β-Propiolactone, often simply called propiolactone, is an organic compound with the formula CH2CH2CO2. It is a lactone family, with a four-membered ring. It is a colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor, highly soluble in water and organic solvents.[2][3] The carcinogenicity of this compound has limited its commercial applications.[4]

Quick Facts Names, Identifiers ...
β-Propiolactone
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Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Oxetan-2-one
Other names
Propiolactone
2-Oxetanone
3-Hydroxypropanoic acid lactone
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.309 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 200-340-1
KEGG
RTECS number
  • RQ7350000
UNII
UN number 2810
  • InChI=1S/C3H4O2/c4-3-1-2-5-3/h1-2H2 checkY
    Key: VEZXCJBBBCKRPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C3H4O2/c4-3-1-2-5-3/h1-2H2
    Key: VEZXCJBBBCKRPI-UHFFFAOYAQ
  • O=C1OCC1
Properties
C3H4O2
Molar mass 72.063 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor slightly sweet[1]
Density 1.1460 g/cm3
Melting point −33.4 °C (−28.1 °F; 239.8 K)
Boiling point 162 °C (324 °F; 435 K) (decomposes)
37 g/100 mL
Solubility in organic solvents Miscible
Vapor pressure 3 mmHg (25°C)[1]
1.4131
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS06: ToxicGHS07: Exclamation markGHS08: Health hazard
Danger
H315, H319, H330, H350
P201, P202, P260, P264, P271, P280, P281, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P320, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
Flash point 74 °C; 165 °F; 347 K[1]
Explosive limits 2.9%-?[1]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
OSHA-Regulated carcinogen[1]
REL (Recommended)
Ca[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
Ca [N.D.][1]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Production

β-Propiolactone is prepared industrially by the reaction of formaldehyde and ethenone in the presence of aluminium- or zinc chloride as catalyst:[5]

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In the research laboratory, propiolactones have been produced by the carbonylation of epoxides.[6]

Reactions and applications

It reacts with many nucleophiles in a ring-opening reactions. With water hydrolysis occurs to produce 3-hydroxypropionic acid (hydracryclic acid). Ammonia gives the β-alanine, which is a commercial process.[5]

Propiolactone was once widely produced as an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid and its esters. That application has been largely displaced in favor of safer and less expensive alternatives. β-Propiolactone is an excellent sterilizing and sporicidal agent, but its carcinogenicity precludes that use.[2] It is used to inactivate a wide variety of viruses,[7] for example as a step in vaccine production.[8] The principal use of propiolactone is an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.[5]

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Structure of an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), a propiolactone derivative that is used in papermaking.

Safety

β-Propiolactone is "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" (IARC, 1999).[2] It is one of 13 "OSHA-regulated carcinogens," chemicals regarded occupational carcinogens by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, despite not having an established permissible exposure limit.[9]

See also

References

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