Piano sonatas (Beethoven)

Ludwig van Beethoven wrote 32 mature piano sonatas between 1795 and 1822. (He also wrote 3 juvenile sonatas at the age of 13^[1] and one unfinished sonata, WoO. 51.) Although originally not intended to be a meaningful whole, as a set they comprise one of the most important collections of works in the history of music.^[2] Hans von Bülow called them "The New Testament" of piano literature (Johann Sebastian Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier being "The Old Testament").^[3]

Beethoven's piano sonatas came to be seen as the first cycle of major piano pieces suited to both private and public performance.^[2] They form "a bridge between the worlds of the salon and the concert hall".^[2] The first person to play them all in a single concert cycle was Hans von Bülow; the first complete recording is Artur Schnabel's for the label His Master's Voice.

List of sonatas

Juvenilia

The first three sonatas, written in 1782–1783, are usually not acknowledged as part of the complete set of piano sonatas because Beethoven was 13 when they were published.^[4]

• WoO 47: Three Piano Sonatas (composed 1782–3, published 1783)
  1. Piano Sonata in E-flat major
  2. Piano Sonata in F minor
  3. Piano Sonata in D major

Early sonatas

Beethoven's early sonatas were highly influenced by those of Haydn and Mozart. Piano Sonatas No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, and 15 are four movements long, which was rather uncommon in his time.

• Opus 2: Three Piano Sonatas (1795)
  1. Piano Sonata No. 1 in F minor
  2. Piano Sonata No. 2 in A major
  3. Piano Sonata No. 3 in C major

• Opus 7: Piano Sonata No. 4 in E-flat major ("Grand Sonata") (1797)
• Opus 10: Three Piano Sonatas (1798)
  1. Piano Sonata No. 5 in C minor
  2. Piano Sonata No. 6 in F major
  3. Piano Sonata No. 7 in D major
• Opus 13: Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor ("Pathétique") (1798)
• Opus 14: Two Piano Sonatas (1799)
  1. Piano Sonata No. 9 in E major (Also arranged by the composer for String Quartet in F major (Hess 34) in 1801)
  2. Piano Sonata No. 10 in G major
• Opus 22: Piano Sonata No. 11 in B-flat major (1800)
• Opus 26: Piano Sonata No. 12 in A-flat major (1801)
• Opus 27: Two Piano Sonatas (1801)
  1. Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major 'Sonata quasi una fantasia'
  2. Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor 'Sonata quasi una fantasia' ("Moonlight")
• Opus 28: Piano Sonata No. 15 in D major ("Pastoral") (1801)

Middle sonatas

After he wrote his first 15 sonatas, he wrote to Wenzel Krumpholz, "From now on, I'm going to take a new path." Beethoven's sonatas from this period are very different from his earlier ones. His experimentation in modifications to the common sonata form of Haydn and Mozart became more daring, as did the depth of expression. Most Romantic period sonatas were highly influenced by those of Beethoven. After his 20th sonata, published in 1805, Beethoven ceased to publish sonatas in sets and published all his subsequent sonatas each as a single whole opus. It is unclear why he did so.

• Opus 31: Three Piano Sonatas (1802)

1. Piano Sonata No. 16 in G major
2. Piano Sonata No. 17 in D minor ("Tempest")
3. Piano Sonata No. 18 in E-flat major ("The Hunt")

• Opus 49: Two Piano Sonatas (composed 1795–6, published 1805)
  1. Piano Sonata No. 19 in G minor
  2. Piano Sonata No. 20 in G major
• Opus 53: Piano Sonata No. 21 in C major ("Waldstein") (1804)
  • WoO 57: Andante favori — Original middle movement of the "Waldstein" sonata (1804)
• Opus 54: Piano Sonata No. 22 in F major (1804)
• Opus 57: Piano Sonata No. 23 in F minor ("Appassionata") (1805)
• Opus 78: Piano Sonata No. 24 in F-sharp major ("A Thérèse") (1809)
• Opus 79: Piano Sonata No. 25 in G major ("Cuckoo") (1809)
• Opus 81a: Piano Sonata No. 26 in E-flat major ("Les adieux/Das Lebewohl") (1810)

• Opus 90: Piano Sonata No. 27 in E minor (1814)

Late sonatas

Main article: Late piano sonatas (Beethoven)

Beethoven's late sonatas were some of his most difficult works and some of today's most difficult repertoire. Yet again, his music found a new path, often incorporating fugal technique and displaying radical departure from conventional sonata form. The "Hammerklavier" was deemed to be Beethoven's most difficult sonata yet. In fact, it was considered unplayable until almost 15 years later, when Liszt played it in a concert.

• Opus 101: Piano Sonata No. 28 in A major (1816)
• Opus 106: Piano Sonata No. 29 in B-flat major ("Hammerklavier") (1818)
• Opus 109: Piano Sonata No. 30 in E major (1820)
• Opus 110: Piano Sonata No. 31 in A-flat major (1821)
• Opus 111: Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor (1822)

Performances and recordings

In a single concert cycle, the whole 32 sonatas were first performed by Hans von Bülow.^[5] A number of other pianists have emulated this feat, including Artur Schnabel (the first since Bülow to play the complete cycle in concert from memory), Roger Woodward,^[6] Rudolf Buchbinder and Michael Houstoun, who has performed the full sonata cycle twice; first at the age of 40, and then 20 years later in 2013.^[7] Claudio Arrau performed the cycle several times.^[8]

The first pianist to make a complete recording was Artur Schnabel, who recorded them for the British recording label His Master's Voice (HMV) between 1932 and 1935.^[9][10][11] Other pianists to make complete recordings include Wilhelm Kempff, Claudio Arrau,^[12] Annie Fischer, Paul Lewis, Daniel Barenboim, Friedrich Gulda, Jean-Efflam Bavouzet, Mari Kodama, Alfred Brendel, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Maurizio Pollini, Richard Goode, Stephen Kovacevich, András Schiff, Igor Levit, Anton Kuerti, Eduardo del Pueyo [es], Konstantin Scherbakov, Boris Giltburg, Fazıl Say, Jenő Jandó and others.

References

1. Cooper, Barry (April 2017). The Creation of Beethoven's 35 Piano Sonatas. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1431-1.
2. Rosen (2002), accompanying note
3. Morante, Basilio Fernández; Davis, Charles (2014). "A Panoramic Survey of Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata, Op. 106: Composition and Performance". Notes. 71 (2): 237–262. doi:10.1353/not.2014.0152. S2CID 191575332. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
4. White, Michael (2008-01-20). "Settling Old Scores by Beethoven (Published 2008)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
5. "Carnegie Room Concerts". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
6. Celebrate 88. Retrieved 16 July 2014
7. Hannigan, Margot (21 August 2013). "Beethoven, Houston a treat for audience". The Nelson Mail. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
8. "Arrau at 60" by Thomas F. Johnson, Musical America, March 1963, via princeton.edu/~gpmenos
9. "Artur Schnabel". www.bechstein.com. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
10. Bloesch, David (1986). "Artur Schnabel: A Discography" (PDF). Association for Recorded Sound Collections Journal. 18-1/3: 34.
11. Beethoven Complete Piano Sonatas in Two Volumes, ed. by Artur Schnabel, Alfred Masterwork Edition, Publisher's Preface
12. "Discographie Claudio Arrau – Beethoven (1770–1827)", patachonf.free.fr (in French)

Further reading

• Behrend, William (1988). Ludwig Van Beethoven's Pianoforte Sonatas. Ams Pr Inc. ISBN 978-0-404-12861-6.
• Drake, Kenneth (2000). The Beethoven Sonatas and the Creative Experience. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21382-2.
• Harding, Henry Alfred (2010). Analysis of Form in Beethoven's Sonatas. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-176-31116-9.
• Matthews, Denis (1967). Beethoven Piano Sonatas. British Broadcasting Corporation.
• Rosen, Charles (2002). Beethoven's Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09070-3.
• Tovey, Donald (1999). A Companion to Beethoven's Piano Sonatas. Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. ISBN 978-1-86096-086-4.
• Taub, Robert (2009). Playing the Beethoven Piano Sonatas. Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-1-57467-178-0.

External links

• Beethoven lecture-recitals at Wigmore Hall, London by András Schiff