Sideroxylon is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.[3] [5] They are collectively known as bully trees . The generic name is derived from the Greek words σιδηρος (sideros ), meaning "iron ", and ξύλον (xylon ), meaning "wood."[6]
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Leaves of Sideroxylon mirmulano
The genus is distributed mainly in North and South America , but also in Africa , Madagascar , southern Asia , and various oceanic islands.[4] Some species, such as gum bully (S. lanuginosum ), S. tenax , and buckthorn bully (S. lycioides ), are found in subtropical areas of North America . The only South African species, the white milkwood (S. inerme ), is associated with three historical sites, and these individuals were declared national monuments due to their unusual longevity.[7] [8]
Several species have become rare due to logging and other forms of habitat destruction . The tambalacoque (S. grandiflorum ) of Mauritius was affected by the extinction of the birds which dispersed its seed; it was suggested that the species entirely depended on the dodo (Raphus cucullatus ) for that purpose and nearly became a victim of coextinction , but this is not correct.[9] [10] Bully trees provide food for the larvae of certain Lepidoptera , such as the bumelia webworm moth (Urodus parvula ) as well as several species of Coleoptera of the genus Plinthocoelium , commonly known as bumelia borers .
83 species are currently accepted:[11]
Sideroxylon acunae (Borhidi) T.D.Penn. - Cuba
Sideroxylon alachuense L.C.Anderson - United States (Florida )
Sideroxylon altamiranoi (Rose & Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Hidalgo , Querétaro )
Sideroxylon americanum (Mill.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Yucatán Peninsula ), West Indies
Sideroxylon anomalum (Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (Barahona Province , Dominican Republic )
Sideroxylon beguei Capuron ex Aubrév. - Madagascar
Sideroxylon bequaertii De Wild. - Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sideroxylon betsimisarakum Lecomte - Madagascar
Sideroxylon borbonicum A.DC. - Réunion
Sideroxylon boutonianum A.DC. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon brucebenzii Cuevas & A.Vázquez – Mexico (Jalisco)
Sideroxylon bullatum (R.A.Howard & Proctor) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica
Sideroxylon canariense Leyens, Lobin & A.Santos - Canary Islands
Sideroxylon cantoniense Lour. - Southeast China
Sideroxylon capiri (A.DC.) Pittier - Mesoamerica , West Indies
Sideroxylon capuronii Aubrév. - Madagascar
Sideroxylon cartilagineum (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Sinaloa , Jalisco , Guerrero )
Sideroxylon celastrinum (Kunth) T.D.Penn. - United States (Texas ), Mesoamerica, Colombia , Venezuela , Cuba, Bahamas
Sideroxylon cinereum Lam. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon cochranei A.Vázquez & Santana Mich. – Mexico (Jalisco)
Sideroxylon contrerasii (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
Sideroxylon cubense (Griseb.) T.D.Penn. - West Indies
Sideroxylon dominicanum (Whetstone & T.A.Atk.) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
Sideroxylon durifolium (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Chiapas ), Belize
Sideroxylon ekmanianum (Urb.) Bisse, J.E.Gut. & Iglesias - Cuba
Sideroxylon eriocarpum (Greenm. & Conz.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Oaxaca )
Sideroxylon eucoriaceum (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Veracruz ), Guatemala
Sideroxylon eucuneifolium (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Guatemala
Sideroxylon excavatum T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca)
Sideroxylon fimbriatum Balf.f. - Yemen (Socotra)
Sideroxylon floribundum Griseb. - Belize, Guatemala, Jamaica
Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. - West Indies, Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, United States (Florida)
Sideroxylon galeatum (A.W.Hill) Baehni - Mauritius (Rodrigues )
Sideroxylon gerrardianum (Hook.f.) Aubrév. - Madagascar
Sideroxylon grandiflorum A.DC. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon hirtiantherum T.D.Penn. - Guatemala, Honduras
Sideroxylon horridum (Griseb.) T.D.Penn. - Cuba, Cayman Islands
Sideroxylon ibarrae (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Guatemala (Baja Verapaz )
Sideroxylon inerme L. - Africa (Somalia to Cape Province , South Africa ), Seychelles (Aldabra ), French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Juan de Nova I )
Sideroxylon jubilla (Ekman ex Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Cuba
Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. – - United States (Arizona to South Carolina , Kentucky ),[12] northeastern Mexico
Sideroxylon leucophyllum S.Wats. - Mexico (Baja California , Sonora )
Sideroxylon lycioides L. – buckthorn bully - Southeastern United States (Texas to Delaware )[13]
Sideroxylon macrocarpum (Nutt.) J.R.Allison - United States (Georgia )
Sideroxylon majus (Gaertn.f.) Baehni - Réunion
Sideroxylon marginatum (Decne. Ex Webb) - Cape Verde
Sideroxylon mascatense (A. DC.) T.D. Penn. - Ethiopia to Pakistan
Sideroxylon mirmulano R.Br. - Madeira
Sideroxylon moaense (Bisse & J.E.Gut.) J.E.Gut. - Cuba
Sideroxylon montanum (Sw.) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica
Sideroxylon nadeaudii (Drake) Smedmark & Anderb. - Tahiti
Sideroxylon nervosum Wall. ex G.Don - Myanmar
Sideroxylon obovatum Lam. - West Indies, Venezuela
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Veracruz) to Paraguay
Sideroxylon occidentale (Hemsl.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Baja California, Sonora)
Sideroxylon octosepalum (Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica (Clarendon Parish )
Sideroxylon palmeri (Rose) T.D.Penn. - Mexico
Sideroxylon peninsulare (Brandegee) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Baja California)
Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad )
Sideroxylon picardae (Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (Haiti , Dominican Republic)
Sideroxylon polynesicum (Hillebr.) Smedmark & Anderb. - United States (Hawaii ), French Polynesia (Rapa-Iti )
Sideroxylon portoricense Urb. - Mesoamerica, Greater Antilles
Sideroxylon puberulum A.DC. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon reclinatum Michx. - United States (Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia, Florida, South Carolina)[14]
Sideroxylon repens (Urb. and Ekman) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
Sideroxylon retinerve T.D.Penn. - Honduras
Sideroxylon rotundifolium (Sw.) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica
Sideroxylon rubiginosum T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam. - West Indies, Mesoamerica, Florida
Sideroxylon saxorum Lecomte - Madagascar
Sideroxylon sessiliflorum (Poir.) Capuron ex Aubrév. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon socorrense (Brandegee) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Socorro Island )
Sideroxylon spinosum L. - Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, and Western Sahara
Sideroxylon st-johnianum (H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse) Smedmark & Anderb. - Pitcairn Islands (Henderson Island )
Sideroxylon stenospermum (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
Sideroxylon stevensonii (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. - Mexico (Chiapas), Belize, Guatemala
Sideroxylon tambolokoko Aubrév. - Madagascar
Sideroxylon tenax L. - United States (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina )[15]
Sideroxylon tepicense (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
Sideroxylon thornei (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - United States (Florida, Georgia, Alabama)[16]
Sideroxylon verruculosum (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - Mexico
Sideroxylon wightianum S.Mori - China (Guizhou , Yunnan , Guangdong ), Vietnam
"Genus: Sideroxylon L." Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2010-11-01 .
lectotype designated by Baillon, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 908 (1891)