-30[174]	152																						152
Bangladesh		2020-03-26[175]	2020-05-16[176]	51	2021-04-05[177]	2021-07-14[178]	100	2021-07-23[179]	2021-08-10[180]	18																169
Barbados		2020-03-28[181]	2020-05-03[181]	36																						36
Belgium		2020-03-18[182]	2020-05-04 [183]	47	2020-11-02[184]	2020-12-14[184]	42	2021-03-27[185]	2021-04-26[186]	30																119
Bermuda		2020-04-04[181]	2020-05-02[187]	28																						28
Bhutan		2020-08-11[188]	2020-09-01[189]	21																						21
Bolivia		2020-03-22[190]	2020-07-31[191]	131																						131
Botswana		2020-04-02[192]	2020-04-30[192]	28																						28
Brazil	Santa Catarina	2020-03-17[193]	2020-04-07[193]	21																						21	State
	São Paulo	2020-03-24[194]	2020-05-10[195]	47																						47
Bulgaria		2020-03-13[v][199][200]	2020-06-15[w][202][203]	94	2020-11-28 (de facto)[x][205]	2021-01-31[y][205][206]	65	2021-03-22[z][208]	2021-03-31	10																169	National
Cambodia	Phnom Penh	2021-04-15[209]	2021-05-05[210]	21																						21	Municipality
	Ta Khmau
Canada	British Columbia	2020-03-18[211]	2020-05-18[212]	61	2020-11-07[213]	2021-01-08[213]	62																			123	Province
	Ontario	2020-03-17[214][215]	2020-05-14	58				2021-04-03[216]	2021-05-01	28																86
	Ontario - South				2020-12-26[217]	2021-01-23[217]	28	2021-04-08[218]	2021-06-02[218]	55																83	Region
	Ontario - North				2020-12-26[217]	2021-01-09[217]	14																			14
	Quebec	2020-03-18	2020-05-04	47	2020-12-25[219]	2021-01-11[219]	18[219]																			65	Province
Colombia		2020-03-25[220]	2020-06-30[221]	97																						97	National
Congo		2020-03-31[222]	2020-04-20[222]	20																						20
Costa Rica		2020-03-23[223]	2020-05-01[224]	39																						39
Croatia		2020-03-18[225]	2020-05-11	32	2020-12-22[226]	2020-12-29[227]	7																			39
Cyprus		2020-03-24[228]	2020-04-13[228]	20	2021-01-10[229]	2021-01-31[229]	21	2021-04-26[230]	2021-05-09[230]	13																54
Czech Republic		2020-03-16[167]	2020-04-12[231]	27	2020-10-22[232]	2021-03-28[232]	174																			201
Denmark		2020-03-12[233]	2020-04-13[234]	33	2020-12-25[235]	2021-03-01[236]	66																			99
Ecuador		2020-03-16[237]	2020-03-31[237]	15																						15
El Salvador		2020-03-12[238]	2020-04-02[238]	21																						21
Eritrea		2020-04-02[239]	2020-04-23[239]	21																						21
Estonia		2021-03-11[240]	2021-04-11[240]	31																						31	National
Fiji	Lautoka	2020-03-20[241]	2020-04-07[242]	18	2021-04-19																					18	City
	Suva	2020-04-03[243]	2020-04-17[244]	14																						14
France	Nationwide	2020-03-17[245]	2020-05-11[246]	55	2020-10-30[247]	2020-12-15[248]	46	2021-04-04[249]	2021-05-03[249]	29																130	National
	Paris							2021-03-19[250]	2021-04-18	30																131	Region
Finland		2021-03-08[251]	2021-03-28[251]	20																						20	National
Georgia		2020-03-31[252]	2020-04-21[252]	21																						21
Germany	different regionally	2020-03-16[aa][254]	2020-05-30[255][256] to 2020-05-11[257]	76	2020-11-02[258]	2021-03-01 to 2021-06-11[259][260]	119 to 222																			179 to 298
	Berchtesgadener Land				2020-10-20[261]	2020-11-03[262]	14																			43 to 64	District
Ghana	Accra	2020-03-30[263]	2020-04-12[264]	13																						13	Metropolitan area
	Kumasi
Greece	Nationwide	2020-03-23[265]	2020-05-04[266]	42	2020-11-07[267]	2021-03-22[268]	135																			177	National
	Thessaloniki				2020-11-03[269]		139																			181	Regional unit
	Serres
Guernsey		2020-03-25[270]	2020-06-20[271]	87	2021-01-23[272]	2021-02-22[273]	30																			117	National
Honduras		2020-03-20[274]	2020-05-17[275]	58																						58
Hungary		2020-03-28[276]	2020-04-10[276]	13																						13
India	Nationwide	2020-03-25[277]	2020-06-07[278]	74																						74
	Bengaluru				2021-04-27[279]	2021-05-09	12																			12	Region
	Delhi				2021-04-19[280]	2021-05-31[281]	42																			42	Region
	Haryana				2021-05-03[282]	2021-05-10	7																			7	State
	Maharashtra				2021-04-14[283]	2021-06-15[284]	62																			62	State
	Odisha				2021-05-05[285]	2021-05-19	14																			14	State
	Rajasthan				2021-05-10[286]	2021-06-08[287]	29																			29	State
	Uttar Pradesh				2021-04-30[288]	2021-05-10[289]	10																			10	State
Iran		2020-03-14[290]	2020-04-20[291]	37	2021-04-14[292]	2021-04-24	14																			47	National
Iraq		2020-03-22[293]	2020-04-11[294]	20																						20
Ireland	All 26 counties	2020-03-12[ab][295][296]	2020-05-18[297]	67	2020-10-21[298]	2020-12-01[299]	41	2020-12-24[ac][300]	2021-04-12[301]	119																227
	Kildare	2020-08-07[302][303]	2020-08-31[304]	24																						24	Regional
	Laois		2020-08-21[305]	14																						14
	Offaly
Israel	Bnei Brak	2020-04-02[306]	2020-04-16[307]	14			30			42																86	City
	Nationwide				2020-09-18[308]	2020-10-18[309]		2020-12-27[310]	2021-02-07[311]																	72	National
Italy	Nationwide	2020-03-09[ad][312]	2020-05-18[313]	70	2020-12-24[314][ae]	2021-01-06[314]	13	2021-03-15[315]	2021-04-30	46																129	National
	Lombardy				2020-11-06[316]	2020-12-03[317]	27	2021-01-17 [318]	2021-01-30	13																110	Region
	Piedmont				2020-11-06[316]	2020-12-03[317]																				97
	Aosta Valley				2020-11-06[316]	2020-12-03[317]
	Calabria				2020-11-06[316]	2020-12-03[317]
	Sicily							2021-01-17[318]	2021-01-30	13																83
	Province of Bolzano							2021-01-17 [318]	2021-01-30																		Province
Jamaica	Saint Catherine	2020-04-15[319]	2020-04-22[319]	7																						7	Parish
Jordan		2020-03-18[320]	2020-04-30[321]	43	2020-11-10[322]	2020-11-15[322]	5																			48	National
Kosovo		2020-03-14[323]	2020-05-04 [324]	51																						51
Kuwait		2020-05-10[325]	2020-05-31[325]	21																						21
Lebanon		2020-03-15[326]	2020-03-28[326]	13	2020-11-14[327]	2020-11-28	14																			27
Libya		2020-03-22[328]	2020-06-27[329]	97																						97
Lithuania		2020-03-16[330]	2020-06-18[331]	94	2020-11-07[332]	2020-11-28	21																			115
Madagascar	Antananarivo	2020-03-23[333]	2020-04-20[334]	28																						28	City
	Toamasina
Malaysia		2020-03-18[335]	2020-06-09[336]	83	2021-01-13	2021-02-10	28	2021-06-01[337]	2021-08-16[338]	76																187	National
Mexico	Nationwide	2020-03-23[339]	2020-06-01[339]	70																						70
	Chihuahua				2020-10-23[340]	2020-12-06	44																			114	State
	Durango				2020-11-03[341]	2020-12-06	33																			103
	Baja California				2020-12-07																					70
	Mexico City				2020-12-19[342]																					70
	State of Mexico				2020-12-19[342]																					70
	Morelos				2021-01-04																					70
	Guanajuato				2021-01-04																					70
Mongolia		2020-03-10[343]	2020-03-16[343]	6	2020-11-17[344]	2020-12-01	15																			21	National
Montenegro	Tuzi	2020-03-24[345]	2020-05-05[346]	42																						42	Municipality
Morocco		2020-03-19[347]	2020-06-10[348]	83																						83	National
Myanmar	Yangon	2020-04-18[349]	2020-07-01[350]	74	2020-09-01[351]	2021-04-10[352]	220	2021-07-08[353]	2021-10-27[354]	111																405	City
Namibia		2020-03-27[af][355]	2020-05-04[356]	38																						38
Nepal	Nationwide	2020-03-24[357]	2020-07-21[358]	120																						120
	Kathmandu				2020-08-20[359]	2020-09-09[359]	21																			141	City
Netherlands		2020-03-15[360]	2020-04-06[360]	22	2020-12-15[361]	2021-06-05[362]	172	2021-12-19[363]	2022-01-14[364]	26																220	National
New Zealand	Nationwide	2020-03-23[365][366]	2020-05-13[367]	52	2021-08-18[365]	2021-09-07[365]	21																			73	National
	Auckland				2020-08-12[368]	2020-08-30[365]	19	2021-02-14[369]	2021-02-17[369]	3	2021-02-28[365]	2021-03-07[365]	7	2021-08-18[365]	2021-11-29(TBC)[370]	104										185	Region
Nigeria	Abuja	2020-03-30[371]	2020-04-12[371]	13																						13	City
	Lagos
	Ogun																										State
Northern Cyprus		2020-03-30[372]	2020-05-04[373]	35																						35	National
North Korea	Nationwide	2022-05-12[374]	not set	not set																							National
	Kaesong	2020-07-25[375]	2020-08-14[376]	20																						20	City
Oman	Muscat	2020-04-10[377]	2020-05-29[378]	49																						49	Governorate
	Jalan Bani Bu Ali	2020-04-16[379]	2020-05-29[380]	43																						43	Province
Pakistan		2020-03-24[381]	2020-05-09[382]	46	2021-05-08[383]	2021-05-18	10																			46	National
Panama		2020-03-25[384]	2020-05-31 (downgraded to a night and weekend curfew)[385]	67																						67
Papua New Guinea		2020-03-24[386]	2020-04-07[386]	14																						14
Paraguay		2020-03-20[387]	2020-05-03[388]	44																						44
Peru		2020-03-16[389]	2020-06-30[390]	106																						106
Philippines	Cebu	2020-03-27[391]	2020-05-15[ag][392] to 2020-05-31[ah][393]	49 to 65																						49 to 65	Province
	Davao Region	2020-03-19[394]	2020-05-15[392]	57																						57	Region
	Luzon	2020-03-15[ai][395]	2020-04-30[aj][396] to 2020-05-15[ak][397] to 2020-05-31[ah][393]	46 to 61 to 77	2020-08-04[398][al]	2020-08-18[398][al]	15	2021-01-25	2021-02-15	21	2021-03-29	2021-09-15	170													61 to 92	Island group
	Soccsksargen	2020-03-23[394]	2020-05-15[399]	53																						53	Region
Poland		2020-03-13[400]	2020-04-11[401]	29	2020-12-28[402]	2021-01-17[402]	20	2021-03-20[403]	2021-04-25[404]	36																85	National
Portugal		2020-03-19[405]	2020-04-02[401]	14	2021-01-15[406]	2021-03-15[407]	59																			73
Qatar	Doha Industrial Area	2020-03-11[408]	2020-06-15[409]	96																						96	Industrial park
Romania		2020-03-25[410]	2020-05-12[411]	48																						48	National
Russia	Moscow	2020-03-30[412]	2020-05-12[413][414]	43	2021-10-28[415]	2021-11-04	7																			50	Metropolitan area
	Rest of the country[am]	2020-03-28[416]	2020-04-30[416]	33																						33	National
Rwanda		2020-03-21[417]	2020-04-19[418]	29																						29
Samoa		2020-03-26[419]	2020-04-08[420]	13																						13
San Marino		2020-03-14[421]	2020-05-05[422]	52																						52
Saudi Arabia	Jeddah	2020-03-29[423]	2020-06-21[424]	84																						84	City
	Mecca	2020-03-26[423]		87																						87
	Medina
	Qatif	2020-03-09[425]		104																						104	Area
	Riyadh	2020-03-26[423]		87																						87	City
Serbia		2020-03-15[401]	2020-04-21[426] to 2020-05-04[427]	37 to 50																						37 to 50	National
Singapore		2020-04-07[428]	2020-06-01[429]	56	2021-05-16[430]	2021-06-13	28	2021-07-22	2021-08-09	18	2021-09-27	2021-11-21 [431]	56													158
South Africa		2020-03-26[432]	2020-04-30[433]	35	2020-12-28	2021-01-15	18	2021-06-28	2021-07-25	27																80
Spain		2020-03-14[434]	2020-05-09[435]	56																						56
Sri Lanka		2020-03-18[436]	2020-06-21[437]	95	2021-08-20[438]	2021-10-01[439]	42																			137
Switzerland		2020-03-17[440]	2020-04-27[441]	41	2021-01-18[442]	2021-03-01[443]	42																			83
Thailand		2020-03-25[444]	2020-05-31[445]	67																						67
Trinidad and Tobago		2020-03-17[446]	2020-03-31[446]	14																						14
Tunisia		2020-03-22[447]	2020-04-19[448]	28																						28
Turkey		2020-04-23[449]	2020-04-27[449]	4																						4	Only in 30 metropolitan cities and Zonguldak.
	Nationwide	2021-04-29[450]	2021-05-17[450]	18																						18	National
Ukraine		2020-03-17[401]	2020-04-24[401]	38																						38
United Arab Emirates		2020-03-26[451]	2020-04-17[452]	22																						22
United Kingdom	England	2020-03-23[453]	2020-07-04[454]	103	2020-11-05[455]	2020-12-02[455]	27	2021-01-05[456]	2021-03-28[457][an]	83																213
	Scotland		2020-06-29[458]	98	2020-12-26[459]	2021-04-02[460]	97																			195
	Northern Ireland		2020-07-03[461]	102	2020-11-27[462]	2020-12-11[462]	14	2020-12-26[463]	2021-04-12[464]	107																223	Country
	Wales		2020-07-13[465]	112	2020-10-23[466]	2020-11-09[466]	17	2020-12-20[467]	2021-03-13[468][469][ao]	83																212
	North West	2020-12-31[470]	2021-03-29	88																						88	Region
	North East	2020-12-31[470]	2021-03-29	88																						88
	East Midlands	2020-12-31[470]	2021-03-29	88																						88
	West Midlands	2020-12-31[470]	2021-03-29	88																						88
	Norfolk	2020-12-26[471]	2021-03-29	93																						93	County
	Suffolk	2020-12-26[472]	2021-03-29	93																						93
	Cambridgeshire	2020-12-26[473]	2021-03-29	93																						93
	Essex	2020-12-26[474]	2021-03-29	93																						93
	London area	2020-12-20[475]	2021-03-29	99																						99	City
	Kent & South East	2020-12-20[475]	2021-03-29	99																						99	Region
	Leicester	2020-06-30[476]	2020-07-24[477]	24																						24	County
	Glasgow				2020-11-20[478]	2020-12-11[478]	21																			21
	East Renfrewshire
	Renfrewshire
	East Dunbartonshire
	West Dunbartonshire
	North Lanarkshire
	South Lanarkshire
	East Ayrshire
	South Ayrshire
	West Lothian
	Stirling
United States	California	2020-03-19[479]	2021-06-15[480]	453																						453	State
	Connecticut	2020-03-23[481]	2020-04-22[482]	30																						30	State
	Illinois	2020-03-21[483]	2020-05-30[484]	70																						70
	Kansas City in Kansas	2020-03-24[485]	2020-04-19[486]	26																						26	City
	Massachusetts	2020-03-24[487]	2020-05-04[487]	41																						41	State
	Michigan	2020-03-24[488]	2020-04-13[482]	20																						20
	New York	2020-03-22[489]	2020-06-13[490]	83																						83
	Oregon	2020-03-24[491]	2020-05-15[492]	53																						53
	Wisconsin	2020-03-24[493]	2020-05-13[494]	50																						50
Venezuela		2020-03-17[495]	2020-05-13	57																						57	National
Vietnam	Nationwide	2020-04-01[496]	2020-04-22[497]	21																						21
	Da Nang				2020-07-28[498]	2020-09-05[499]	39																			60	City
	Hai Duong				2021-02-16[500]	2021-03-02	14																			35	Province, Chi Linh city lockdown began from 28 January.
	Bac Ninh				2021-05-18[501][502]		23																			23	4 districts and 1 city
	Bac Giang				2021-05-18[503][504]		23																				6 districts
Zimbabwe		2020-03-30[505]	2020-05-02[506]	33																						33	National
Notes Restrictions were further eased on the 1st of June 2021, however during the time between then and the 12th of May 2021, "Stay at home orders" were not active and hence this period didn't constitute what is internationally considered a "lockdown". Stage 3 lockdown imposed on 8 July; Stage 4 lockdown imposed on 2 August 2020 End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated All of Victoria except Melbourne, Greater Shepparton, Ballarat, Greater Geelong, Surf Coast Shire and Mitchell Shire End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated Applies for all others Regional NSW outside Greater Sydney, Hunter Region, Dubbo, Central West, South Coast, Goulburn, Queanbeyan-Palerang and Snowy Monaro Applies for all South Coast except Bega Valley after 16/09/2021 End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated Applies for further measures in each Australian state and territory Initially to last until 13 April 2020, included closures of universities, schools, restaurants and other establishments, a ban on mass gatherings, suspension of sports competitions for more than two months, certain temporary restrictions on the free movement of citizens, but no strict "Stay at home order".[196] A number of lockdown measures were already eased or lifted in April[197] and May 2020.[198] Depending on the strictness of the definition for a lockdown; some sources such as Politico Europe consider it to have ended by 9 May, with a total duration of 57 days.[201] Closures of all educational institutions, restaurants and other establishments, a ban on most cultural events, all excursions and forms of group tourism, children forbidden to participate in organized sports events, no "Stay at home order", described as a "soft" or "partial" lockdown and officially entered into force at 23:30 on 27 November.[204] The lockdown was initially to end on 21 December 2020, but was subsequently extended until 31 January 2021, though with a few of the restrictions relaxed, such as children in kindergartens and in grades 1-4 being able to attend in-person classes from January 2021. Preceded by some measures on the regional level, no "Stay at home order".[207] Lockdown was started in Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria on 20 March 2020. Two days later, it was expanded to the whole of Germany[253] A national stay-at-home order was officially declared on 27 March A full third lockdown was declared from 30 December and was repeatedly extended. Lockdown was first started in Northern Italy on 8 March 2020, then expanded to the rest of Italy the following day The lockdown was suspended on 28, 29, 30 December 2020 and 4 January 2021 Lockdown was started in the regions of Erongo and Khomas but effectively enforced countrywide. On 14 April the lockdown was extended to 4 May and to all of Namibia. Except in Cebu City only where it was extended to 16 days Lockdown was extended to areas under high risk COVID-19 zones Lockdown was started in Metro Manila, but expanded to the rest of Luzon two days later, 17 March 2020 In most Luzon areas only, except Metro Manila and selected areas of Luzon are on high risk COVID-19 zones Lockdown was extended to Metro Manila and remaining areas of Luzon Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite and Rizal only. Applies for mandatory holidays and further measures in each Russian region England has followed an incremental easing of restrictions since 8 March 2021. Most lockdown restrictions were lifted between March and June, July 19 is the date set for the expiry of most legal restrictions in England. Although some sources describe this date as the "end" of lockdown, March 28 was the date in which the "stay at home orders" were ended. This fits the most internationally accepted definition of what constitutes a lockdown. Most lockdown restrictions were lifted between March and June. March 13 was the date in which the "stay at home orders" were ended. This fits the most internationally accepted definition of what constitutes a lockdown.

In the table, pandemic lockdowns are defined as the shutdown of parts of the economy,^[507] due to non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures and enforceable by law like:

• Closing of schools and kindergartens
• Closing of non-essential shops (shops and stores apart from food, doctors and drug stores)
• Closing of non-essential production
• Cancellation of recreational venues and closing of public places
• Curfews
• Stay-at-home orders and total movement control

These measures caused the COVID-19 recession in 2020.^[508] The table does not contain:

• Measures with smaller economic impacts like:
  • border closures
  • social distancing measures and social movement restrictions
  • travel restrictions.
• Other non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures like mandatory quarantines after travel, self quarantine and social distancing measures
• Any measures which are voluntary rather than enforceable by law

The pandemic resulted in the largest number of shutdowns worldwide at the same time in history.^[509] By 26 March, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown,^[510] which increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of April – more than half of the world's population.^[511][512] Lockdowns affected 93% of workers worldwide. 30% lived in nations with complete workplace closures, save for critical businesses, and 42% in countries with partial closures. Nearly 20% lived in nations with recommended but not compulsory workplace shutdown.^[513]

Major restrictions first began in China,^[514] with other countries in East Asia like Vietnam soon implementing widespread containment measures. Much of Europe, North America and Africa took much longer to bring in tough measures. Restrictions on travel between and activity within nations were of varying stringency.^[515]

By mid April, nearly 300 million people, or about 90% of the population, were under some form of lockdown in the United States,^[516] with around 100 million in the Philippines^[517] and about 59 million in South Africa,^[518] while around 1.3 billion were under lockdown in India, which was the largest of all lockdowns.^[519][520]

By the end of April, around 300 million people were under lockdown in various countries of Europe, including but not limited to Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom; while around 200 million people were under lockdown in Latin America.^[517] In Germany, 35% of workers worked from home in addition to their regular on-site duties, while 26% worked from home exclusively.^[521]

Variation by countries and territories

A drive through COVID-19 testing site in South Korea in February 2020. South Korea did not implement any lockdown measures; its K-Quarantine strategy included rapidly developing mass testing capacity and infrastructure.

This section is an excerpt from COVID-19 lockdowns by country.[edit]

Countries and territories around the world enforced lockdowns of varying stringency in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Some included total movement control while others enforced restrictions based on time. In many cases, only essential businesses were allowed to remain open. Schools, universities and colleges closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 63 countries, affecting approximately 47 percent of the world's student population.^[522][523]

Beginning with the first lockdown in China's Hubei province^[524] and nationwide in Italy in March 2020, lockdowns continued to be implemented in many countries throughout 2020 and 2021. On 24 March 2020, the entire 1.3 billion population of India was ordered to stay at home during its lockdown, making it the largest of the pandemic.^[525] The world's longest continuous lockdown lasting 234 days took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2020. As of October 2021, the city of Melbourne, Australia, and certain cities in Peru and Chile spent the most cumulative days in lockdown over separate periods, although measures varied between these countries.^[526][527]

A few countries and territories did not use the strategy, including Japan, Belarus, Nicaragua, Sweden, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uruguay, two states in Brazil and certain United States states.

See also

• Cordon sanitaire (medicine)
• COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines
• COVID-19 lockdown in China
• COVID-19 lockdown in India
• COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy
• Flattening the curve
• List of species named after the COVID-19 pandemic (including lockdowns)
• Malaysian movement control order
• National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Preventive action
• Stay-at-home order
• Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic
• Support bubble

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