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List of biographies of Muhammad

Biographies of Muhammad From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a chronological listing of biographies of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, from the earliest traditional writers to modern times.

Number of biographies

The literature is extensive: in the Urdu language alone, a scholar from Pakistan in 2024 came up with a bibliography of more than 10,000 titles counting multivolume works as a single book and without taking into account articles, short essays or unpublished manuscripts, with the author also precising that the literature in Arabic is even more important.[1]

Earliest biographers

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The following is a list of the earliest known Hadith collectors who specialized in collecting Sīra and Maghāzī reports.

1st century of Hijrah (622–719 CE)

2nd century of Hijrah (720–816 CE)

  • Al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr (d. 107 AH), another grandson of Abu Bakr. His traditions are mainly found in the works of al-Tabari, al-Balathuri, and al-Waqidi.[2]
  • Wahb ibn Munabbih (d. during 725 to 737, or 114 AH). Several books were ascribed to him but none of them are now existing. Some of his works survive as quotations found in works by Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Hisham, Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, and others.[2][3]
  • Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī (d. c. 737), a central figure in sīra literature, who collected both ahadith and akhbār. His akhbār also contain chains of transmissions, or isnad. He was sponsored by the Umayyad court and asked to write two books, one on genealogy and another on maghāzī. The first was canceled and the one about maghāzī is either not extant or has never been written.[3]
  • Musa ibn ʿUqba, a student of al-Zuhrī, wrote Kitāb al-Maghāzī, a notebook used to teach his students; once thought to be lost now rediscovered. Some of his traditions have been preserved, although their attribution to him is disputed.[3]
  • Muhammad ibn Ishaq (d. 767 or 761), another student of al-Zuhrī, who collected oral traditions that formed the basis of an important biography of Muhammad. His work survived through that of his editors, most notably Ibn Hisham and Ibn Jarir al-Tabari.[3]
  • Ibn Jurayj (d. 150 AH), has been described as a "contemporary" of Ibn Ishaq and "rival authority based in Mecca"[4]
  • Abū Ishāq al-Fazarī (d. 186 AH) wrote Kitāb al-Siyar.[5]
  • Abu Ma'shar Najih Al-Madani (d. c. 787)
  • Al-Waqidi, whose surviving work Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi (Book of History and Campaigns) has been published.(Online link).
  • Hisham Ibn Urwah ibn Zubayr, son of Urwah ibn Zubayr, generally quoted traditions from his father but was also a pupil of al-Zuhri.

3rd century of Hijrah (817–913 CE)

4th century of Hijrah (914–1010 CE)

  • Ibn Hibban (d.965) wrote Kitāb al-sīra al-nabawiyya wa akhbār al-khulafāʾ.

5th century of Hijrah (1011–1108 CE)

  • Ibn Abd al-Barr wrote al-Durar fi ikhtisar al-maghazi was-siyar.[7]
  • Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (d. 1038) wrote Dala'il al-Nubuwwa.
  • Al-Bayhaqi (d. 1066), wrote Dala'il al-Nabuwwa (Proof of Prophethood).
  • Al-Baghawi wrote al-Anwar fi Shama'il al-Nabi al-Mukhtar
  • Ibn Hazm wrote Jamawiʿ al-Sīra (The Sira Synopsis), an abridgement of the work of Ibn Abd al-Barr.[7]

6th century of Hijrah (1109–1206 CE)

  • Abu al-Qasim al-Suhayli (d. 1185), a grammarian from Malaga, wrote al-Rawd al-unuf, a commentary on Ibn Hisham's biography explaining the difficult and ambiguous words.[7]

7th century of Hijrah (1207–1303 CE)

  • Al-Kalāʿī of Valencia (d. 1236) wrote a three-volume biography called al-Iktifāʾ. It follows the structure of Ibn Ishaq's sira with additional traditions from various other works.[7]
  • Abdul Mu'min al-Dimyati (d. 705AH/1305CE), wrote the book "al-Mukhtasar fi Sirati Sayyid Khair al-Bashar" but is commonly referred to as Sira of Al-Dimyati.

8th century of Hijrah (1304–1400 CE)

Others (710–1100 CE)

  • Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, the husband of Asma bint Abi Bakr.
  • Asim Ibn Umar Ibn Qatada Al-Ansari
  • Ma'mar Ibn Rashid Al-Azdi, pupil of al-Zuhri
  • Abdul Rahman ibn Abdul Aziz Al-Ausi, pupil of al-Zuhri
  • Muhammad ibn Salih ibn Dinar Al-Tammar was a pupil of al-Zuhri and mentor of al-Waqidi.
  • Ya'qub bin Utba Ibn Mughira Ibn Al-Akhnas Ibn Shuraiq al-Thaqafi
  • Ali ibn mujahid Al razi Al kindi.
  • Salama ibn Al-Fadl Al-Abrash Al-Ansari, pupil of Ibn Ishaq.
  • Abu Sa`d al-Naysaburi wrote Sharaf al-Mustafa
  • Faryabi wrote Dala'il al-Nubuwwa

Later writers and biographies (1100–1517 CE)

19th century CE

  • Bush, George (1831). The Life of Mohammed: Founder of the Religion of Islam, and of the Empire of the Saracens. J. & J. Harper.
  • Gustav Weil, Mohammed der Prophet, sein Leben und seine Lehre (Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler'schen Buchhandlung, 1843)
  • Washington Irving, Mahomet and His Successors (1850)
  • Aloys Sprenger, The Life of Mohammad, from Original Sources (Allahabad: The Presbyterian Mission Press, 1851).
  • William Muir, The Life of Muhammad and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1858-1861), 4 vols. – several later editions with slightly different titles.
  • Aloys Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad: Nach bisher größtentheils unbenutzten Quellen (Berlin: Nicolai'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1861-1865), 3 vols – a revised 2nd edition was published in 1869.
  • Theodor Nöldeke, Das Leben Muhammed's: Nach den Quellen populär dargestellt (Hannover: Carl Rümpler, 1863).

Modern biographies (1900 CE – present)

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Biographies missing date of publication

See also

References

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