List of hill passes of the Lake District

Hill passes of the Lake District were originally used by people in one valley travelling to another nearby without having to go many miles around a steep ridge of intervening hills. Historically, in the Lake District of northwest England, travel on foot or by pony was difficult because of the region's steep-sided valleys so tracks across the ridges were created taking the easiest route over passes – often, but not always, via a col. Since Roman times long-distance travel had tended to be along ridges. From the 19th century these passes and ridge routes were brought back into use when recreational hill walking become popular. Forty hill passes within the Lake District National Park are listed here, using criteria for selecting the major routes.

Ullswater valley

Background

The Lake District National Park was created in 1951 covering an area of over 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) and, although its population is only 42,000, over 10 million visitors arrive each year, mostly attracted by the lakes and fells.^[1]

Geology

About 500 million years ago^[1] in the late Cambrian and early Ordivician periods,^[2] the region was situated where the Iapetus ocean floor was being subducted under the Avalonia plate.^[3] Sedimentary material became metamorphosed to the Skiddaw slates found in the north and west.^[4] For a relatively short time of 5 million years Ordovician^[5] volcanoes ejected the Borrowdale volcanic rocks – firstly lavas (mostly andesite}^[6] and later pyroclastic rocks^[7] found in the more central part of the region. The ejection of rock was extreme by world standards and it produced deposits at least 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) deep.^[8] When the Baltica-Avalonia and Laurentia continents collided some 420 million years ago in the Caledonian orogeny there was folding of the slate and fracturing (faulting) of the more brittle volcanic rock.^[3][9] The whole region was then uplifted again by a batholith of granite mainly in the Carboniferous period although the granite remains largely below the surface.^[10][11] The high ground became gradually eroded and to the south the land subsided.^[1][12] In the south 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) of Windermere Supergroup sediment formed in the Silurian period with Coniston Limestone towards its base.^[13] Overall cover of limestone eroded away.

In the north, slaty rocks now form a smooth topography with sharp ridges although the hills can still be quite high – 931 metres (3,054 ft) in the case of Skiddaw. Centrally the pyroclastic tuff rocks ^[1] give a knobbly terrain such as that around Scafell Pike, 978 metres (3,209 ft), England's highest mountain.^[14][15] To the south is a mostly less hilly area.^[1]

Glaciation

Ribbon lake formed by glacial erosion – Wast Water in Wasdale

From about 2 million years ago glacial erosion then greatly modified the landscape.^[1][16] Glaciers formed preferentially at existing streams which had developed at the many rock faults produced by crushing during the continental collision. The terrain was ground away leaving characteristically steep-sided glacial valleys which became ribbon lakes.^[1] On the Rossett Pass (see below) Rossett Gill is an example of a geological fault and the glacier that descended from it created the Mickleden and Great Langdale valleys below.^[17] Taken as a whole the region is characterised by mountain ridges splaying out from a central core. The intervening valleys have been made by glaciers flowing outward along the lines of the previous streams draining the dome of the Lake District.^[1]

Human history

Historically the region was suitable for sheep hill farming and from medieval (or possibly Roman) times there was a substantial mining industry for rocks and minerals.^[1] The Romans had built a high-level military road north–south right through the region on its eastern edge at High Street and another road through the Hardknott and Wrynose passes for travel between forts at Ravenglass and Ambleside.^[18] Travelling between valleys was difficult on foot or by pony because of the steep passes across the mountainous ridges. With no roads suitable for wheeled traffic until the late 18th century, for long-distance transport of goods long trains of horses were used with ridge routes being preferred although Esk Hause and Stake Pass (see below) are thought to have been used in this way. However, for travel within the region, routes were best kept as low as possible consistent with avoiding excessive detours so summits and ridges were to be avoided as far as possible.^[19]

In the late 18th century the region started to become popular with travellers and the "Lake Poets" began seeing the lakes and mountains as beautiful rather than horrifying.^[20] In Victorian times, encouraged by the arrival of the Kendal and Windermere Railway,^[1] a tourist trade developed. In the mid twentieth century Alfred Wainwright inadvertently encouraged further recreational use with his series of books A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells which described detailed routes to the major summits. His considerable knowledge of the district allowed him to make use of the ancient tracks although his focus was not on the ridge passes themselves.^[21]

Hill passes

The passes are indicated in the following maps that are identical except for the annotation included. Both show the regions defined by Wainwright for his books. The first map shows the passes with their sequential numbers in the table. It also marks major lakes, valleys (dales) and a few important mountains. The second map shows the passes with their names (or a col on the route) and a few major towns. The colouring of the routes is merely to separate different adjacent ones.

• Maps of Lake District National Park showing hill passes
• 
  Showing pass numbers, lakes, valleys and mountains
• 
  Showing names of passes and towns

Table of Lake District hill passes, alphabetically within region

Reference[see 1] Name[see 2] (path type)[see 3]	Height/[see 4] OS grid	Start:[see 5] Valley/ place/ OS grid	End:[see 5] Valley/ place/ OS grid	Notes	Image
1/01/blue Deepdale Hause (footpath/path)[22]	655 m (2,149 ft)/ NY360125	Patterdale/ Bridgend/ NY398143	Thirlmere/ Dunmail Raise/ NY327117	Part way the footpath becomes an undefined type of path.
1/02/green Grisedale Hause (bridleway)[23]	590 m (1,940 ft)/ NY350117	Patterdale/ Grisedale Bridge/ NY382156	Grasmere/ Mill Bridge/ NY336091
1/03/red Kirkstone Pass (road)[24]	454 m (1,489 ft)/ NY401082	Patterdale/ Bridge End/ NY399143	Rothay / Ambleside/ NY376047	North: A592 (continuing to the town of Windermere). South: unclassified road.
1/04/green Scandale Pass (footpath)[25]	516 m (1,693 ft)/ NY387095	Patterdale/ Caudale Bridge/ NY401110	Rothay Ambleside/ NY384082
1/05/black Sticks Pass (bridleway)[26]	738 m (2,421 ft)/ NY341182	Patterdale/ Glencoyne/ NY387186	Thirlmere/ Legburthwaite/ NY318189
2/06/magenta Boredale Hause (bridleway)[27]	399 m (1,309 ft)/ NY408157	Patterdale/ Hartsop/ NY405132	Boredale/ Boredale Head/ NY418169	Or Boardale Hause
2/07/blue Boredale Hause (bridleway)[27]	500 m (1,600 ft)/ NY417157	Patterdale/ Patterdale/ NY400161	Martindale/ Dale Head/ NY433164	Boredale Hause is not the high point of this route.
2/08/green Garburn Pass (bridleway)[28]	447 m (1,467 ft)/ NY433043	Kentmere/ Kentmere/ NY455044	Troutbeck/ (village)/ NY423006	The southern part is a restricted byway that is now closed to vehicles.[29]
2/09/blue Gatescarth Pass (restricted byway)[30]	572 m (1,877 ft)/ NY473092	Mardale/ Mardale Head/ NY469107	Longsleddale/ Sadgill/ NY483056	Restricted byway – open to all except motor vehicles (but permits are available).[31]
2/10/red Pass over Ketley Gate (bridleway)[32]	323 m (1,060 ft)/ NY489223	Eamont/ Pooley Bridge/ NY479235	Lowther/ Helton/ NY506210	Wainwright does not mention a name.
2/11/red Nan Bield Pass (bridleway)[33]	640 m (2,100 ft)/ NY452095	Mardale/ Mardale Head/ NY468107	Kentmere/ Hallow Bank/ NY464053
2/12/black Old Corpse Road, Mardale (bridleway)[34]	512 m (1,680 ft)/ NY493122	Mardale/ (Mardale Green) NY479118	Swindale/ Swindale Head/ NY504125
3/13/green Pass over Greenup Edge (bridleway)[35]	608 m (1,995 ft)/ NY285105	Rothay/ Easedale/ NY327084	Stonethwaite/ Stonethwaite/ NY263138
3/14/green Pass over High Tove (footpath)[36]	508 m (1,667 ft)/ NY288165	Watendlath Valley/ Watendlath/ NY275163	Thirlmere/ Armboth/ NY304171	The traditional footpath crosses the summit of High Tove.[36][note 1]
3/15/blue Pass over Long Moss (bridleway)[37]	525 m (1,722 ft)/ NY296139	Watendlath Valley/ Watendlath/ NY275163	Thirlmere/ Wythburn/ NY319131
3/16/blue Pass near Megs Gill (footpath)[38]	230 m (750 ft)/ NY328063	Rothay/ Grasmere/ NY333071	Great Langdale/ Chapel Stile/ NY322055	Highest of three passes.[38] [note 2]
4/17/green Esk Hause (footpath)[39]	759 m (2,490 ft)/ NY233081	Borrowdale/ Seathwaite/ NY235121	Eskdale/ Jubilee Bridge/ NY211011	Just north there is col by a shelter that is often wrongly called "Esk Hause".[note 3][39]
4/18/red Hardknott Pass (road)[40]	393 m (1,289 ft)/ NY231014	Duddon/ Cockley Beck/ NY246016	Eskdale/ Dalegarth station/ NY174007	Unclassified public road, the gradient reaches 1 in 3 33%.[41]
4/19/blue Pass near Harter Fell (bridleway)[42]	355 m (1,165 ft)/ SD210993	Duddon/ Seathwaite/ SD230974	Eskdale/ Hardknott Castle/ NY213011
4/20/black Old Corpse Road, Wasdale (bridleway)[43]	298 m (978 ft)/ NY184055	Eskdale/ Boot/ NY176012	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head/ NY186083
4/21/red Red Tarn Pass (footpath)[44]	530 m (1,740 ft)/ NY267039	Great Langdale/ Oxendale/ NY276056	Little Langdale/ Three Shire Stone/ NY275026	See Pike of Blisco and Cold Pike.
4/22/blue Rossett Pass (bridleway)[45]	610 m (2,000 ft)/ NY246075	Great Langdale/ Mickleden/ NY284061	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head NY187086	There is a higher col on this pass at 722 metres (2,369 ft) near Esk Hause.[note 3]
4/23/green Side Gates road (road)[47]	224 m (735 ft)/ NY289051	Great Langdale/ Rossett/ NY285059	Little Langdale/ Ting Mound/ NY302033	Also called Blea Tarn road.[note 4]
4/24/magenta Stake Pass[48] (bridleway)[49]	480 m (1,570 ft)/ NY265087	Borrowdale/ Rosthwaite/ NY259147	Great Langdale/ Mickleden/ NY284061	On the Cumbria Way.
4/25/green Sty Head Pass (bridleway)[50]	488 m (1,601 ft)/ NY218094	Borrowdale/ Seathwaite/ NY234120	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head/ NY187086	Between Borrowdale and Wasdale (but also Langdale and Eskdale).[note 5]
4/26/red Walna Scar Road (restricted byway)[51][52]	608 m (1,995 ft)/ SD258964	Coniston Water/ Coniston/ SD301975	Duddon/ Seathwaite/ SD232967	Restricted byway – open to all except motor vehicles.[53]
4/27/blue Wrynose Pass (road)[54]	393 m (1,289 ft)/ NY277027	Duddon/ Cockley Beck/ NY246016	Little Langdale/ Fell Foot/ NY300031	Unclassified public road.
5/28/green Cumbria Way, Skiddaw Forest (bridleway)[55]	488 m (1,601 ft)/ NY279305	Bassenthwaite/ Peter House Farm/ NY249323	Greta/ Gale Road/ NY280253	Cumbria Way via Skiddaw House.[note 6][57]
6/29/magenta Coledale Hause (footpath)[58]	603 m (1,978 ft)/ NY189211	Newlands/ Braithwaite/ NY227238	Crummock/ Lanthwaite/ NY159208	See Coledale (Cumbria).
6/30/red Hause Gate (bridleway)[59]	360 m (1,180 ft)/ NY244191	Borrowdale/ Manesty/ NY250185	Newlands/ Little Town/ NY234195	Lucie's path to Catbells in The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle.
6/31/magenta Newlands Hause (road)[60]	333 m (1,093 ft)/ NY193176	Newlands/ Little Town/ NY230201	Buttermere/ (village)/ NY176170	Unclassified road. Often called Buttermere Hause.[60]
6/32/blue Sail Pass (footpath)[61]	625 m (2,051 ft)/ NY204204	Derwent/ Braithwaite/ NY229231	Buttermere/ (village)/ NY173171	This pass is far higher and not much shorter than Newlands Hause.[note 7]
6/33/red Whinlatter Pass (road)[64]	318 m (1,043 ft)/ NY205245	Newlands/ Braithwaite/ NY230236	Cocker/ High Lorton/ NY162258	B5292, B road.
7/34/magenta Aaron Slack (footpath)[65]	750 m (2,460 ft)/ NY214105	Ennerdale/ Black Sail Hut/ NY194123	Borrowdale/[note 5] Styhead Tarn/[note 8] NY234120	High point at Windy Gap.[note 9] Nearby is Sty Head with four onward routes.[note 5]
7/35/black Black Sail Pass (bridleway)[66]	545 m (1,788 ft)/ NY191114	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head/ NY186087	Ennerdale/ Black Sail Hut/ NY194123	Black Sail Hut is a Youth Hostel.[67]
7/36/green Floutern Tarn Pass (bridleway)[68]	416 m (1,365 ft)/ NY121172	Buttermere/ (village)/ NY175169	Ennerdale/ Whins/ NY098167	Goes near Scale Force.
7/37/green Floutern Tarn Pass (bridleway)[69]	416 m (1,365 ft)/ NY121172	Loweswater/ (village)/ NY141209	Ennerdale/ Whins/ NY098167	A branch off the pass going to Buttermere.
7/38/red Honister Pass (road)[70]	356 m (1,168 ft)/ NY224136	Borrowdale/ Seatoller/ NY245136	Buttermere/ Gatesgarth/ NY195149	B5289, B road.[note 10]
7/39/magenta Moses Trod (footpath)[71]	660 m (2,170 ft)/ NY209119	Borrowdale/ Honister Hause/ NY225135	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head/ NY186088	An abandoned track for transporting slate.[72][note 11]
7/40/blue Scarth Gap Pass (bridleway)[73]	445 m (1,460 ft)/ NY189133	Buttermere/ Gatesgarth/ NY194150	Ennerdale/ Black Sail Hut/ NY194123

Notes for table header

1. The reference provides first the number of the region – the table is initially in order of the region for which the pass is most relevant – "region" being the volume number of the book in Wainwright's series Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells.^{[vol 1][vol 2][vol 3][vol 4][vol 5][vol 6][vol 7]} Secondly the "route" – to help locate the routes on the maps in this article they have been given a sequence number. Finally the route's colour on the maps has been noted.
2. Following the reference is the name of the pass or of some named point on the route – sorting the table places it in alphabetical order of name.
3. The type of path is in brackets. The terminology is as described in Rights of way in England and Wales.
4. Elevation (metres and feet) and OS grid reference of top of pass. – in a few instances the point named is some other waypoint (not the top) of the pass.
5. The "start and "end" locations of a pass are in arbitrary order and the valleys are those between which the pass travels. The actual places named are merely some identifiable low level locations on either side of the high point. No attempt is made to imply any length for the pass – the route via the col of the pass may be much shorter. The elevations of the terminating locations are of little relevance and no information is given about the elevation gained in crossing a pass.

360° panorama from Striding Edge, leading up to Helvellyn

Selection criteria

The hill passes listed are routes within the Lake District National Park between two different valleys where a pathway is marked on the Ordnance Survey 1:50000 or 1:25000 map. Passes to be considered may be listed as "pass" or "hause" in the Ordnance Survey 1:50000 gazetteer provided also that a route crossing the ridge is marked on the map.^[74] Also included are routes described as passes in Wainwright's Guides and in other authoritative sources provided still that they go between different valleys. To be listed a pass does not necessarily have a name (though most do have names) nor does it need to cross a col (but nearly all do traverse cols). A few have been excluded when the gain in elevation seems rather small (less than about 100 metres (330 ft) – this particularly applies with paved roads.

Notes

1. The summit of High Tove is scarcely higher than the ridge it is on and the route is the driest way over the ridge.^[36]
2. Wainwright discusses three passes running roughly parallel – via Megs Gill, Hunting Style and Red Bank.^[38]
3. The Wasdale to Langdale route reaches the Sty Head Pass but does not descend north to Borrowdale but rather continues southeast to a high point at a col often wrongly called "Esk Hause" at NY234083 with an elevation 722 metres (2,369 ft) (near a stone shelter). Rossett Pass is then crossed. The route was used for taking smuggled goods from Ravenglass.^[46]
4. A bridleway takes a similar route following the road for a short distance.
5. From Sty Head, four valleys may be reached: (1) descent west via Styhead Pass to Wasdale, (2) descent northeast via Styhead Pass to Borrowdale, (3&4) ascent southeast to the col north of Esk Hause thence (3) up southwest over Esk Hause to Eskdale or (4) down southeast via Rossett Pass to Great Langdale.
6. This section of the Cumbria Way passes Skiddaw House (YHA) at NY287291 470 metres (1,550 ft) passing from the Derwent Valley to the Eden Valley and back again.^[56]
7. Wainwright frequently mentions this pass (he himself gave it the name).^[62] Just below the pass there used to be a cobalt mine and the mine road came from Braithwaite.^[63]
8. Styhead Tarn is at 440 metres (1,440 ft) and a short ascent reaches Sty Head
9. Only the Windy Gap to Styhead Tarn section is called Aaron Slack (slack means scree).^[65]
10. A toll road ran from Grange to near Honister Hause but it is now a bridleway.
11. Until about 1850 Moses Trod was used to transport slate from high-level quarries at Honister over to Wasdale. Although the route is also called the "Moses Sledgate" (gate is a path), it seems packhorses were used rather than sledges.^[72]

References

Citations

1. "Lake District". www.rgs.org. Royal Geographical Society. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017.
2. Smith (2010), p. 6.
3. Smith (2010), p. 10.
4. Smith (2010), pp. 5–9.
5. Smith (2010), p. 111.
6. Smith (2010), pp. 11–13.
7. Smith (2010), pp. 19–22.
8. Smith (2010), pp. 11, 24.
9. Turnbull (2011), p. 106.
10. Smith (2010), pp. 45, 91.
11. "Education Service Geology Factsheet" (PDF). Lake District National Park. Lake District National Park Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
12. Smith (2010), p. 45.
13. Smith (2010), pp. 33–36.
14. Turnbull (2011), p. 88.
15. Wainwright Vol 4, Scafell Pike, pp. 1–30.
16. "Landscape and geology". Lake District National Park. 18 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016.
17. Turnbull (2011), pp. 106–112.
18. McCloy, Andrew; Midgley, Andrew (2008). "Hardknott Fort". Discovering Roman Britain. New Holland Publishers. pp. 132–139. ISBN 9781847731289. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016.
19. "Roads". Industrial History of Cumbria. Cumbria Industrial History Society. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
20. "Mapping 'Wordsworthshire'". www.lancaster.ac.uk. Spatial Humanities. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017.
21. Myers, Ben (17 February 2009). "Why private genius Alfred Wainwright deserves a public monument". Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016.
22. Wainwright Vol 1, St Sunday Crag, p. 4; Hart Crag, p. 6.
23. Wainwright Vol 1, Seat Sandal, p. 4.
24. Wainwright Vol 1, Middle Dodd, p. 1.
25. Wainwright Vol 1, Dove Crag, p. 3.
26. Wainwright Vol 1, Stybarrow Dodd, p. 4.
27. Wainwright Vol 2, Place Fell, p. 3.
28. Wainwright Vol 2, Ill Bell, p. 4.
29. "Lake District's Garburn Pass made a 'restricted byway'". BBC News. 3 June 2011. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
30. Wainwright Vol 2, Branstree, p. 3.
31. "Gatescarth Pass". Lake District National Park. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016.
32. Wainwright Vol 2, Loadpot Hill, p. 7.
33. Wainwright Vol 2, Harter Fell, p. 2.
34. Wainwright Vol 2, Selside Pike, p. 3.
35. Wainwright Vol 3, High Raise, pp. 5,6.
36. Wainwright Vol 3, High Tove, p. 1,2.
37. Wainwright Vol 3, Armboth Fell, p. 3.
38. Wainwright Vol 3, Silver Howe, p. 2–6.
39. Wainwright Vol 4, Esk Pike, pp. 3–4.
40. Wainwright Vol 4, Hard Knott, p. 3.
41. Dale, Sharon (5 December 2015). "Lake District: Rustic charmer". Yorkshire Post. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.
42. Wainwright Vol 4, Harter Fell, p. 3–6.
43. Wainwright Vol 4, Illgill Head, pp. 4,5; Scafell, pp. 5,7.
44. Wainwright Vol 4, Pike o' Blisco, pp. 3,6,8.
45. Wainwright Vol 4, Rossett Pike, pp. 3,4.
46. Wainwright Vol 4, Rossett Pike, 3–4, Esk Pike, pp. 3–4.
47. Wainwright Vol 4, Lingmoor Fell, pp. 5–7.
48. Wainwright Vol 4, Rossett Pike, p. 2.
49. Wainwright Vol 3, Sergeant's Crag, p. 3.
50. Wainwright Vol 4, Great End, pp. 4–5,7.
51. Wainwright Vol 4, Dow Crag, pp. 2,7,8.
52. Wainwright Outlying Fells, p. 114.
53. "Motorised vehicle ban for Lake District's Walna Scar". BBC News. 6 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
54. Wainwright Vol 4, Crinkle Crags, p. 10.
55. Wainwright Vol 5, Skiddaw, pp. 7–10.
56. Wainwright Vol 5, Skiddaw Little Man, p. 3.
57. "Skiddaw House Bunkhouse". Caledew Community websites. caldew.org.uk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016.
58. Wainwright Vol 6, Grasmoor, pp. 3,4.
59. Wainwright Vol 6, Catbells, p. 6.
60. Wainwright Vol 6, Robinson, p. 6.
61. Wainwright Vol 6, Causey Pike, p. 3; Eel Crag, p.6.
62. Wainwright Vol 6, Sail, pp. 2,3; Eel Crag, p.6.
63. Wainwright Vol 6, Scar Crags, p. 2.
64. Wainwright Vol 6, Whinlatter, p. 6.
65. Wainwright Vol 7, Green Gable, pp. 3,6.
66. Wainwright Vol 7, Pillar, p. 8.
67. Brett, Suzanna (21 November 2012). "Two years at Black Sail - England's loneliest youth hostel". Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
68. Wainwright Vol 7, Gavel Fell, p. 3; Hen Comb, p. 2; Starling Dodd, p. 3; Red Pike (Buttermere) p. 3.
69. Wainwright Vol 7, Gavel Fell, p. 3; Hen Comb, p. 2.
70. Wainwright Vol 7, Fleetwith Pike, p. 4.
71. Wainwright Vol 7, Great Gable, pp. 7,8,17,18; Fleetwith Pike, p. 4.
72. Wainwright Vol 7, Great Gable, pp. 7,8.
73. Wainwright Vol 7, Haystacks, p. 4,5,8.
74. "1:50 000 Scale Gazetteer". www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Ordnance Survey. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. This product is still available to download although it has been officially "withdrawn".

Volumes in Wainwright's Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells

The following individual volumes are part of a boxed set:

• Wainwright, Alfred (2008). The Complete Pictorial Guides: A Reader's Edition (Pictorial Guide Lakeland Fells). Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-07112-2953-2.

1. Wainwright, Alfred (2009). Book One, The Eastern Fells. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2943-3.(same content as first 1955 edition)
2. Wainwright, Alfred (2009). Book Two, The Far Eastern Fells. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2944-0.(same content as first 1957 edition)
3. Wainwright, Alfred (2009). Book Three, The Central Fells. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2945-7.(same content as first 1958 edition)
4. Wainwright, Alfred (2009). Book Four, The Southern Fells. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2946-4.(same content as first 1960 edition)
5. Wainwright, Alfred (2009). Book Five, The Northern Fells. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2947-1.(same content as first 1962 edition)
6. Wainwright, Alfred (2009). Book Six, The North Western. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2948-8.(same content as first 1964 edition)
7. Wainwright, Alfred (2009). Book Seven, The Western Fells. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2949-5.(same content as first 1966 edition)

• Wainwright, Alfred (2009). The Outlying Fells of Lakeland. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2952-5.(same content as first 1968 edition)

Other works cited

• Smith, Alan (2010). Landscapes of Cumbria, No. 4: Lakeland rocks : an introductory guide. Rigg Side Publications. ISBN 978-0-9544679-3-7.
• Turnbull, Ronald (2011). Granite and grit : a walker's guide to the geology of British mountains. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-3180-1.