Cyclin-dependent kinase 1

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation.^[5] It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively.^[6] With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a variety of target substrates (over 75 have been identified in budding yeast); phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression.^[7]

CDK1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4YC6, 4Y72, 5HQ0, 4YC3
Identifiers
Aliases	CDK1, CDC2, CDC28A, P34CDC2, cyclin-dependent kinase 1, cyclin dependent kinase 1
External IDs	OMIM: 116940; MGI: 88351; HomoloGene: 68203; GeneCards: CDK1; OMA:CDK1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 10 (human)[1] Band 10q21.2 Start 60,778,331 bp[1] End 60,794,852 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 10 (mouse)[2] Band 10 B5.3|10 36.07 cM Start 69,170,976 bp[2] End 69,188,768 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in ventricular zone ganglionic eminence trabecular bone secondary oocyte gonad rectum bone marrow tibia appendix cartilage tissue Top expressed in maxillary prominence mandibular prominence morula morula ventricular zone fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell epiblast medial ganglionic eminence abdominal wall somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transferase activity nucleotide binding protein kinase activity histone kinase activity kinase activity Hsp70 protein binding protein binding RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat kinase activity ATP binding protein serine/threonine kinase activity chromatin binding cyclin binding cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity virus receptor activity Cellular component centrosome membrane spindle nucleoplasm microtubule organizing center midbody spindle microtubule mitochondrion mitotic spindle extracellular exosome cytoskeleton nucleus cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex cytoplasm cytosol mitochondrial matrix endoplasmic reticulum membrane cyclin B1-CDK1 complex Biological process positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus centrosome cycle regulation of embryonic development response to cadmium ion epithelial cell differentiation response to organic cyclic compound phosphorylation response to copper ion positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle negative regulation of apoptotic process pronuclear fusion response to activity regulation of Schwann cell differentiation cell division positive regulation of DNA replication DNA replication mitotic nuclear membrane disassembly positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation chromosome condensation G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle response to axon injury peptidyl-serine phosphorylation animal organ regeneration response to organonitrogen compound response to amine DNA repair cell cycle anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process microtubule cytoskeleton organization response to ethanol mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling Golgi disassembly peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation cell migration ventricular cardiac muscle cell development response to toxic substance response to hydrogen peroxide cellular response to hydrogen peroxide protein localization to kinetochore apoptotic process cell population proliferation proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process mitotic cell cycle DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest regulation of gene expression regulation of meiotic cell cycle ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking protein phosphorylation positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle protein deubiquitination mitotic cell cycle phase transition positive regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport viral entry into host cell regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter protein-containing complex assembly regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition regulation of circadian rhythm Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 983 12534 Ensembl ENSG00000170312 ENSMUSG00000019942 UniProt P06493 P11440 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001130829 NM_001170406 NM_001170407 NM_001786 NM_033379 NM_001320918 NM_007659 RefSeq (protein) NP_001163877 NP_001163878 NP_001307847 NP_001777 NP_203698 NP_031685 Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 60.78 – 60.79 Mb Chr 10: 69.17 – 69.19 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure

Crystal Structure of the human Cdk1 homolog, Cdk2

Cdk1 is a small protein (approximately 34 kilodaltons), and is highly conserved. The human homolog of Cdk1, CDK1, shares approximately 63% amino-acid identity with its yeast homolog. Furthermore, human CDK1 is capable of rescuing fission yeast carrying a cdc2 mutation.^[8][9] Cdk1 is comprised mostly by the bare protein kinase motif, which other protein kinases share. Cdk1, like other kinases, contains a cleft in which ATP fits. Substrates of Cdk1 bind near the mouth of the cleft, and Cdk1 residues catalyze the covalent bonding of the γ-phosphate to the oxygen of the hydroxyl serine/threonine of the substrate.

In addition to this catalytic core, Cdk1, like other cyclin-dependent kinases, contains a T-loop, which, in the absence of an interacting cyclin, prevents substrate binding to the Cdk1 active site. Cdk1 also contains a PSTAIRE helix, which, upon cyclin binding, moves and rearranges the active site, facilitating Cdk1 kinase activities.^[10]

Function

Fig. 1 The diagram shows the role of Cdk1 in progression through the S. cerevisiae cell cycle. Cln3-Cdk1 leads to Cln1,2-Cdk1 activity, eventually resulting in Clb5,6-Cdk1 activity and then Clb1-4-Cdk1 activity.^[5]

When bound to its cyclin partners, Cdk1 phosphorylation leads to cell cycle progression. Cdk1 activity is best understood in S. cerevisiae, so Cdk1 S. cerevisiae activity is described here.

In the budding yeast, initial cell cycle entry is controlled by two regulatory complexes, SBF (SCB-binding factor) and MBF (MCB-binding factor). These two complexes control G₁/S gene transcription; however, they are normally inactive. SBF is inhibited by the protein Whi5; however, when phosphorylated by Cln3-Cdk1, Whi5 is ejected from the nucleus, allowing for transcription of the G₁/S regulon, which includes the G₁/S cyclins Cln1,2.^[11] G₁/S cyclin-Cdk1 activity leads to preparation for S phase entry (e.g., duplication of centromeres or the spindle pole body), and a rise in the S cyclins (Clb5,6 in S. cerevisiae). Clb5,6-Cdk1 complexes directly lead to replication origin initiation;^[12] however, they are inhibited by Sic1, preventing premature S phase initiation.

Cln1,2 and/or Clb5,6-Cdk1 complex activity leads to a sudden drop in Sic1 levels, allowing for coherent S phase entry. Finally, phosphorylation by M cyclins (e.g., Clb1, 2, 3 and 4) in complex with Cdk1 leads to spindle assembly and sister chromatid alignment. Cdk1 phosphorylation also leads to the activation of the ubiquitin-protein ligase APC^Cdc20, an activation which allows for chromatid segregation and, furthermore, degradation of M-phase cyclins. This destruction of M cyclins leads to the final events of mitosis (e.g., spindle disassembly, mitotic exit).

Regulation

Given its essential role in cell cycle progression, Cdk1 is highly regulated. Most obviously, Cdk1 is regulated by its binding with its cyclin partners. Cyclin binding alters access to the active site of Cdk1, allowing for Cdk1 activity; furthermore, cyclins impart specificity to Cdk1 activity. At least some cyclins contain a hydrophobic patch which may directly interact with substrates, conferring target specificity.^[13] Furthermore, cyclins can target Cdk1 to particular subcellular locations.

In addition to regulation by cyclins, Cdk1 is regulated by phosphorylation. A conserved tyrosine (Tyr15 in humans) leads to inhibition of Cdk1; this phosphorylation is thought to alter ATP orientation, preventing efficient kinase activity. In S. pombe, for example, incomplete DNA synthesis may lead to stabilization of this phosphorylation, preventing mitotic progression.^[14] Wee1, conserved among all eukaryotes phosphorylates Tyr15, whereas members of the Cdc25 family are phosphatases, counteracting this activity. The balance between the two is thought to help govern cell cycle progression. Wee1 is controlled upstream by Cdr1, Cdr2, and Pom1.

Cdk1-cyclin complexes are also governed by direct binding of Cdk inhibitor proteins (CKIs). One such protein, already discussed, is Sic1. Sic1 is a stoichiometric inhibitor that binds directly to Clb5,6-Cdk1 complexes. Multisite phosphorylation, by Cdk1-Cln1/2, of Sic1 is thought to time Sic1 ubiquitination and destruction, and by extension, the timing of S-phase entry. Only until Sic1 inhibition is overcome can Clb5,6 activity occur and S phase initiation may begin.

Interactions

Cdk1 has been shown to interact with:

• BCL2,^[15][16]
• CCNB1,^[17][18][19]
• CCNE1,^[17][20]
• CDKN3^[21][22]
• DAB2,^[23]
• FANCC,^[24][25]
• GADD45A,^{[26][27][28][29]}
• LATS1,^[30]
• LYN,^[31][32]
• P53,^[33][34] and
• UBC.^[35]

See also

• Biology portal

• E2F#E2F.2FpRb complexes
• Hyperphosphorylation
• cdc25
• Maturation promoting factor
• CDK
• cyclin A
• cyclin B
• cyclin D
• cyclin E
• Wee (cell cycle)

Mastl

References

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Further reading

• Draetta G, Eckstein J (April 1997). "Cdc25 protein phosphatases in cell proliferation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 1332 (2): M53–M63. doi:10.1016/S0304-419X(96)00049-2. PMID 9141461.
• Kino T, Pavlakis GN (April 2004). "Partner molecules of accessory protein Vpr of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1". DNA and Cell Biology. 23 (4): 193–205. doi:10.1089/104454904773819789. PMID 15142377.
• Kino T, Chrousos GP (June 2004). "Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 accessory protein Vpr: a causative agent of the AIDS-related insulin resistance/lipodystrophy syndrome?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1024 (1): 153–167. Bibcode:2004NYASA1024..153K. doi:10.1196/annals.1321.013. PMID 15265780. S2CID 23655886.
• Zhao LJ, Zhu H (December 2004). "Structure and function of HIV-1 auxiliary regulatory protein Vpr: novel clues to drug design". Current Drug Targets. Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 4 (4): 265–275. doi:10.2174/1568008043339668. PMID 15578977.
• Le Rouzic E, Benichou S (February 2005). "The Vpr protein from HIV-1: distinct roles along the viral life cycle". Retrovirology. 2: 11. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-11. PMC 554975. PMID 15725353.
• Zhao RY, Elder RT (March 2005). "Viral infections and cell cycle G2/M regulation". Cell Research. 15 (3): 143–149. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290279. PMID 15780175.
• Zhao RY, Bukrinsky M, Elder RT (April 2005). "HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) & host cellular responses". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 121 (4): 270–286. PMID 15817944.
• Kaldis P, Aleem E (November 2005). "Cell cycle sibling rivalry: Cdc2 vs. Cdk2". Cell Cycle. 4 (11): 1491–1494. doi:10.4161/cc.4.11.2124. PMID 16258277.
• Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, Bukrinsky M, Zhao RY (2006). "Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions". Cell Research. 15 (11–12): 923–934. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290370. PMID 16354571.
• Rietbrock N, Keller F (July 1977). "[Biologic availability and "1st pass" effect of drugs]". Fortschritte der Medizin. 95 (28): 1765–6, 1774–80. PMID 914146.
• Azzi L, Meijer L, Reed SI, Pidikiti R, Tung HY (February 1992). "Interaction between the cell-cycle-control proteins p34cdc2 and p9CKShs2. Evidence for two cooperative binding domains in p9CKShs2". European Journal of Biochemistry. 203 (3): 353–360. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16557.x. PMID 1310466.
• Dutta A, Stillman B (June 1992). "cdc2 family kinases phosphorylate a human cell DNA replication factor, RPA, and activate DNA replication". The EMBO Journal. 11 (6): 2189–2199. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05278.x. PMC 556686. PMID 1318195.
• Koff A, Giordano A, Desai D, Yamashita K, Harper JW, Elledge S, et al. (September 1992). "Formation and activation of a cyclin E-cdk2 complex during the G1 phase of the human cell cycle". Science. 257 (5077): 1689–1694. Bibcode:1992Sci...257.1689K. doi:10.1126/science.1388288. PMID 1388288.
• Russo GL, Vandenberg MT, Yu IJ, Bae YS, Franza BR, Marshak DR (October 1992). "Casein kinase II phosphorylates p34cdc2 kinase in G1 phase of the HeLa cell division cycle". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (28): 20317–20325. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)88704-5. PMID 1400350.
• Rubinfeld B, Crosier WJ, Albert I, Conroy L, Clark R, McCormick F, et al. (October 1992). "Localization of the rap1GAP catalytic domain and sites of phosphorylation by mutational analysis". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 12 (10): 4634–4642. doi:10.1128/MCB.12.10.4634. PMC 360390. PMID 1406653.
• van der Sluijs P, Hull M, Huber LA, Mâle P, Goud B, Mellman I (December 1992). "Reversible phosphorylation--dephosphorylation determines the localization of rab4 during the cell cycle". The EMBO Journal. 11 (12): 4379–4389. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05538.x. PMC 557012. PMID 1425574.
• Seth A, Alvarez E, Gupta S, Davis RJ (December 1991). "A phosphorylation site located in the NH2-terminal domain of c-Myc increases transactivation of gene expression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (35): 23521–23524. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54312-X. PMID 1748630.
• Lees JA, Buchkovich KJ, Marshak DR, Anderson CW, Harlow E (December 1991). "The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated on multiple sites by human cdc2". The EMBO Journal. 10 (13): 4279–4290. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb05006.x. PMC 453181. PMID 1756735.
• Nazarenko SA, Ostroverhova NV, Spurr NK (September 1991). "Regional assignment of the human cell cycle control gene CDC2 to chromosome 10q21 by in situ hybridization". Human Genetics. 87 (5): 621–622. doi:10.1007/BF00209025. PMID 1916766. S2CID 25673088.
• Nissen MS, Langan TA, Reeves R (October 1991). "Phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase modulates DNA binding activity of high mobility group I nonhistone chromatin protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (30): 19945–19952. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54874-2. PMID 1939057.

External links

• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P06493 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 1) at the PDBe-KB.