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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote or BdU (Eng: "Commander of the U-boats") was the supreme commander of the German Navy's U-boat Arm (Ubootwaffe) during the First and Second World Wars. The term also referred to the Command HQ of the U-boat arm.[1]
Commander of the U-boats | |
---|---|
Befehlshaber der U-Boote | |
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Abbreviation | BdU |
Reports to | Oberbefehlshaber der Marine |
Precursor | Führer der Unterseeboote |
Formation | 1917, recreated 17 October 1939 |
Abolished | 8 May 1945 |
The title was established in June 1917, replacing the role of "Leader of the U-boats" (Führer der Unterseeboote, or FdU) for the High Seas Flotillas. The first incumbent was Kapitan zur See/Kommodore Andreas Michelsen, previously head of the High Seas Fleet’s destroyer force.[2] The post was abolished with the end of the war.
It was revived on 17 October 1939, when Karl Dönitz was promoted to rear admiral (Konteradmiral). His previous title had been FdU, a position he had held from January 1936.[3]
On 31 January 1943 Dönitz was promoted to grand admiral (Großadmiral) and became supreme commander (Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine) of the entire Kriegsmarine, replacing Erich Raeder. He retained the title, but was replaced as operational commander at BdU by his chief of staff Eberhard Godt.[4]
Godt's successor was Admiral Hans Georg von Friedeburg, who held the position at the end of the war and became commander-in-chief of the German navy when Dönitz became head of Nazi Germany after Hitler's suicide.
No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Other positions held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Karl Dönitz (1891–1980) | Konteradmiral17 October 1939 | 31 January 1943 | 3 years, 106 days | FdU (January 36 - September 39) | |
2 | Eberhard Godt (1900–1995) | Konteradmiral31 January 1943 | 8 May 1945 | 2 years, 97 days | Admiralstabsoffizier (1939-1939) Chef der Operationsabteilung (1939-1945) |
No. | Portrait | Abteilungschef | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hans-Georg von Friedeburg (1895–1945[note 1]) | Kapitän zur See17 October 1939 | 11 September 1941 | 1 year, 10 months |
No. | Portrait | 2. Admiral der Unterseeboote | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hans-Georg von Friedeburg (1895–1945) | Konteradmiral12 September 1941 | 30 April 1943 | 1 year, 7 months |
No. | Portrait | Kommandierender Admiral der Unterseeboote | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hans-Georg von Friedeburg (1895–1945) | Admiral1 February 1943 | 30 April 1945 | 2 years, 2 months | |
2 | Kurt Dobratz (1904–1995) | Kapitän zur See1 May 1945 | 8 May 1945 | 7 days |
Dobratz had transferred from navy to Luftwaffe in 1935. He rejoined the Kriegsmarine in 1943 and was given command of U-1232 taking it out on one patrol before becoming chief of staff at BdU.[5]
No. | Portrait | Stabschef des Kommandierenden Admirals der Unterseeboote | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Heinz-Ehler Beucke (1904–1979) | FregattenkapitänMarch 1943 | May 1943 | 2 months | |
2 | Ernst Kratzenberg (1896–1984) | KonteradmiralJune 1943 | April 1945 | 1 year, 10 months | |
3 | Kurt Dobratz (1904–1995) | Kapitän zur SeeApril 1945 | April 1945 | 0 days | |
4 | Ewald Engler (born 1913) | Fregattenkapitän1 May 1945 | 8 May 1945 | 7 days |
Beucke was withdrawn from command of U-boat (a single patrol with German submarine U-173) in 1942 because his brothers had been killed.