Double whole note

In music, a double whole note (American), breve (British) or double note^[1][2] lasts two times as long as a whole note (or semibreve). It is the second-longest note value still in use in modern music notation.^[2] The longest notated note is the longa, which could be double or triple the length of a breve, although its use is most commonly found in early music. The longest notated note (though now obsolete) is the maxima.

Left: breve in modern notation. Centre: breve in mensural notation used in some modern scores as well. Right: less common stylistic variant of the first form.

History

In medieval mensural notation, the brevis was one of the shortest note lengths in use,^[3] hence its name, which is the Latin etymon of "brief". In "perfect" rhythmic mode, the brevis was a third of a longa, or in "imperfect" mode, half a longa.^[4][vague]

Form

In modern notation, a breve is commonly represented in either of two ways: by a hollow oval note head, like a whole note, with one or two vertical lines on either side, as on the left and right of the image, or as the rectangular shape also found in older notation, shown in the middle of the image.^[5][6]

Because it lasts longer than a bar in most modern time signatures in common use, the breve is rarely encountered except in English music, where the half-note is often used as the beat unit.^[7]

Breve (double-whole) rest

Breve rest

A related symbol is the double whole rest (double rest or breve rest), which usually denotes a silence for the same duration.^[2][8]) Double whole rests are drawn as filled-in rectangles occupying the whole vertical space between the second and third lines from the top of the musical staff. They are often used in long silent passages which are not divided into separate bars to indicate a rest of two bars, regardless of the duration of each bar.^[9] This and longer rests are collectively known as multiple rests.^[10] They are also used to represent whole bar rest for time signature ⁴
₂ only.

Alla breve

Main article: Alla breve

Alla breve, the time signature ²
₂, takes its name from the note value breve. In the mensural notation of the Renaissance, it was an alternative term for proportio dupla, which meant that the brevis was to be considered the unit of time (tactus), instead of the usual semibrevis. The old symbol , used as an alternative to the numerical proportion 2:1 in mensural notation, is carried over into modern notational practice to indicate a smaller relative value per note shape. It is normally used for music in a relatively quick tempo, where it indicates two minim (half note) beats in a bar of four crotchets (quarter notes), while is the equivalent of ⁴
₄, with four crotchet beats.^[11]

See also

• List of musical symbols

Notes

1. Baker 1895, p. 133.
2. Burrowes 1874, p. 41.
3. Gehrkens 1914.
4. Hoppin 1978, p. 354-357.
5. Jacob 1960, p. 21.
6. Read 1969, p. 459.
7. Gehrkens 1914, p. 11.
8. Read 1969, p. 93.
9. Read 1969, p. 101.
10. Read 1969, p. 99.
11. Wright 2001.

References

• Baker, Theodore (1895). "Note". A Dictionary of Musical Terms: Containing Upwards of 9,000 English, French, German, Italian, Latin, and Greek Words and Phrases (Revised and enlarged third ed.). New York: G. Schirmer.
• Burrowes, John Freckleton (1874). Piano-forte Primer: Containing the Rudiments of Music Adapted for Either Private Tuition Or Teaching in Classes Together with a Guide to Practice (with important additions by L.H. Southard, revised and modernized new ed.). Boston and New York: Oliver Ditson.
• Gehrkens, Karl Wilson (1914). Music Notation and Terminology. New York / Chicago: The A.S. Barnes Co. / Laidlaw Brothers.
• Gerou, Tom; Lusk, Linda (1996). Essential Dictionary of Music Notation. Essential Dictionary Series. Los Angeles: Alfred Music Publishing. ISBN 0-88284-730-9.
• Hoppin, Richard H. (1978). Medieval Music. W W Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-09090-6.
• Jacob, Archibald (1960). Musical Handwriting: Or, How to Put Music on Paper, A Handbook for All Musicians, Professional and Amateur (revised second ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
• Read, Gardner (1969). Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice (second ed.). Boston: Alleyn and Bacon, Inc.
• Wright, Peter (2001). "Alla breve". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (second ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers.