Kitāb al-Diryāq

Kitāb al-Diryāq (Arabic: كتاب الدرياق, "The Book of Theriac"), also Book of Anditodes of Pseudo-Galen or in French Traité de la thériaque, is a medieval Arabic book supposedly based on the writings of Galen ("pseudo-Galen"). The work describes the use of Theriac, an ancient medicinal compound initially used as a cure for the bites of poisonous snakes.

Kitāb al-Diryāq

Andromachus the Elder on horseback, questioning a patient who has received a snake bite. Kitâb al-Diryâq, 1198-1199, Syria.[1]
Author	Pseudo-Galen
Original title	كتاب الدرياق
Language	Arabic
Subject	Medicine, Antidotes
Genre	Non-fiction
Publisher	Various (modern editions)
Publication date	12th, 13th centuries
Publication place	Jazira (Syria or Northern Iraq)
Media type	Manuscript, Print

Two illustrated manuscript copies are extant, adorned with beautiful miniatures revealing of the social context at the time of their publication.^[1] The books describe various physicians of Antiquity, including Greek ones such as Andromachus the Elder, and their medical techniques.^[1] These manuscripts are generally attributed to the Jazira region of Syria and northern Iraq.^[1]

Manuscripts

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS. Arabe 2964 (1198–1199)

Copied in 1198–1199, this book with miniatures (BNF Arabe 2964) is generally attributed to the Jazira (northern Syria or Northern Iraq).^[1] It was probably made in Mosul.^[2]

The dignitaries described in the miniatures wear the Turkic dress: the stiff coat with diagonal closing and arm bands.^[3] Scenes of daily life, such as agricultural work in the fields, are also depicted.^[1] Two beautiful moon deities are also depicted, holding the shape of a crescent moon in their hands, but their significance remains conjectural.^[1]

The ruler and attendants are similar to those found in the decorated Palmer Cup and in metalworks from the Mosul or North Jazira area, with their typical sharbush type of headgear and robes.^[4][5]

• 
  Kitâb al-Diryâq, folio 24 (royal court detail, ruler in Turkic dress, wearing the sharbush hat).^[3]
• 
  Figures in Turkic dress, with aqbiya turkiyya coat, tiraz armbands, boots and sharbush hat.^[3]
• 
  Kitâb al-Diryâq, folio 43. Moon deity
• 
  Kitâb al-Diryâq, folio 44. Moon deity

Vienna, National Library of Austria, A.F. 10 (1225×1250)

Scenes of the royal court. Probably northern Iraq (Mosul). Mid 13th century. Book of Antidotes of Pseudo-Galen (Kitāb al-Diryāq).^[6] "In the paintings the facial cast of these [ruling] Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored".^[7][8]

This copy, from the second quarter of the 13th century, is thought to have been produced in Mosul.^[1] Although there is no mention of a dedication in this edition, the courtly paintings are quite similar to those of the court of Badr al-Din Lu'lu' in the Kitab al-Aghani (1218–1219), and may be related to this ruler.^[9][10]

The frontispiece shows an intricate courtly scene with figured in Turkic dress: a central king resembling Badr al-Din Lu'lu' (wearing a fur-trimmed, patterned qabā' maftūḥ, with elbow-length tirāz sleeves and on his head a sharbush hat), surrounded by numerous attendants (most of them wearing the aqbiya turkiyya Turkic coat and kalawta caps). The courtly scene is framed by equestrian scenes, some of the horse-riders wearing the brimmed hat with conical crown known as sarāqūj.^[8] "In the paintings the facial cast of these [ruling] Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored".^[7]

• 
  Turkoman soldiers (detail). Book of Antidotes of Pseudo-Galen. Probably northern Iraq (Mosul). Mid 13th century.^[11]
• 
  Huntsmen, frontispiece.^[12]
• 
  Roman physician Galen (Arabic: جالينوس, romanized: Jalinus) in Kitāb al-Diryāq, 1225×1250, Syria. Vienna AF 10

References

1. Pancaroǧlu, Oya (2001). "Socializing Medicine: Illustrations of the Kitāb al-diryāq". Muqarnas. 18: 155–172. doi:10.2307/1523306. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 1523306.
2. Contadini, Anna (11 November 2011). A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitab Na't Al-Hayawan) in the Ibn Bakhtishu Tradition. BRILL. p. 150, note 23. ISBN 978-90-04-20100-2.
3. Shahbazi, Shapur (30 August 2020). "CLOTHING". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Brill. Nevertheless, the most distinctive feature of late Saljuq and post-Saljuq male dress was the popularity of patterned textiles for these garments. (...) That these patterns do not merely represent ceramic conventions is clear from the rendering of garments in fragmentary wall paintings and in illustrations from the copy of Varqa wa Golšāh already mentioned, as well as in frontispieces to the volumes of Abu'l-Faraj Eṣfahānī's Ketāb al-aḡānī dated 614-16/1217-19 and to two copies of Ketāb al-deryāq (Book of antidotes) by Pseudo-Galen, dated 596/1199 and ascribed to the second quarter of the 7th/13th century respectively (Survey of Persian Art V, pl. 554A-B; Ateş, pls. 1/3, 6/16, 18; D. S. Rice, 1953, figs. 14-19; Ettinghausen, 1962, pp. 65, 85, 91). The last three manuscripts, all of them attributed to northern Mesopotamia, show that the stiff coat with diagonal closing and arm bands was also worn in that region from the end of the 6th/12th century.
4. Contadini, Anna (1998). Poetry on Enamelled Glass: The Palmer Cup in the British Museum.' In: Ward, R, (ed.), Gilded and Enamelled Glass from the Middle East. British Museum Press. pp. 58–59.
5. Contadini, Anna (2017). Text and Image on Middle Eastern Objects: The Palmer Cup in Context (in A Rothschild Renaissance: A New Look at the Waddesdon Bequest in the British Museum). British Museum Research Publications. p. 130. The iconography of its figures is very similar to that on the Palmer Cup, in the design of their robes, in the headgear (sharbūsh) and in the way that walking figures are rendered, with one leg straight and the other slightly bent, with a slim foot slightly raised from the ground. Although the candlestick does not have a date, it is securely datable to the early 13th century, as it clearly belongs to a group of metalwork that has now been established as of that period and coming from the Mosul or North Jaziran area. These elements also confirm the early 13th-century date of the Palmer Cup and further support the region of provenance.
6. Ettinghausen, Richard (1977). Arab painting. New York : Rizzoli. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0.
7. Ettinghausen, Richard (1977). Arab painting. New York : Rizzoli. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0.
8. Yedida Kalfon Stillman, Norman A. Stillman (2003). Arab Dress: A Short History : from the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. Fig.19. ISBN 9789004113732. Fig.19: Frontispiece of a mid-13th-century manuscript, probably from Mosul of the Kitāb al-Diryāq of Pseudo-Galen showing an informal court scene in the center with a seated Turkish ruler (on left) wearing a fur-trimmed, patterned qabā' maftūḥ, with elbow-length tirāz sleeves and on his head a sharbush. Most of his attendants wear aqbiya turkiyya and kalawta caps. Workman depicted behind the palace and riders in the lower register wear the brimmed hat with conical crown known as sarāqūj. On the sarāqūj of one workman is a crisscrossed colored takhfīfa with a brooch or plaquette pinned in the center of the overlap. The women on camels in the lower righthand corner wear a sac-like head veil kept in place by a cloth `iṣāba (Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, ms A. F. 10, fol. 1).
9. Pancaroǧlu, Oya (2001). "Socializing Medicine: Illustrations of the Kitāb al-diryāq". Muqarnas. 18: 169. doi:10.2307/1523306. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 1523306.
10. "Kitab al-diryaq (Book of Antidotes) - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum". islamicart.museumwnf.org. Islamic Art Museum.
11. Ettinghausen, Richard (1977). Arab painting. New York : Rizzoli. pp. 91, 92, 162 commentary. ISBN 978-0-8478-0081-0. In the painting the facial cast of these Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored. (p.162, commentary on image p.91)
12. Nicolle, David (1997). Men-at-arms series 171 - Saladin and the saracens (PDF). Osprey publishing. p. 11.