Battle of the Argeș

The Battle of the Argeș took place during the Romanian Campaign of World War I.on 1 December 1916. The battle was fought along the line of the Argeș River in Romania between Austro-German forces of the Central Powers and Romanian forces with the Russian imperial forces.^[1]

Battle of the Argeş
Part of the Battle of Bucharest of the Romanian Campaign of World War I
German map of the battle
Date 1–3 December 1916 Location Bucharest, Romania 44°16′N 26°3′E Result Central Powers victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Romania  Russian Empire	German Empire  Tsardom of Bulgaria  Ottoman Empire  Austria-Hungary
Commanders and leaders
Constantin Prezan	Erich von Falkenhayn August von Mackensen
Strength
Romanian First Army 9 Infantry divisions 2 Cavalry divisions 150,000 soldiers	Danube Army German Ninth Army 11 Infantry divisions 3 Cavalry divisions 175,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
Unknown dead or wounded 60,000 prisoners	Unknown

Romanian soldiers during a training exercise. The rifle is the Mannlicher M1893, the standard service rifle of the Kingdom of Romania at the time.

Background

In late November 1916, Germano-Bulgarian forces under August von Mackensen crossed the Danube near Zimnicea under the cover of fog and began to march on Bucharest.^[2][3] The Romanians had transferred most of their forces to the Carpathians and as a result the Central Powers forces had a preponderant advantage: 18 Romanian battalions and 48 artillery pieces against 40 German and Bulgarian battalions and 188 guns.^[4] This attack threatened to cut off half the Romanian Army and so the decision was made to launch a counterattack. Relying upon the Russians to contain the fighting elsewhere, the plan entailed using all of the Romanian Army's reserves to launch a flanking attack on the German forces as they crossed the Argeș River, the last natural barrier before Bucharest.^[4]

The Russians did not agree to this plan of action, but nevertheless plans for the attack went ahead. The French sent a military mission to Romania and its commander, Henri Mathias Berthelot, who had been Joseph Joffre's chief of staff during the Battle of the Marne in 1914 felt that the attack could bring a similar success.^[4] In this regard he advocated the buildup of a Romanian forces, drawing divisions from the Danube and the Carpathians.^[4]

Battle

On 1 December the Romanian attack began. Initially, the Romanians experienced success, taking a large number of prisoners,^[5] however, the failure of their reserves to arrive due to the actions of the Romanian General Sosescu, who was a naturalized German,^[6] followed by the arrival of German reinforcements led to their weakening and eventual defeat. Mackensen was able to shift forces to deal with the sudden assault and Falkenhayn's forces responded with attacks at every point. Within three days, the attack had been shattered and the Romanians were retreating everywhere. Part of the Romanian Army was cut off from the city after German forces conducted a pincer movement north and south of the river.^[7] The Romanians suffered a considerable setback when a staff car carrying attack plans accidentally drove into a German position and was captured.^[8]

Before retreating, Romanian troops burned down the oil wells at Ploiești along with the surrounding wheat fields so as to keep them out of the hands of the Central Powers. After Falkenhayen's Ninth Army cut off a portion of the Romanian Army, the remainder retreated to the Siret–Putna defensive line, one of the outermost defensive lines of Bucharest. There they rendevouzed with the Bucharest garrison and prepared to hold the line.^[9]

Aftermath

Falkenhayn's cavalry entering Bucharest

After the battle, minor actions were fought in the fortifications surrounding Bucharest between the invading Germans and the Romanian reserves which had failed to arrive and the remnants of the defenders of the Sereth–Putna line, yet it was occupied by the Germans on 6 December 1916,^[4][8] which was the same day that southern Romania capitulated, as the monarchy had fled to Iași.^[8][10] Heavy rain and terrible roads were the only things that saved the remainder of the Romanian Army, which began to withdraw towards the Siret River and Russia, where the campaign drew to a close in January 1917.^[5] Romanian losses during the battle on the Argeș and the fighting that preceded it were very high, with about 300,000 being lost, around 150,000 of which were captured.^[8] In this same period, the Germans had suffered about 60,000 casualties.^[5]

The German heritage of General Alexandru Socec [ro], a subordinate of Constantin Prezan, has been the topic of several debates regarding the battle regarding the Romanian reserves.^[1]

Notes

1. "Weapons and Warfare (B)". The Probert Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
2. Stone 1998, p. 279.
3. Burg & Purcell 2004, p. 145.
4. Stone 1998, p. 280.
5. Baldwin 1962, p. 85.
6. Thompson, Bryce & Petrie 1920, p. 620.
7. Willcox & Stuart 1917, p. 661.
8. Burg & Purcell 2004, p. 146.
9. King 1922, p. 258.
10. "The Balkan Wars and World War 1". Country Studies. Retrieved 31 May 2010.

References

• Baldwin, Hanson (1962). World War I: An Outline History. London: Hutchinson & Co.
• Burg, David F.; L. Edward Purcell (2004). Almanac of World War I. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2072-1. Almanac of World War I.
• King, William (1922). King's Complete History of the World War. The History Associates.
• Stone, Norman (1998) [1975]. The Eastern Front 1914–1917. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-026725-9.
• Thompson, Holland; Bryce, James; Petrie, William (1920). The Book of History: The events of 1916 ... 1917 and Summary. The Grolier Society. p. 620.
• Willcox, Cornélis; Stuart, Edwin (1917). International Military Digest, Volume 3. The Cumulative Digest Corporation. p. 661.
• Colonist, The (5 December 1916). "The Battle of Argesul". Vol. LVIII. No. 14277.
• V. Hogg, Ian (28 September 2009). The A to Z of World War I. Scarecrow Press. p. 15.