Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Besançon

The Archdiocese of Besançon (Latin: Archidiœcesis Bisuntina; French: Archidiocèse de Besançon) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. It comprises the département of Doubs (except for Montbéliard) and the département of Haute-Saône (except for the canton of Héricourt).

Archdiocese of Besançon Archidiœcesis Bisuntina Archidiocèse de Besançon
Besançon Cathedral
Coat of arms
Location
Country	France
Ecclesiastical province	Besançon
Statistics
Area	9,732 km2 (3,758 sq mi)
Population - Total - Catholics	(as of 2022) 617,000 (est.) 569,000 (est.)  (92.2%)
Parishes	67
Information
Denomination	Catholic Church
Sui iuris church	Latin Church
Rite	Roman Rite
Established	4th Century
Cathedral	Cathedral of St. John
Patron saint	Immaculate Conception
Secular priests	117 diocesan 14 (Religious Orders) 36 Permanent Deacons
Current leadership
Pope	Francis
Metropolitan Archbishop	Jean-Luc Bouilleret
Map
Website
besancon.mondio16.com

Besançon and its Suffragans

From 1034 to 1184, the archbishop had civil authority within the Holy Roman Empire as the prince-archbishop of Besançon. He gradually lost his civil power to the town council; the city became the Imperial city of Besançon in 1184. The city was annexed by France in stages, eventually being fully subsumed by France in 1792 during the French Revolution. The Archdiocese of Besançon is a metropolitan see with five suffragan dioceses in its ecclesiastical province: the Dioceses of Belfort-Montbéliard, Nancy, Saint–Claude, Saint-Dié, and Verdun.

Early history of the diocese

It was once believed in the diocese of Besançon that Christianity was brought to the area c. 54, by Linus, one of Jesus Christ's seventy-two disciples, and a friend and immediate successor of Peter the Apostle (d. 65), and that Linus was the first bishop of Besançon. This myth has long been abandoned. But to save appearances, Linus is now inserted in the episcopal lists after Ferreolus.^[1]

Another local tradition states that the diocese was evangelized by Saints Ferreolus and Ferrutio (Ferréol and Ferjeux),^[2] who were sent here by St. Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon. According to the Catholic encyclopedia, "Louis Duchesne proved that these legends belong to a chain of narratives forged in the first half of the 6th century and of which the "passion" of St. Benignus of Dijon was the initial link."^[2]

The earliest effort to bring together local traditions and other materials was made in the time of Bishop Hugues (1031–1067), when the first episcopal list was created. "Bishop Ferreolus" was not in it, until the 18th century, when a manuscript of "The Legend of Saint Ferreolus" was found by François Dunod de Charnage among the collection of the Collegiate church of La Madeleine.^[3]

The Emperor Charles the Bald visited Besançon in 871. He granted the archbishops the right to coin money.^[4]

During the Middle Ages several popes visited Besançon, among them pope Leo IX who consecrated the altar of the old Cathedral of St. Etienne in 1050, and Eugenius III who in 1148 consecrated the church of St. Jean, the new cathedral.

In a bull confirming the rights, privileges, and property of the archbishops of Besançon, dated 19 November 1049, Pope Leo IX mentions that the archbishops had a mint (moneta).^[5]

Emperor vs. popes

In 1156, Frederick Barbarossa married Beatrix, the daughter and heiress of Renaud III, the last of the hereditary counts of Burgundy.^[6] His chancellor of Burgundy was the bishop of Lausanne.^[7] In October 1157, Frederick returned to Besançon, and had himself crowned King of Burgundy and of Arles. The day after the coronation, a meeting was held between Frederick and the papal legates of Pope Adrian IV, Cardinal Bernard of San Clemente and Cardinal Roland of San Marco, the chancellor of the Holy Roman Church.^[8] In a letter, which was read before the emperor's court, Pope Adrian reminded Frederick that he had crowned him in Rome, and that therefore the emperor was the pope's vassal; the same message was contained in the cardinals' opening speech. Great offense was caused, and Frederick ordered the archbishop of Besançon and the other clerics to have no communication with the pope; henceforth, ecclesiastical investiture would be carried out by the emperor.^[9] On 18 November, after the meeting with the legates of the pope, Frederick named Archbishop Heraclius of Lyon his exarch.^[10]

Pope Adrian died on 1 September 1159, and the election to choose his successor resulted in two parties and two popes, Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV.^[11] Frederick supported the interest of the Victor IV, and summoned a council to meet at Pavia, on 5–11 February 1160, to judge between the two claimants.^[12] Archbishop Humbert of Besançon (1134–1162) sent a representative, but subsequently he received no favor or attention from the emperor. The Cistercians in the diocese, who sent representatives to the General Chapter at Citeux in 1161, declared firmly in favor of Pope Alexander III, which brought down the wrath of Frederick on the entire order. The monasteries of Acey, Bellevaux, and Clairefontaine were turned over for pillage.^[13] Archbishop Humbert resigned in 1162, and retired to a monastery, where he died in 1164.^[14] He was succeeded by Gauthier, the son of Duke Hugues of Burgundy, the archdeacon and dean of the Chapter, but it is not known whether Gauthier ever received confirmation from the pope. In place of Humbert, Frederick installed as archbishop Herbert, a German from Cologne, the Provost of the Chapter of Aix-la-chapelle (Aachen).^[15] In 1166, however, Herbert was still subscribing documents with the title archbishop-elect, and the title of archbishop does not appear until 1168. He died in 1172, and his funeral was attended neither by the people nor the clergy of Besançcon.^[16] His successor Eberhard (1172–1180) was also a supporter of Frederick and a schismatic, until Frederick brought the schism to an end by reconciling with Pope Alexander in July 1177, from which point Eberhard was recognized as archbishop of Besançon.^[17]

The son of Count Guillaume of Burgundy, Guido of Burgundy, who was pope from 1119 to 1123 under the name of Calixtus II, was born at Quingey, 23 km southwest of Besançon.^[18]

Chapter and cathedral

Legend says that the founder of Saint-Étienne was Linus, who lived in the mid-1st century or the late 2nd.^[19] Christianity, however, was an illegal unregistered cult until the Edict of Milan, which makes construction unlikely. The same source reports the rebuilding of the church by "Queen Helena", the mother of Constantine, under bishop Hylarius.^[20]

The cathedral of Saint Stephen (Saint-Étienne) was in complete ruins when rebuilding began under Archbishop Gauthier (1016–1030).^[21] It was completed by Archbishop Hugues de Besançon (1031–1067) and dedicated on 3 October 1048 by Pope Leo IX.^[22] Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254) granted indulgences to contributors to the restoration of Saint-Étienne. It was at the same time that construction began on a new cathedral, Saint-Jean, in a more modern style. It was consecrated by Pope Eugenius III on 5 May 1148.^[23] On 6 March 1350, lightning struck Saint-Étienne, and destroyed the roof, the furnishings, and its ornaments. The building was repaired, but it was finally pulled down by the military architect Vauban, on orders of King Louis XIV, between 1674 and 1678, to make way for the citadel of Besançcon.^[24] For a time, Besançon had two cathedrals, Saint Stephen and Saint John the Evangelist.^[25]

The cathedral was served and administered by a corporation called the Chapter. It consisted of 43 canons, four dignities, and seven lesser dignities (adjutores). The dignities were: the Dean, who presided over the Chapter, the grand archdeacon, the Cantor, the Treasurer, the archdeacon Salinarius, the archdeacon Faverniacensis, the archdeacon Graacenus, the archdeacon Luxoviensis, and the Theologus.^[26] In 1698, there were four dignities, four personae (adjutores), and 45 canons.^[27]

Later history

From the 13th to 18th centuries, the archdiocese of Besançon had as suffragan dioceses: Belley, Basel, and Lausanne.^[28]

On 7 May 1254, the Emperor William of Holland confirmed the archbishops of Besançon in the right to coin money, called sephanienses after the image of Saint Étienne on them, for use throughout his diocese.^[29]

In 1520, Archbishop Antoine de Vergy (1502–1541) held a diocesan synod at his castle of Gy.^[30]

Archbishop-elect Claude de La Baume (1543–1584) presided over a diocesan synod in 1549, and published the synodial statutes in 1550.^[31] Another diocesan synod was held in 1572. Archbishop Ferdinand de Rye (1586–1636) held synods in 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1597, 1599, 1600, 1604, 1605, 1607, and 1609.^[32] Additionally, Archbishop de Rye held synods in 1611, 1614, 1615, 1618, 1621, 1627, 1630, 1631, 1632, and 1633.^[33] Archbishop Claude de Achey (1637–1654) held diocesan synods in 1640, 1641, 1644, 1647, 1648, 1650, 1651, 1652, and 1653. Diocesan synods were held by Archbishop Antoine-Pierre de Grammont (1662–1698) in 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, and 1691.^[34]

In 1598, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) entered into an agreement with the city to establish a collège in Besançon.^[35]

On 24 January 1600, Pope Clement VIII granted the Archduke Albert, ruler of the Pays-Bas, in his capacity as ruler of the county of Burgundy, the privilege of naming candidates to many ecclesiastical benefices in the archdiocese of Besançon. Pope Urban VIII granted the same privilege to King Philip IV of Spain on 16 October 1640, and the privilege was also granted to his successor, Charles II.^[36]

Archbishop Claude de Achey (1637–1654) held a provincial synod in Besançon on 19 May 1648. It condemned the Jansenist book De la fréquente Communion by Antoine Arnauld. The archbishop would not permit the institution of any cleric into his benefice unless and until he took an oath to support the bulls of Pope Urban VIII and Pope Innocent X against Jansenist propositions.^[37]

Archbishop Antoine-Pierre de Grammont (1662–1698) laid the cornerstone for a new seminary on 25 July 1670.^[38]

Annexation to France

In May 1674, after a siege of nine days, Besançon was captured by the forces led by King Louis XIV of France, and the Franche-Comté was annexed.^[39] The annexation was formalized by the Treaty of Nimègue between King Louis XIV and King Philip II, of Spain on 17 September 1678.^[40] Besançon was named the capital of the province of Franche-Comté and the parliament was established there.^[41]

In June 1683, King Louis XIV and Queen Marie-Thérèse paid an official visit to Besançon, attended a pontifical Mass of Archbishop de Grammont, and participated in the processions of Corpus Christi.^[42] In 1691, Besançon became the seat of a university, which had been transferred from Dijon.^[43] Students from both the seminary and the Jesuit college in Besançon sent their students to the university for advanced study in philosophy and theology.^[44]

On 20 May 1686, Pope Innocent XI transferred the privilege in the county of Burgundy which had been granted to the kings of Spain to King Louis XIV of France.^[45]

On 31 July 1698, Pope Innocent XII granted to the French king the right to nominate the candidate for the vacant see of Besançcon.^[46] In 1698, the cathedral Chapter yielded to the king of France the right to name the archbishop when a vacancy occurred.^[47]

On the eve of the French Revolution, in 1790, the diocese of Besançon had 840 parishes, 28 abbeys, 14, collegial churches,^[48] and 99 priories.^[49]

French Revolution

Even before it directed its attention to the Church directly, the National Constituent Assembly attacked the institution of monasticism. On 13 February 1790. it issued a decree which stated that the government would no longer recognize solemn religious vows taken by either men or women. In consequence, Orders and Congregations which lived under a Rule were suppressed in France. Members of either sex were free to leave their monasteries or convents if they wished, and could claim an appropriate pension by applying to the local municipal authority.^[50]

The National Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of the ancien régime with subdivisions called "departments", to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the institution to be effective on 4 March 1790.^[51] A new department was created called "Doubs," and Besançon became the principal city in the department.^[52] The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draft Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department,^[53] requiring the suppression of approximately fifty dioceses.^[54] Besançon became the seat of the "Metropole de l'Est."^[55]

Archbishop Raymond de Durfort refused to take the compulsory oath to the Civil Constitution, and withdrew into exile upon the arrival of a "Constitutional Bishop". He died at Soleure in Switzerland on 19 March 1792, and his senior suffragan, Bishop Bernard Emmanuel von Lenzburg of Lausanne^[56] assumed the administration of the diocese of Besançon.^[57] When Lenzburg died on 14 September 1795, the administratorship passed to Bishop Franz Xaver von Neveu of Basel.^[58]

The Concordat of 1802 gave the Diocese of Besançon all those districts which, in 1822, constituted the Diocese of St.-Claude. In 1806, Besançon was given jurisdiction over the three parishes of the Principality of Neufchâtel (Switzerland) which fell under the control of the bishopric of Lausanne in 1814. In 1870, after the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany, the district of Belfort was withdrawn from the bishopric of Strasburg and attached to the diocese of Besançon.

Reconstruction

The French Directory fell in the coup engineered by Talleyrand and Napoleon on 10 November 1799. The coup resulted in the establishment of the French Consulate, with Napoleon as the First Consul. To advance his aggressive military foreign policy, he decided to make peace with the Catholic Church and the Papacy.^[59] On 29 November 1801, in the concordat of 1801 between the French Consulate, headed by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, and Pope Pius VII, the archbishopric of Besancon and its suffragan Belley, and all the other dioceses in France, were suppressed. This removed all the institutional contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutional Church.^[60] The diocesan structure was then re-established, with the metropolitan archdiocese of Besancon (Doubs) and its suffragan dioceses Dijon and Autun (in Burgundy), Metz, Nancy, and Strasbourg (in Alsace-Lorraine).^[61] The Concordat was registered as a French law on 8 April 1802.^[62]

In 1814, the French monarchy was restored, and on 24 May 1814, the pope returned to Rome from exile in Savona.^[63] Work began immediately on a new concordat, to regularize the relations between the two parties. In implementation of the concordat of 27 July 1817, between King Louis XVIII and Pope Pius VII, the papal bull "Commissa nobis" was issued on 27 July 1817, but the French Parliament refused to ratify the concordat. It was not until 6 October 1822 that a revised version of the papal bull, now called "Paternae Charitatis",^[64] fortified by an ordonnance of Louis XVIII of 13 January 1823 ordering its registration, received the acceptance of all parties. The archdiocese of Besançon (Doubs) was assigned as suffragans the dioceses of Strasbourg, Metz, Verdun, Belley, Saint-Die, and Nancy.^[65] Dijon and Autun were withdrawn from Besançon.

In June 1874, after the Franco-Prussian War, at the request of the French government, Pope Pius IX removed the churches of Metz and Strasburg from the metropolitan jurisdiction of the archbishop of Besançon, and made them exempt, under the direct control of the Holy See.^[66]

On 3 November 1979, Pope John Paul II issued an apostolic constitution (papal bull), "Qui Divino Consilio", removing from the diocese of Besançon the territory of Belfort; the "paus de Montbéliard" in the department of Doubs; and the arrondissement called "Héricourt" with the town of "Chalonvillars", to form the new diocese of Belfort-Montbéliard. The diocese of Belfort-Montbéliard was made a suffragan of the metropolitanate of Besançon^[67][68]

Spiritual life

Peter Fourier (1565–1640), who inaugurated systematic education for girls, was born at Mirecourt, c. 120 km. north of Besançon, in the diocese of Besançon.^[69] The miracle attributed to the "Sacred Host of Faverney", during a fire in the year 1608 at the Benedictine Abbey of Nôtre-Dame de la Blanche,^[70] was annually commemorated by elaborate ceremonies on 30 October.^[71] The places of pilgrimage were Notre Dame du Chêne at Scey; Notre Dame d'Aigremont; the pilgrimage of Saint Peter of Tarentaise at Cirey-les-Bellevaux, where St. Pierre de Tarentaise died in 1174; Notre Dame des Jacobins at Besançon; and Notre Dame de la Motte at Vesoul.

The Jesuit Claude-Adrien Nonnotte (1711–1793), an adversary of Voltaire, was a native of Besançon.^[72]

Abbeys founded from the diocese

The monastery of Luxeuil, founded by Columbanus (d. 615), gave to the diocese of Besançon a series of holy men. First came the direct successors of Columbanus: the Abbot Eustasius who founded a celebrated school in this monastery; the Abbot Valbert who sent monks to found the Abbeys of St. Valéry, St. Omer, and St. Bertin, and died in 665; the Abbot Ingofroid; Donatus, who became Bishop of Besançon; and Ansegisus, author of a celebrated collection of capitularies.^[73]

The Abbey of Lure (Luthra), (in Haute-Saône, was founded at the beginning of the 7th century by St. Déicole (Deicolus), or Desle, disciple of Columbanus; later its abbots were princes of the Holy Empire.^[74] The Abbey of Beaume les Dames,^[75] founded in the 5th century and in which Gontram, King of Burgundy, was buried, was the school where Odo, afterwards Abbot of Cluny, studied in the tenth century; at the end of the eighth century there was built near it an abbey (Palma) for Benedictine nuns, members of the nobility.^[76] During the French Revolution the church of this abbey was laid waste.

Other saints of the Diocese of Besançon include the hermit Aldegrin (10th century).^[77]

Bishops

Main article: Auxiliary bishops of Besançon

To 600

Claudius, bishop of Besançon during the 7th century.

According to Georges Goyau, writing in the first edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia, "the catalogue of the earliest bishops of Besançon is to be read with caution."^[2]

Ferreolus 180?–211?

Linus^[78]

Antidius c. 267

Germanus

• Maximinus died before 304^[79]
• Paulinus died c. 310
• Eusebius^[80]
• Hilarius
• Pancharius (attested 346)^[81]
• Justus c. 362
• Aegnanus died c. 374
• Sylvester I 376–396?
• Anianus (4th century)
• Fronimius
• Desideratus
• Leontius ?–443
• Chelidonius c. 445, died 451?^[82]
• Antidius II
• Chelmegisl
• Claudius (I) c. 517^[83]
• Urbicus c. 549^[84]
• Tetradius (I) c. 570^[85]
• Sylvester (II.) c. 580^[86]
• Vitalis (I)
• St. Rothadius, a monk at Luxeuil and organizer of the monastic life

600 to 1000

• Nicetas died c. 611
• Protagius 614?–624?^[87]
• Donatus c. 627–660^[88]
• Nicetius c. 670^[89]
• Terniscus c. 680^[90]
• Gervase c. 680, died 685)
• Claudius, 685, died 693?
• Felix c. 710
• Tetradius II died 732
• Albo c. 742
• Wandelbert
• Evrald
• Arnoul
• Hervaeus 757–762^[91]
• Gedeon died 796
• Bernoin 811–829^[92]
• Amalwin 838–840^[93]
• Arduicus (843–872)^[94]
• Theoderic (I) (872–895)^[95]
• Berengarius (895–after 927)^[96]
• Aymin (c. 915)^[97]
• Guntherius (between c. 927 and 932)^[98]
• Gottfried (I) (944–953)
• Guy
• Guichard (after 983)^[99]
• Leutald (attested 993–994)^[100]

1000–1300

• Hektor (1002–1015)^[101]
• Waltherius (1016–1031)^[102]
• Hugues de Besançon (1031–1067)^[103]
• Hugo de Montfaucon (c. 1067–1085)^[104]
• Hugo III of Burgundy (1085–1101)^[105]
• Hugo IV (1102–1107)
• Guillaume I de Arguel (1109?–1117)
• Anseric de Montréal (1117–1134)
• Humbert (1134–1162)^[106]
• Gauthier (1162–1163)^[107]
• Herbert (1163–1172) (schismatic)^[108]
• Eberhard de Saint-Quentin (1172–1180)^[109]
• Theoderic de Montfaucon (1180–1191)
• Etienne de Vienne (1191–1193)
• Amadeus de Tramelay (1197–1220)^[110]
• Gerard de Rougemont (1221–1225)^[111]
• Jean Allegrin, O.Clun. (1225–1227)^[112]
• Nicolas de Flavigny (1227–1235)^[113]
• Gottfried (1236–1241)^[114]
• Jean II. (1242–1244)
• Guillaume de la Tour (1245–1268)
• Odo de Rougemont (1269–1301)

1300–1500

• 1301–1312 : Hugues de Chalons^[115]
• 1312–1333 : Vital de Maignaut
• 1333–1355 : Hugues de Vienne
• 1355–1361 : Jean de Vienne
• 1361–1362 : Louis de Montbéliard
• 1363–1370 : Aymon de Villersexel
• 1371–1391 : Guillaume de Vergy
• 1391–1404 : Gerard d'Athies (Avignon Obedience)^[116]
• 1405–1429 : Thiébaud de Rougemont (Avignon Obedience)^[117]
• 1429–1437 : Jean de La Rochetaillée^[118]

[1437 ; Jean Fruin de Poligny ]^[119]

• 1437–1438 : François Condulmer^[120]
• 1438 : Jean de Norry^[121]
• 1439–1462 : Quentin Ménard^[122]
• 1463–1498 : Charles de Neufchâtel^[123]

1500–1800

• 1498-1502 : François de Busleyden
• 1502–1541 : Antoine de Vergy
• 1541–1544 : Cardinal Pierre de la Beaume^[124]
• 1543–1584 : Claude de La Baume^[125]
• 1584–1586 : Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle^[126]
• 1586–1636 : Ferdinand de Rye^[127]
• 1636–1637 : François de Rye^[128]
• 1637–1654 : Claude de Achey^[129]
• [1654] : Charles Emanuel de Gorrevot, never consecrated]^[130]
• 1659–1662 : Jean Jacques Fauche^[131]
• 1662–1698 : Antoine-Pierre de Grammont^[132]
• 1698–1717 : Francois-Joseph de Grammont^[133]

1717–1721 : René de Mornay^[134]

• 1723–1732 : Honoré de Grimaldi^[135]
• 1733–1734 : Antoine-Francois de Bliterswijk-Montcley^[136]
• 1735–1754 : Antoine Pierre (II) de Grammont^[137]
• 1754–1774 : Antoine Clairiard de Choiseul de Beaupré^[138]

(1756–1791) Claude-François-Ignace de Ran (Auxiliary bishop)^[139]

• 1774–1792 : Raymond de Durfort^[140]

Constitutional Church (schismatic)

• 1791–1793 : Philippe-Charles-François Seguin^[141]
• 1798–1801 : Demandre, Jean-Baptiste^[142]

From 1800

• Claude Le Coz (1802–1815)^[143]
• Gabriel Cortois de Pressigny 1817–1823^[144]
• Paul-Ambroise Frère de Villefrancon 1823–1828^[145]
• Louis-François-Auguste de Rohan-Chabot (1828–1833)^[146]
• Louis-Guillaume-Valentin DuBourg, P.S.S. 3 Feb 1833 to 12 Dec 1833
• Jacques-Marie-Adrien-Césaire Mathieu (1834–1875) (Cardinal in 1850)^[147]
• Pierre-Antoine-Justin Paulinier 1875–1881
• Joseph-Alfred Foulon (30 Mar 1882 - 26 May 1887), appointed Archbishop of Lyon (-Vienne) (Cardinal in 1887)
• Marie-Joseph-Jean-Baptiste-André-Clément-Fulbert Petit 1894–1909
• François-Léon Gauthey (20 Jan 1910 – 25 Jul 1918)
• Louis Humbrecht (14 Sep 1918 – 28 Jun 1927)
• Charles Binet (31 Oct 1927 – 15 Jul 1936) (Cardinal in 1927)
• Maurice-Louis Dubourg (9 Dec 1936 – 31 Jan 1954)
• Marcel-Marie-Henri-Paul Dubois (10 Jun 1954 – 2 Jul 1966)
• Marc-Armand Lallier (26 Aug 1966 – 6 Mar 1980)
• Lucien Daloz (12 Dec 1980 – 13 Aug 2003)
• André Jean René Lacrampe, Ist. del Prado (13 Aug 2003 – 25 Apr 2013)
• Jean-Luc Marie Maurice Louis Bouilleret (17 November 2013 – present)

See also

• Auxiliary bishops of Besançon
• Catholic Church in France

References

1. Richard, pp. 2-3. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, p. 4.
2. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Besancon (Vesontio)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
3. Duchesne, pp. 198-199. Dunod, Vol. 1, pp. vi, xi, 4-5, 10-12.
4. Richard I, p. 168. L. Plantet & L. Jeannez, Essai sur les monnaies du Comté de Bourgogne depuis l'époque gauloise jusqu'à la réunion de la Franche-Comté à la France , (in French), (Lons-le-Sannier: A. Robert 1855), p. 31. Castan (1891), pp. 49-51.
5. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, "Instrumenta," p. 14. Castan (1891), p. 48.
6. Richard I, p. 382.
7. Richard I, pp. 382-383.
8. Loye, II, pp. 173-176
9. Loye II, pp. 174-175. Radgewinus, "Gesta Friderici I", book III. 11; Monumenta Germaniae Selecta 3-4, p. 110: Cumque per electionem principum a solo Deo regnum et imperium nostrum sit, qui in passione Christi filii sui duobus gladiis necessariis regendum orbem subiecit, cumque Petrus apostolus hac doctrina mundum informaverit 'Deum timete, regem honorificate', quicumque nos imperialem coronam pro beneficio a domno papa suscepisse dixerit, divinae institutioni et doctrinae Petri contrarius est et mendacii reus erit."
10. Richard I, p. 383.
11. John P. Adams, "Sede vacante 1159," California State University (2011); retrieved 18 January 2024
12. Ernest F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages (London:George Bell 1892), pp. 420-425.
13. Loye II, pp. 180. The Cistercians were released from their obedience to the archbishop of Besançon by Alexander in recognition of their loyalty.
14. Loye II, pp. 177-178.
15. Loye II, pp. 178-179.
16. Richard I, p. 399-402. Loye II, p. 186, note 1, also states that Herbert died in 1172, not 1170 (the date of his latest known act).
17. Loye II, pp. 189-190.
18. Horace Kinder Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the early Middle Ages, second edition, Volume 8 (London: Kegan Paul 1925), p. 145.
19. Duchesne, p. 200: Hic primus edificavit Bisontinam ecclesiam Sancti Stephani, que usque ad Hylarium permansit," according to the annotator of the missals of Saint-Étienne.
20. Duchesne, p. 200: "Huius tempore reedificata est ecclesia s. Stephani ab Helena regina matre Constantini, cum nulla alia eccclesia adhuc fuerit Bisontii." Duchesne notes (p. 208-209) that the cleric who was the source of the entries was a partisan of the claims of Saint-Étienne to be the cathedral over those of Saint-Jean: "Lu rivalité de Saint-Etienne et de Saint-Jean, qui lit plus tard tant de tapage, parait avoir conduit notre auteur à bien préciser les dates de fondation de l'une et de l'autre. Celle de Saint-Etienne, comme je viens de le dire, est censée remonter aux origines mêmes de l'église bisontine ; Saint-Jean n'apparaît qu'au temps de Charlemagne; c'est l'évèque Bernouin qui en fut le fondateur."
21. Gauthier, p. 4. Duchesne, p. 202: "Galtherius...iterum cepit reedificare ecclesiam sancti Stephani ad modum Romanae ecclesiae sancti Petri."
22. Gauthier, p. 8.
23. Philippus Jaffé & S. Loewenfeld, Regesta pontificum Romanorum (in Latin), second edition (Leipzig: Veit 188), p. 57. Richard I, p. 363.
24. Gauthier, p. 6.
25. Gauthier, p. 7.
26. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, p. 2.
27. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 120, note 1. The population of the city was c. 10,000.
28. Eubel I, p. 541, "In Gallia", no. 7. Eubel II, p. 282, "In Gallia", no. 7. Eubel III, p. 349, "In Gallia", no. 7. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 387, "In Gallia", no. 9. Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 457, no. 6.
29. Caastan (1891), p. 47 with note 1: "Nos, precibus venerabilis archiepiscopi Bisuntini, principis nostri, ... jus cudendi monetam stephaniensem, ac usum expendere eum per dyocesum suam totam prout hactenus est obtentum et a regibus Romanis concessum...nostris antecessoribus..., confirmamus ac presentis scripti patrocinio communimus."
30. Richard II, p. 193.
31. Statuta synodalia ecclesiae Bisuntinae, cum breuibus quibusdam praeceptis doctrinae catholicae (Lyon: apud Gulielmum Rovillium 1560).
32. J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, (in Latin), Vol. 36^bis (reprint: Paris: Hubert welter 1913), pp. 91. 343, 347, 355, 363, 377, 383, 393, 409, 515, 917, 949, 959, 971, 983.
33. Mansi, Vol. 36^ter, pp. 7, 39, 45, 67, 87, 135, 155, 157, 197, 201, 209.
34. Mansi, Vol. 36^ter, pp. 385, 387, 395, 399, 413, 419, 423, 441, 449, 455, 459, 463, 469, 475, 481, 535.
35. Pièces importantes concernant les Jésuites de Besançon. 1762. Association française pour l'avancement des sciences, Besançon et la Franche-Comté: notices historiques, scientifiques et économiques, (Besançon: J. Dodivers 1893), pp. 274-275. Loye III, p. 310.
36. François Dunod de Charnage, Histoire de l'église, ville et diocèse de Besançon, (in French and Latin), Volume 2 (Besançon: C.-J. Daclin 1750), 283: "...tam ad Dignitates Abbatiales, aut quorumcumque Monasteriorum per Priores aut Præpositos regi & gubernari solitorum, regimina; quam etiam ad quoscumque Prioratus , Præposituras aut Præpositatus Conventum habentes; etiamsi Prioratus, Præpositúra, Præpositatus, & non Monasteria nuncupentur."
37. Richard II, p. 325.
38. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, p. 109.
39. Darryl Dee, Expansion and Crisis in Louis XIV's France: Franche-Comté and Absolute Monarchy, 1674-1715 (Rochester NY: Rochester University Press 2009), pp. 38-61. Henri Martin, Martin's History of France: The Age of Louis XIV, tr. of 4th ed. by M.L. Booth, Vol. 1 (Boston: Walker Wise 1865), pp. 385-387.
40. Luc d'Esnans de Courchetet, Histoire du traité de paix de Nimègue, suivie d'une dissertation sur les droits de Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, reine de France et des pièces justificatives, (in French). Volume 2 (Amsterdam: Guy 1754), p. 104, § 12.
41. Alexandre Estignard, Le parlement de Franche-Comte de son installation à Besançon à sa suppression, 1674-1790, (in French), Volume 1 (Paris: Picard; Besançon: P. Jacquin 1892), pp. 55-68.
42. Richard II, p. 358.
43. Université de Besançon, L'université de Besançon. Des origines à la révolution, (Besançon: Dodivers 1900).
44. Richard II, p. 362.
45. Dunod de Charnage, Histoire de l'église, ville et diocèse de Besançon, Volume 2, 283: "...tam ad Dignitates Abbatiales, aut quorumcumque Monasteriorum per Priores aut Præpositos regi & gubernari solitorum, regimina; quam etiam ad quoscumque Prioratus , Præposituras aut Præpositatus Conventum habentes; etiamsi Prioratus, Præpositúra, Præpositatus, & non Monasteria nuncupentur."
46. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 120, note 1. The privilege was again granted during the minority of Louis XV on 20 August 1718, and granted to Louis XV for life on 31 August 1722.
47. Richard II, p. 369. Concordat fait entre Louis XIV. Roy de France et de Navarre, et Messieurs les haut-doyen et chanoines de l'illustre chapitre de l'église métropolitaine de Besançon, (in French), (Besançon: J.-G. Benoist 1698).
48. Jean, p. 467: La Madeleine de Besançon, Saint-Anatole, Saint-Michel et Saint-Maurice de Salins, Saint-Hippolyte, Ray, Arlay, Dôle, Saint-Jean d'Arbois, Poligny, Saint-Georges de Vesoul, Notre-Dame de Gray, Saint- Mainbœuf de Montbéliard, Saint-Denis de Béfort en Alsace and Darnay in Lorraine.
49. Jean, p. 460.
50. J. B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, (in French), Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834), p. 118: "La loi constitutionnelle du royaume ne reconnaitra plus de voeux monastiques solennels des personnes de l'un ni de l'autre sexe: en conséquence, les ordres et congrégations réguliers dans lesquels on fait de pareils voeux sont et demeureront supprimés en France, sans qu'il puisse en être établi de semblables à l'avenir." Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York: Harper Collins 2006), p. 54.
51. Pisani, pp. 10-11.
52. Duvergier, p. 125, 242.
53. "Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département."
54. Ludovic Sciout, Histoire de la constitution civile du clergé (1790-1801): L'église et l'Assemblée constituante, (in French and Latin), Vol. 1 (Paris: Firmin Didot 1872), p. 182: Art. 2 "...Tous les autres évêchés existant dans les quatre-vingt-trois départements du royaume, et qui ne sont pas nommément compris au présent article, sont et demeurent supprimés."
55. Duvergier I, p. 284: "L'arrondissement de la métropole de l'est comprendra les évêchés des départemens du Doubs , du Haut-Rhin , du Bas-Rhin, des Vosges, de la Haute-Saône, de la Haute-Marne, de la Côte-d'Or, de Jura."
56. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 255 with note 4.
57. Richard II, p. 462.
58. Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 117. David. M. Cheney, Hierarchia-catholica.org, "Bishop Franz Xaver von Neveu;" retrieved 1 February 2025.
59. Hippolyte Taine, The Origins of Contemporary France. The Modern Régime, Volume 1 (H. Holt, 1890), p. 153.
60. J.B. Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, (in French and Latin), Volume 13 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1826), pp. 372, col. 2.
61. Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.375, 383.
62. Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.318. The law was published by an arrété of 18 April 1802.
63. Alexis François Artaud de Montor, The Lives and Times of the Popes, Vol. 8 (New York: Catholic Publication Society 1911), p. 237.
64. Bullarii Romani continuatio, (in Latin), Tomus septimus, pars 2 (Prati: Typographua Aldina 1852), pp. 2295-2304.
65. "Paternae Charitatis", § 4, p. 2297, column 2.
66. Pius IX, consistorial decree "Rem in ecclesiastica", 14 June 1874, in: Pii IX. Pontificis Maximi Acta, (in Latin), Pars prima, Vol. VI (Rome: Typographia Vaticana 1874), pp. 327-331.
67. Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin), vol. 72 (Città del Vaticano 1980), pp. 23-24.
68. Historique — Diocèse de Besançon - Eglise Catholique de Besançon Archived 2009-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
69. T. Corcoran, "The Fourier Schools," Irish Monthly Magazine vol. 56 (Dublin: M.H. Gill 1928), pp. 122-126.
70. Joan Cruz, Eucharistic Miracles and Eucharistic Phenomenon in the Lives of the Saints (Charlotte, North Carolina: TAN Books 2012), ch. 28.
71. Carlos M. N. Eire, Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450-1650 (New Haven: Yale 2016), p. 408.
72. Fernand Mourret, Histoire geńérale de l'église: L'ancien régime, (in French), second ed. (Paris: Bloud et Gay 1920), p. 503.
73. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 144-150.
74. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 164-166.
75. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 173-176.
76. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 204-206.
77. Édouard Clerc, Essai sur l'histoire de la Franche-Comté, (in French), second ed., Volume 1 (Bessançon: C. Marion 1870), p. 212.
78. According to notes added to episcopal lists copied from Missals in the cathedral of Saint-Etienne, Linus built the church of Saint Stephen: "...primus edificavit Bisontinam ecclesiam sancti Stephani, que usque ad Hylarium permansit." Duchesne, pp. 200, 208, 209. In these episcopal lists, the name following Linus is Maximianus, and there is no mention of Antidius or Germanus. In the Vatican rituale (Duchesne, p. 198), Linus is succeeded immediately by Maximinus and then by Paulinus.
79. Maximianus is said to have been a hermit, who lived six miles outside the city. Duchesne, p. 200.
80. Bishop Eusebius is said to have been a disciple of Pope Melchiades (311-314). Duchesne, p. 209.
81. Bishop Pancharius (not "Pancratius") is said to have been consecrated by Pope Julius I (337–352) (Duchesne, p. 209). He is said to have been present at the Council of Cologne (Colonia Agrippinensis). Gaston Rasneur, "Le concile de Cologne de 346," in: Bulletins de la Commission royale d'histoire de Belgique Vol. 72 (1903), pp. 27-59, at p. 27, points out that Ammianus Marcellinus (History XV. 5.31) says that in 355 Christians in Cologne constituted only a "conventiculum." It has been argued that there was no such council: Duchesne, p. 67. The acts and subscriptions of the "Council of Cologne", and therefore the evidence for Pancharius, were declared forgeries as early as 1679, by Noël Alexandre, Selecta historiae ecclesiasticae capita, (in Latin), Volume 7 (Paris: Antonius Dezallier, 1679), pp. 288-291. More recently, the objections have been amplified by Louis Duchesne, "Le faux concile de Cologne (346)," (in French), in: Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique, Volume 3 (Louvain: Université catholique de Louvain 1902), pp. 16-29. In favor of the authenticity of the council: G. Monchamp, "Pour l'authenticité des actes du concile de Cologne de 346," (in French), in: Bulletin de la classe des Lettres et des Sciences morales et politiques et de la classe des Beaux-Arts (Bruxelles 1902), pp. 245-288. The name "Pancratius" occurs in the "Nomina episcoporum Vesontionensis" as the 6th bishop, who was consecrated by Pope Julius (337–352): DUchesne, p. 200.
82. Chelidonius was deposed by Hilary of Arles. Duchesne, p. 212, no. 2.
83. Bishop Claudius was present at the council of Epaone in 517, and at the council of Lyon in 518. Duchesne, p. 212, no. 4.
84. Bishop Urbicus was present at the council of in 549, though his name does not appear on the list of bishops. Duchesne, p. 213, no. 5. Charles De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 - A. 695 (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 158: "In Christi nomine Vrbicus episcopus ciuitatis Vesuntiensis consinsi et subscripsi."
85. Tetradius may have been present at the council of Paris in 552, and was represented at the council of Lyon in 570. Duchesne, p. 213, no. 5. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, p. 203: "Caesarius presbyter directus a domino meo Tetradio episcopo ecclesiae Visoncensis subscripsi."
86. Bishop Sylvester took part in the council of Paris on 11 November 573 ("Siluester in Christi nomine episcopus ciuitatis eclesiae Vesonciensis constitutionem nostram subscripsi"); in the council of Mâcon on 1 November 581; and in the council of Mâcon on (perhaps) 23 October 585. Duchesne, p. 213, no. 7. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, pp. 215, 229, 248.
87. Bishop Protagius (or Proardus) attended the council of Paris in the church of S. Peter on 10 October 614. Duchesne, p. 213, no. 8. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, p. 281: "Ex ciuitate Besuntione Protagius episcopus."
88. Donatus was a monk at Luxeuil. As bishop, he wrote a rule for canon priests in his diocese. He attended the council of Clichy on 27 September 627, and the council of Chalon-sur-Saône in 650. He died 660. Duchesne, pp. 213-214, no. 9. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, pp. 296 ("Ex ciuitate Visontione Donans episcopus"), 308 ("Donatus episcopus ecclesie Vesoncensis his constitutionibus subscripsi").
89. misspelled "Migetius" by scribes. Duchesne, p. 214, no. 10.
90. Terniscus ("Ternatius" in episcopal list): Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, p. 17. Duchesne, pp. 213-214, no. 11.
91. Hervé (Harifeus, Herivaeus) was present at the council of Attigny in 762. Hauréau, Gallia christiana p. 19. Duchesne, pp. 214-215.
92. Bernuinus is credited with building the church of Saint John the Evangelist. In 811, he subscribed the Last Will and Testament of Charlemagne. He took part in the council of 829. Hauréau, Gallia christiana p. 21. Duchesne, p. 201; p. 215, no. 15.
93. Bishop Amalwin subscribed a charter in 838, and attended the council of Ingleheim on 24 June 840. Duchesne, p. 215, no. 16.
94. Arduicus: Duchesne, p. 215, no. 17.
95. Theodoricus: Duchesne, pp. 215-216, no. 18.
96. Berengarius is said to have been the nephew of Archbishop Theoderic, and to have been elected by a general election before the altar of S. Stephen, of which he was a canon. He was driven out by the heretic Hayminus (Aymin), and governed though a vicar. Hauréau, Gallia christiana pp. 25-26. Duchesne, p. 202.
97. Ayminus attended the Council of Chalons in 915, and was regarded as archbishop of Besançon. Hauréau, Gallia christiana pp. 25-26.
98. Guntherius: a name in an episcopal list. Hauréau, Gallia christiana p. 26.
99. Guichard: Hauréau, Gallia christiana p. 27.
100. Liutaldus: Hauréau, Gallia christiana p. 28.
101. Hector: Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 28-29.
102. Walterius (Gauthier) was already bishop when addressed by Pope Benedict VIII on 1 September 1016. He began the reconstruction of the church of Saint-Etienne. He died on 4 October 1030. Philippus Jaffé and S. Loewenfeld, Regesta pontificum Romanorum second ed. Vol. 1 (Leipzig: Veit 1885), p. 509, no. 4013. Gauthier, p. 4. Duchesne, p. 204.
103. Hugh I of Salins, prince of the Empire, founded markets and schools in Besançon. Bernard de Vregille, Hugues de Salins, archevêque de Besançon, 1031-1066, (in French), (Besançon: Cêtre 1981).
104. Hugues (II) de Montfaucon was a canon of Besançon was the diocese's notary. He attended the council of Ansano in 1070, that of Autun in 1071, He died on 28 September 1085. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 36-37.
105. Hugo was son of William I, Count of Burgundy, brother of Pope Callixtus II
106. Humbert: Richard I, pp. 357-375.
107. Gauthier: Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 48-49.
108. Herbert: Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 49-50. Loye II, pp. 178-187. Richard, vol. I, p. 399-402 states that Herbert died in 1172, as does Loye II, p. 186, note 1.
109. Éberard was the son of Meinier de Saint-Quentin of Besançon. A partisan of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Eberhard was forced by a revolution after the defeat of Frederick at Milan in 1175 and the Battle of Legnano in 1076. Richard I, pp. 403-412. Loye II, p. 187-190.
110. Pope Honorius III accepted Amadeus' resignation, for reasons of age, on 28 May 1220, and ordered a successor to be elected. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 55-60. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica, p. 137, note 1.
111. Gerard (I.) had been bishop-elect of Lausanne. He was transferred to the diocese of Besançon by Pope Honorius III on 26 March 1221. He died in March 1225. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 60-62. Eubel I, p. 137.
112. Jean Allegrin was consecrated a bishop on 19 October 1225. He was transferred to the diocese of Constantinople on 23 December 1226. He was named a cardinal in September 1227 by Pope Gregory IX, and made suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina. He died in 1238. Eubel I, pp. 6, no. 1; 137; 205. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 62-64. "Récit de la Franche-Comté ou Comté de Bourgogne". gilles.maillet.free.fr. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
113. Nicolas held a master's degree, and had been Dean of the cathedral Chapter of Langres. He was appointed by [[Pope Gregory IX, after he rejected the election by the Chapter of the abbot of S. Benigno of Dijon. He died on 7 September 1235. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 64-68. Eubel I, p. 137 with note 3.
114. Gottfried (II.) is called bishop-elect in a document of Pope Gregory IX of 4 April 1236. He died in a shipwreck during the Battle of Giglio off the coast of Elba on 3 May 1241, as he was attempting to reach Rome for a papal council called by Gregory IX to deal with the Emperor Frederick II]]. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 68-69. Eubel I, p. 137.
115. Hugues had been archdeacon of Laon, and then prince-bishop of Liège (1295–1301). He was transferred to the diocese of Besançon on 11 December 1301 by Pope Boniface VIII. He dictated his Last Will and Testament in Vienne on 19 February 1312. Hauréau, Gallia christiana XV, pp. 78-80. Eubel I, pp. 137, 302 with note 2.
116. Gerard was appointed on 4 December 1391 by Pope Clement VII. He died on 22 November 1404. Eubel I, p. 137.
117. Bishop Theobaldus became bishop of Mâcon in 1390, from which he was transferred to Vienne in 1399. He was appointed archbishop of Besançon on 20 February 1405, by Pope Benedict XIII. He attended the Council of Constance, the council of Pavia (1423), and the council of Siena (1424). He died in Rome on 16 September 1429. Loye III, pp. 93-98; 104-110. Eubel I, p. 137.
118. Cardinal Jean de Font had been Archbishop of Rouen and administrator from 1423–1431. He was named a cardinal by Pope Martin V on 24 May 1426. He was appointed administrator of the diocese of Besançon on 14 October 1429. He attended and supported the Council of Basel, which elected him Vic-Chancellor of the Church. He was made papal legate in Bologna by Pope Eugenius IV, where he died on 24 March 1437. Eubel I, pp. 34, no. 1; 137; 426.
119. Fruin was a councillor of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and Dean of the cathedral Chapter. He was elected by the Chapter of Besançon, but Pope Eugenius IV, claiming that because Cardinal de la Rochetaille had died in the papal court, the pope had the right to appoint an archbishop; Eugenius refused to confirm Fruin's election election, and appointed Cardinal Condulmer instead. Richard II, pp. 141-143.
120. Cardinal Condulmer, named a cardinal by his uncle Pope Eugenius IV on 19 September 1431, was appointed archbishop of Besançon on 27 March 1437, and transferred to the diocese of Verona on 20 October 1438. He became suburbicarian Bishop of Porto (c. 1445). He died on 30 October 1453. Eubel II, pp. 7, no. 1; 106; 265.
121. The dispute between Philip the Good and Pope Eugenius was settled by the transfer of Cardinal Condulmer to Verona and the appointment of Jean de Norry, bishop of Vienne to the archbishopric of Besançon. The bulls were issued on 17 April 1438. Norry died towards the end of 1438; his successor presented his bulls to the Chapter on 4 January 1439. Richard II, pp. 142-144. Loye III, pp. 150-151.
122. Ménard had been elected bishop of Arras, and was confirmed in 1438. He was transferred to Besançon by Pope Eugenius IV on 23 September 1439. He died at the château de Gy on 28 December 1462. Loye III, pp. 151-171. Eubel II, pp. 98, 106.
123. Charles, the Cantor of the cathedral of S. Jean, was under the age of 21 when elected by the Chapter on 4 January 1463; nevertheless, he was approved by Pope Pius II. In 1482, harassed by King Louis XI and by Maximilian of Austria, the archbishop left Besançon and took up residence in Bayeux. He took part in the coronation of King Louis XII at Reims on 27 May 1498. He died at Neuilly on 20 July 1498. Richard II, pp. 157, 165, 181-183. Loye III, pp. -158. Eubel II, p. 106 with note 1.
124. De la Beaume previously been Bishop of Geneva (1522–1540?). He had been Coadjutor of Antoine de Vergy from 1530. He was named a cardinal by Pope Paul III on 19 December 1539, and was assigned the titular church of Ss. John And Paul on 21 November 1541. He succeeded to the diocese of Besançon on the death of Archbishop De Vergy, on 29 December 1541. He died in Rome on 4 May 1544. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, pp. 26, no. 29; 134 with note 3 and 4; 201 with note 4.
125. De la Baume was named archbishop of Besançcon on 27 June 1543 in succession to his uncle Cardinal Pierre de la Baume, even though he was below the minimum age for consecration as a bishop; the Cardinal acted as administrator. On 2 July 1544, following the death of the cardinal, François Bonnalot, canon and Treasurer of the cathedral Chapter was named administrator. Despite the provision of Claude de la Baume as archbishop, the Chapter elected Bonnalot to the archbishopric, an act which was immediately voided by the pope. Claude de la Baume was consecrated on 4 June 1570. Claude was named a Cardinal by Pope Gregory XIII on 21 February 1578. He was assigned the titular church of Santa Pudenziana on 24 August 1580. He died on 14 June 1584. Eubel III, pp. 46, no. 6; 134 with note 5.
126. Perrenot de Granville was a member of the De la Baume family. He was the minister of Philip II and built the episcopal palace in Besançon. Loye III, pp. 258-272. Eubel III, p. 134.
127. Ferdinand de Rye: Jean, pp. 460-461.
128. (Coadjutor from 1623). Jean, p. 461. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 115 with note 2.
129. Claude d'Achey: Jean, p. 461. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 115 with note 3.
130. Gorrevod was nominated by King Louis XIV, but was never approved by Pope Innocent X, nor did he receive bulls of institution or consecration. Loye III, pp. 424-426. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 115 with note 4.
131. Fauche: Jean, p. 462, no. 91. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 115 with note 5.
132. Grammont opposed Jansenism and the Reformation. In 1691, he transferred to Besançon the University of Dôle. He died on 2 May 1698, at the age of 83. Loye IV, pp. 1-64. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 115 with note 6.
133. Francois-Joseph de Grammont: Jean, p. 463, no. 93. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 120 with note 3.
134. De Mornay was named to the archbishopric by the French Regent, Philippe d'Orleans, but was not granted his bulls by Pope Clement XI. He died at Bourges on 17 May 1721. Jean, p. 463. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 120 with note 4.
135. Grimaldi was approved in the papal consistory of 20 November 1724, by Pope Benedict XIII. He resigned on 1 March 1732. He died in Paris on 16 May 1748. Jean, pp. 463-464, no. 94. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 120 with note 5.
136. Montcley: Jean, p. 464, no. 95. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p.123 with note 2.
137. Grammont, iunior: Jean, p. 464, no. 96. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p.123 with note 3.
138. Choiseul was named a Cardinal on 23 November 1761, by Pope Clement XIII. He died in Besançon on 7 January 1774. Jean, p. 465, no. 97. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 23, no. 28; 123 with note 4.
139. De ran was named titular bishop of Rhosus (Syria) in 1756; he fled France in 1751. Jean, p. 466. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, pp. 357, 452.
140. Durfort was forced to flee in 1791, after he refused the oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. He went into exile in Switzerland; he died at Soleure on 19 March 1792. Jean, p. 465, no. 98. Loye, Vol. 5, p. 73. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p.123 with note 5.
141. Pisani, pp. 237-239.
142. Demandre: Pisani, pp. 239-241.
143. Le Coz was formerly a teacher at the Collège de Quimper, who took the oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in 1791 and became its director. He was elected constitutional bishop of the new Department of Ille-et-Vilaine (Rennes, in Brittany), and was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly. On his return, his reputation as a moderate led to his arrest during the Terror, and he spent 14 months in prison at Mont-Saint-Michel. He took part in the councils of the constitutional clergy in Paris in 1797 and 1801. He opposed the Concordat of 1801, and even though he had a personal meeting with Pope Pius VII, he did not retract. He welcomed the return of Napoleon from Elba, but died before Waterloo, on 3 May 1815. Alfred Roussel, Correspondance de Le Coz, évêque constitutionnel d'Ille-et-Vilaine (Paris: Picard 1900), "Introduction" and passim. Pisani, pp. 125-130.
144. Baunard (ed.), L'episcopat français, p. 132.
145. Baunard (ed.), L'episcopat français, p. 132-133.
146. Rohan was named a (Cardinal in 1830). Baunard (ed.), L'episcopat français, p. 133-134.
147. Mathieu defended episcopal temporal power (the Papal States), and was a member of the "Opposition" at the First Vatican Council. He opposed strenuously in his diocese the "simultaneous churches" which sprang up throughout the district of Montbéliard where there were many Protestants. Harris M. Lentz III, Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary, (United Kingdom, McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers, 2015), pp. 121-122.

Bibliography

Reference works

• Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. (Use with caution; obsolete)
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin)
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin)
• Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.
• Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series... A pontificatu Pii PP. VII (1800) usque ad pontificatum Gregorii PP. XVI (1846) (in Latin). Vol. VII. Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana.
• Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi... A Pontificatu PII PP. IX (1846) usque ad Pontificatum Leonis PP. XIII (1903) (in Latin). Vol. VIII. Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.
• Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi... A pontificatu Pii PP. X (1903) usque ad pontificatum Benedictii PP. XV (1922) (in Latin). Vol. IX. Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.

Studies

• Castan, Auguste (1877). Les évêques auxiliaires du siége métropolitain de Besançon. (in French). Besançon: DuDivers 1877.
• Castan, Auguste (1891). "La concession monétaire de Charles le Chauve à l’Eglise de Besançon," (in French), in: Revue numismatique (1891), pp. 47-59.
• Duchesne, Louis (1915). Fastes episcopaux de l'ancienne Gaule. Vol. III: Les provinces du Nord et de l'Est. (in French). Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1915. (pp. 198-216.)
• Dunod de Charnage, François Ignace (1750). Histoire de l'eglise, ville et diocése de Besançon. (in French). Besançon: C.J. Daclin. Volume 1 (1750).
• Du Tems, Hugues (1774). Le clergé de France, ou tableau historique et chronologique des archevêques, évêques, abbés, abbesses et chefs des chapitres principaux du royaume, depuis la fondation des églises jusqu'à nos jours (in French). Vol. Tome premier. Paris: Delalain.
• Gauthier, Jules (1901). Etude archéologique sur la cathédrale St. Etienne de Besançon. (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale 1901.
• Hauréau, Barthelemy (1860). Gallia christiana: in provincias ecclesiaticas distributa. (in Latin). Vol. 15. Paris: Firmin Didot, 1860. pp. 1-112; Instrumenta pp. 1-123.
• Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. pp. 459–467.
• Hours, Henri (ed.) (1999): Fasti Ecclesiae Gallicanae. Répertoire prosopographique des évêques, dignitaires et chanoines des diocèses de France de 1200 à 1500. IV. Diocèse de Besançon. Turnhout, Brepols. (in French)
• Loye, Léopold (1902) Histoire de l'Eglise de Besançon. (Besançon: Paul Jacquin). Volume 1 (1901). Volume 2 (1902). Volume 3 (1902). Volume 4 (1902). Volume 5 (1903). Volume 6 (1903).
• Morey, Joseph (1869). Le diocèse de Besançon au dix-septième siècle. visite pastorale d'Antoine Pierre de Grammont (1665-1668). (in French). Besançon: J. Jacquin 1869.
• Pisani, Paul (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791-1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils.
• Richard, Jean François Nicolas (1847, 1851). Histoire des diocèses de Besançon et de Saint-Claude. (in French). Besançon: Librairie ecclésiastique de Cornu. Volume 1. Volume 2.
• Société bibliographique (France) (1907). L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802-1905). Paris: Librairie des Saints-Pères. pp. 346–350.
• Surugue, R. (1930). Les Archeveques de Besancon. (in French). Besancon 1930.

External links

• Besançon (Vesontio) - Catholic Encyclopedia article
• David M. Cheney, Catholic-hierarchy.org, Archdiocese of Besançon. ^{[self-published source]}
• Website of the archdiocese
• Catholic hierarchy ^{[self-published]}

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