Brickworks

This article is about brick factories. For construction with bricks, see brickwork.

Not to be confused with brickyard.

For other uses, see Brickworks (disambiguation).

A brickworks, also known as a brick factory, is a factory for the manufacturing of bricks, from clay or shale. Usually a brickworks is located on a clay bedrock (the most common material from which bricks are made), often with a quarry for clay on site. In earlier times bricks were made at brickfields, which would be returned to agricultural use after the clay layer was exhausted.

Large bricks on a conveyor belt in a modern European factory setting

Equipment

An old Puolimatka's brick factory in Kissanmaa, Tampere, Finland, in the 1960s

Most brickworks have some or all of the following:

• A kiln, for firing, or 'burning' the bricks.
• Drying yard or shed, for drying bricks before firing.
• A building or buildings for manufacturing the bricks.
• A quarry for clay.
• A pugmill or clay preparation plant (see below).

Brick making

Main article: Brick

Bricks were originally made by hand, and that practice continues in developing countries and with a few specialty suppliers. Large industrial brickworks supply clay from a quarry, moving it by conveyor belt or truck/lorry to the main factory, although it may be stockpiled outside before entering the machinery. When the clay enters the preparation plant (Clay Prep) it is crushed, and mixed with water and other additives which may include breeze, a very fine anthracite that aids firing.^[1] This process, also known as pugmilling, improves the consistency, firing qualities, texture, and colour of the brick. From here, the processed clay can either be extruded into a continuous strip and cut with wires, or be put into moulds or presses (also referred to as forming) to form the clay into its final shape. After the forming or cutting, the bricks must be dried - in the open air, in drying sheds, or in special drying kilns. The dried bricks must then be fired or "burnt" in a kiln, to give them their final hardness and appearance.

Men working in the yard of a brickworks in Germany, the tall chimney of the kiln visible, 1890

Packed bricks stored in a brickworks in Croatia

Bricks set out to dry in Songea, Tanzania

A brick-making machine in Tanzania

In the mid-nineteenth century the development of automated brickmaking machines such as the Bradley & Craven Ltd "Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine" revolutionised the brick-manufacturing process.^[2]

As of 2016^[update], one of the largest single brickworks site in the world able to manufacture one million bricks per day stands on the banks of the Swan River in Perth in Western Australia.^[3]

Environmental effects

Zigzag brick kilns are recommended^{[by whom?]} over traditional brick kilns because they consume less coal.^[4]

Historical notes

In the past,^[when?] clay was often transported from the quarry to the brickworks by narrow gauge railway or aerial ropeway.

Notable brickworks

• The London Brick Company
• Bursledon Brickworks^[5][6]
• Brickworks Limited - Australian brick manufacturer
• Evergreen Brickworks

See also

• Brick clamp – Open-air brick kiln
• Brickfield – Places where bricks are made
• Brickyard – Factory for the manufacture of building materials made of baked clay or loam
• Masonry – Building of structures from individual units of stone, bricks, or blocks
• Program on Energy Efficiency in Artisanal Brick Kilns in Latin America to Mitigate Climate Change

References

1. Compare: "breeze". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - "breeze, n.3 [...] Small cinders and cinder-dust, used in burning bricks, etc.; small coke and coke-dust."
2. The First Hundred Years: the Early History of Bradley & Craven, Limited, Wakefield, England by Bradley & Craven Ltd (1963)
3. Celebrating 70 Years - "70 years on from our modest beginnings we have grown into one of the largest brickworks, employing the skills and talent of hundreds of West Australians in making the best bricks in the world."
4. Understanding Zig Zag Kilns
5. Bursledon Brickworks Industrial Museum. "The History". www.bursledonbrickworks.org.uk. Bursledon Brickworks Industrial Museum. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
6. Visit Hampshire. "Bursledon Brickworks Museum". Retrieved 14 October 2015.