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The Bengali–Assamese script,[7] sometimes also known as Eastern Nagri,[8] is an eastern Brahmic script, primarily used today for the Bengali and Assamese language spoken in eastern South Asia. It evolved from Gaudi script, also the common ancestor of the Odia and Trihuta scripts.[9][10] It is commonly referred to as the Bengali script by Bengalis[11] and the Assamese script by the Assamese,[12] while in academic discourse it is sometimes called Eastern-Nāgarī.[13] Three of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic—Bengali, Assamese, and Meitei[a][14]—commonly use this script in writing;[15][16][2] Bengali is also the official and national language of Bangladesh.
| Bengali–Assamese বাংলা-অসমীয়া | |
|---|---|
Image 1: The text, from the 18th-century Hastividyārnava, commissioned by Ahom king Siva Singha, reads: sri sri mot xivo xingha moharaja. The modern Bengali glyph "র" currently used for ra is used in this pre-modern Assamese/Sanskrit manuscript for va, the modern form of which is "ৱ". Though the modern Assamese alphabet does not use this glyph for any letter, modern Tirhuta continues to use this for va. Image 2: The native names, in Bengali–Assamese, of the three scheduled languages of India that commonly use this script, followed by their standard English names and a Latin transliteration of the native name in parentheses. | |
| Script type | |
Time period | c. 1100–present |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Official script | for Bengali language, Assamese language and Meitei language (constitutionally termed as Manipuri)[1][2] |
| Languages | Bengali, Assamese, Bishnupriya, Meitei, Sylheti, Santali, Kokborok, Garo, Hajong, Chakma, Mizo, Khasi, Chittagonian, Kudmali Maithili, Kamtapuri, Noakhali, and others. |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Bengali, Assamese, Tirhuta |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Beng (325), Bengali (Bangla) |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Bengali |
| U+0980–U+09FF (Bengali), U+011480–U+0114DF (Tirhuta) | |
_of_the_3_official_languages_of_the_India_that_use_Bengali–Assamese_script_as_their_official_scripts.svg){kind=spacer}
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Besides, Bengali and Assamese languages, it is also used to write Bishnupriya Manipuri, Meitei, Chakma, Santali and numerous other smaller languages spoken in eastern South Asia.[17][18] Historically, it was used to write various Old and Middle Indo-Aryan languages, and, like many other Brahmic scripts, is still used for writing Sanskrit.[19] Other languages, such as Bodo, Karbi, Maithili and Mising were once written in this script.[20] The two major alphabets in this script – Assamese and Bengali – are virtually identical, except for two characters — Assamese differs from Bengali in one letter for the /r/ sound, and an extra letter for the /w/ or /v/ sound.[21][22][23]
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The Bengali–Assamese script was originally not associated with any particular regional language, but was prevalent as the main script in the eastern regions of Medieval India for Old- and Middle-Indo-Aryan including Sanskrit.[19] All of these eastern Magadhan scripts are based on a system of characters historically related to, but distinct from, Devanagari. Brahmi, an ancient Indian syllabary, is the source of most native Indian scripts including the South Indian languages and Devanagari, the script associated with classical Sanskrit and other Indo-Aryan languages.[22]
The modern eastern scripts (Bengali-Assamese, Odia, and Maithili) became clearly differentiated around the 14th and 15th centuries from the predecessor Gaudi.[7] While the scripts in Bengal, Assam and Mithila remained similar to each other the Odia script developed a curved top in the 13th–14th century and became increasingly different.[24] Old Maithili also used a script similar to the Bengali–Assamese script, and Maithili scholars (particularly of the older generation) still write Sanskrit in that script.[21][25]
According to d'Hubert (2014) manuscripts written in the 17th–18th century from eastern Bihar in the west to Manipur in the east followed related scripts, that could be classed largely into three on the basis of the letter ro: (1) western - with the current Bengali ro; (2) northern - with the current Assamese ro; and (3) eastern - largely lost today with a ro not seen today.[26]
Modern Bengali–Assamese script saw further standardisations following the introduction of printing.
Printing
Though there were early attempts to cut Bengali types[27] it was the East India Company's interest in propagating the Bengali language[28] that ultimately prevailed. It first commissioned Willem Bolt, a Dutch adventurer, to create a grammar for Bengali, but he had to leave India after he ran into trouble with the company.[29] The first significant book with Bengali typography was Halhed's 1778 "A Grammar of the Bengal Language"[30] which he compiled from a meagre set of six Bengali manuscripts.[31] When Halhed turned to Warren Hastings for publishing, he was referred to Charles Wilkins, the type-founder at the Company press at Hoogly. Learned in Sanskrit and Persian, Wilkins singlehandedly cut the most complete set. He was assisted by the Bengali blacksmith, Panchanan Karmakar, who is often erroneously credited as the father of the Bengali type.[32]
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Evolution of Bengali-Assamese script
Inscription from Valavarman III from 9th-10th century, Nagaon, Assam. Modern forms of letters and matras are already discernible.
Early 13th century rock inscription near Guwahati, Assam
The text, from the 18th-century Hastividyārnava, commissioned by Ahom king Siva Singha, reads: sri sri mot xivo xingha moharaja. The modern Bengali glyph "র" currently used for ra is used in this pre-modern Assamese/Sanskrit manuscript for va, the modern form of which is "ৱ". Though the modern Assamese alphabet does not use this glyph for any letter, modern Tirhuta continues to use this for va.
Halhed's script, 1778, as designed by Charles Wilkins, was the first significant type for printing. As can be clearly seen, not all the glyphs have achieved their modern forms yet. Though the chart sports the Assamese ৰ, the Bengali র was used interchangeably in the text.
In this and other articles on Wikipedia dealing with the Assamese and Bengali languages, a Romanization scheme used by linguists specialising in Bengali phonology and a separate Assamese transliteration table used by linguists specialising in Assamese phonology are included along with IPA transcription.
Alphabets
There are three major modern alphabets in this script: Bengali, Assamese, and Tirhuta. Modern Assamese is very similar to modern Bengali. Assamese has at least one extra letter, ৱ, that Bengali does not. It also uses a separate letter for the sound 'ro' ৰ different from the letter used for that sound in Bengali র and the letter ক্ষ is not a conjunct as in Bengali, but a letter by itself. The alphabetical orders of the two alphabets also differ, in the position of the letter ক্ষ, for example. Languages like Meitei and Bishnupriya use a hybrid of the two alphabets, with the Bengali র and the Assamese ৱ. Tirhuta is more different and carries forward some forms used in medieval Assamese.[citation needed]
Vowels and diacritics
The script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the seven vowel sounds of Bengali and eight vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these vowel letters are used in both Assamese and Bengali. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Bengali or Assamese. For example, the script has two symbols for the vowel sound [i] and two symbols for the vowel sound [u]. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short [i] and a long [iː], and a short [u] and a long [uː]. These letters are preserved in the script with their traditional names of "short i" and "long i", etc., despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.
Some language-specific usages
In the Bengali alphabet, অ্যা is used when the intended pronunciation would otherwise be ambiguous.[clarification needed] Some other languages use a vowel অৗ to denote /ɯ/ which is not found in either Bengali or Assamese; and though the vowel diacritic (matra, ৗ) is found in Tirhuta the vowel letter itself is absent. Assamese alphabet uses an additional "matra" (ʼ) that is used to represent the phonemes অʼ and এʼ.
| Vowels | Vowel Diacritic symbol | Assamese | Bengali | Meitei (Manipuri)[33] | Sylheti | Hajong | Rabha | Rajbongsi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| অ | – | ô | ô/o | ô/a | o | o | ô | ô |
| অʼ | ʼ | o | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| আ | া | a | a | a꞉ | a | a | a | a |
| অ্যা/এ্যা | ্যা | – | æ | – | – | – | – | – |
| অৗ | ৗ | – | – | – | – | â | â | – |
| ই | ি | i | i | i | i | i | i | i |
| ইʼ | িʼ | – | – | – | – | – | î | – |
| ঈ | ী | i | i | – | ī | – | – | (i) |
| উ | ু | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
| উʼ | ুʼ | – | – | – | – | – | â | – |
| ঊ | ূ | u | u | – | ū | – | – | (u) |
| ঋ | ৃ | ri | ri | – | ri | – | – | ri |
| ৠ | ৄ | rii | rii | – | – | – | – | – |
| ঌ | ৢ | li | li | – | – | – | – | – |
| ৡ | ৣ | lii | lii | – | – | – | – | – |
| এ | ে | ê | e/ê | e | ê | e | e | ê |
| এʼ | েʼ | e | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ঐ | ৈ | ôi | ôi | ei | oi | oi | – | ôi |
| ও | ো | û | o | o/ô | – | ô | o | o |
| ঔ | ৌ | ôu | ôu | ou | ou | ôu | – | ôu |
Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant (here exemplified by ক, kô). When no vowel Diacritic symbol is written, then the vowel "অ" (ô) is the default inherited vowel for the consonant. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a hôsôntô (্) may be written underneath the consonant.
Consonants
The names of the consonant letters in Eastern Nagari are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel "অ" ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter "ঘ" is itself ঘ ghô, not gh). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese and Bengali are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written ন, ণ, or ঞ (depending on the spelling of the particular word), these letters are not simply called nô; instead, they are called "dental nô", "cerebral nô" and niô. Similarly, the phoneme /ʃ/ in Bengali and /x/ in Assamese can be written as "palatal shô/xhô" শ, "cerebral shô/xhô" ষ, or "dental sô/xô" স, depending on the word.
| Consonant | Assamese | Bengali | Meitei (Manipuri)[33] | Chittagonian | Sylheti | Hajong | Maithili |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ক | kô | kô | kô | xô | xô | ko | ka |
| খ | khô | khô | khô | xô | xo | kho | kha |
| গ | gô | gô | gô | gô | go | go | ga |
| ঘ | ghô | ghô | ghô | gô | go | gho | gha |
| ঙ | ungô | ngô | ngô | ngô | – | ngo | nga |
| চ | sô | cô | cô | sô | so | co | ca |
| ছ | sô | chô | – | sô | so | so | - |
| 𑒕 | – | – | – | – | – | – | cha |
| জ | zô | jô | jô | zô | zo | jo | ja |
| ঝ | zhô | jhô | jhô | zô | zo | jho | - |
| 𑒗 | – | – | – | – | – | – | jha |
| ঞ | niô | nô | – | – | – | – | nia |
| ট | tô | ţô | – | tô | to | – | – |
| 𑒙 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ţa |
| ঠ | thô | ţhô | – | tô | to | – | ţha |
| ড | dô | đô | – | dô | do | – | da |
| ড় | rô | ŗô | – | rô | ŗo | – | – |
| ঢ | dhô | đhô | – | dô | do | - | da |
| ঢ় | rhô | ŗhô | – | rô | ro | – | – |
| ণ | nô | nô | – | nô | no | - | - |
| ত | tô | tô | tô | tô | ṭo | to | ta |
| থ | thô | thô | thô | tô | ṭo | tho | tha |
| দ | dô | dô | dô | dô | ḍo | do | da |
| ধ | dhô | dhô | dhô | dhô | ḍo | dho | dha |
| ন | nô | nô | nô | nô | no | no | na |
| প | pô | pô | pô | fô | fo | po | pa |
| ফ | phô | phô | fô | fô | fo | fo | – |
| 𑒤 | – | – | – | – | – | – | pha |
| ব | bô | bô | bô | vô | vo | bo | ra |
| ভ | bhô | bhô | vô | vô | vo | vo | bha |
| ম | mô | mô | mô | mô | mo | mo | ma |
| য | zô | jô | – | zô | zo | - | ya |
| য় | yô | yô | yô | yô | – | yo | – |
| র | (wô) | rô | rô | rô | ro | wõ | va |
| ৰ | rô | (rô) | ro | – | rô | – | ra |
| ল | lô | lô | lô | lô | lo | – | – |
| 𑒪 | – | – | – | – | – | – | la |
| ৱ | wô | – | wo | wô | – | – | – |
| শ | xô | şô | – | shô | – | - | sha |
| ষ | xô | şşô | – | shô | – | - | ssha |
| স | xô | şô | sô | shô | şo | - | sa |
| হ | hô | hô | hô | ô | ho | ho | - |
| 𑒯 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ha |
Digits
| Arabic numerals | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali-Assamese numerals | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ |
| Assamese names | xuinnô | ek | dui | tini | sari | pãs | sôy | xat | ath | nô |
| শূন্য | এক | দুই | তিনি | চাৰি | পাঁচ | ছয় | সাত | আঠ | ন | |
| Bengali names | shunnô | æk | dui | tin | char | pãch | chhôy | shat | aţ | nôy |
| শূন্য | এক | দুই | তিন | চার | পাঁচ | ছয় | সাত | আট | নয় | |
| Meitei names | phoon | ama | ani | ahum | mari | manga | taruk | taret | nipa꞉n | ma꞉pan |
| ফুন | অমা | অনি | অহুম | মরি | মঙা | তরূক | তরেৎ | নীপান | মাপন | |
| Sylheti names | shuinno | ex | dui | tin | sair | fas | soy | shat/hat | aţ | noy |
| শূইন্য | এক (খ) | দুই | তিন | ছাইর | পাচ | ছয় | সাত/হাত | আট | নয় | |
| Maithili names | shūnya | ek | du | tīn | chari | pãch | chhau | sat | aţh | nau |
| শূন্য | এক | দু | তীন | চাৰি | পাঁচ | ছৌ | সাত | আঠ | নৌ | |
| Kamtapuri names | shuinno | ek/aak | dui | tin | chair | pãch | chhôy | sat | aat | nôy/nôo |
| শূইন্য | এক/আক | দুই | তিন | চাইর/চাইৰ | পাঁচ | ছয় | সাত | আট | নয়/নও | |
| Hajong names | xuinnô | ek | dui | tin | câr | pas | soy | sat | at | noy |
| শূন্য | এক | দুই | তিন | চাৰ/চার | পাচ | ছয় | সাত | আট | নয় | |
| Rabha names | tha | sa | niŋ | tham | bri | bwŋ | kröb | sin | gin | suku |
| থা | ছা | নিং | থাম | ব্ৰি | বৗং | ক্ৰোব | ছিন | গিন | ছুকু | |
| Chittagonian names | shúinnô | ek | dui | tin | sair/sér | fañs | só | śat | añshtô | nô |
| শূইন্য | এক | দুই | তিন | ছাইর/ছের | পাঁচ | ছ | সাত | আঁশ্ট | ন |
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There are two Unicode blocks for Bengali–Assamese script, called Bengali and Tirhuta. The Bengali block is U+0980–U+09FF:
| Bengali[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+098x | ঀ | ঁ | ং | ঃ | অ | আ | ই | ঈ | উ | ঊ | ঋ | ঌ | এ | |||
| U+099x | ঐ | ও | ঔ | ক | খ | গ | ঘ | ঙ | চ | ছ | জ | ঝ | ঞ | ট | ||
| U+09Ax | ঠ | ড | ঢ | ণ | ত | থ | দ | ধ | ন | প | ফ | ব | ভ | ম | য | |
| U+09Bx | র | ল | শ | ষ | স | হ | ় | ঽ | া | ি | ||||||
| U+09Cx | ী | ু | ূ | ৃ | ৄ | ে | ৈ | ো | ৌ | ্ | ৎ | |||||
| U+09Dx | ৗ | ড় | ঢ় | য় | ||||||||||||
| U+09Ex | ৠ | ৡ | ৢ | ৣ | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ | ||
| U+09Fx | ৰ | ৱ | ৲ | ৳ | ৴ | ৵ | ৶ | ৷ | ৸ | ৹ | ৺ | ৻ | ৼ | ৽ | ৾ | |
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
The Tirhuta block is U+11480–U+114DF:
| Tirhuta[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1148x | 𑒀 | 𑒁 | 𑒂 | 𑒃 | 𑒄 | 𑒅 | 𑒆 | 𑒇 | 𑒈 | 𑒉 | 𑒊 | 𑒋 | 𑒌 | 𑒍 | 𑒎 | 𑒏 |
| U+1149x | 𑒐 | 𑒑 | 𑒒 | 𑒓 | 𑒔 | 𑒕 | 𑒖 | 𑒗 | 𑒘 | 𑒙 | 𑒚 | 𑒛 | 𑒜 | 𑒝 | 𑒞 | 𑒟 |
| U+114Ax | 𑒠 | 𑒡 | 𑒢 | 𑒣 | 𑒤 | 𑒥 | 𑒦 | 𑒧 | 𑒨 | 𑒩 | 𑒪 | 𑒫 | 𑒬 | 𑒭 | 𑒮 | 𑒯 |
| U+114Bx | 𑒰 | 𑒱 | 𑒲 | 𑒳 | 𑒴 | 𑒵 | 𑒶 | 𑒷 | 𑒸 | 𑒹 | 𑒺 | 𑒻 | 𑒼 | 𑒽 | 𑒾 | 𑒿 |
| U+114Cx | 𑓀 | 𑓁 | 𑓂 | 𑓃 | 𑓄 | 𑓅 | 𑓆 | 𑓇 | ||||||||
| U+114Dx | 𑓐 | 𑓑 | 𑓒 | 𑓓 | 𑓔 | 𑓕 | 𑓖 | 𑓗 | 𑓘 | 𑓙 | ||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
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