Battle of Tonlé Sap
1177 battle between Champa and the Khmer Empire From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Battle of Tonlé Sap (Khmer: សមរភូមិទន្លេសាប, Vietnamese: Thủy chiến Tonlé Sap, French: Bataille de Tonlé Sap) was a conflict between Champa and the Khmer Empire in 1177.[2]
| Battle of Tonlé Sap សមរភូមិទន្លេសាប | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Khmer–Cham wars | |||||||||
.jpg) Relief of Cham forces at Bayon temple | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Khmer Empire | Champa Kingdom | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Tribhuvanadityavarman Jaya Harivarman II |
Jaya Indravarman IV Po Klaung Yăgrai Montagnard forces | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| unknown | unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| unknown | unknown | ||||||||
.svg){kind=link}
History
Summarize
Perspective
The XII century was a time of conflict and brutal power struggles. Under Suryavarman II (reigned 1113–1150), the Khmer Empire united internally,[3] and the largest temple of Angkor, Angkor Wat, dedicated to the god Vishnu, was built over a period of 37 years. In the east, Suryavarman's campaigns against Champa and An Nam were unsuccessful,[4] though he did sack Vijaya in 1145 and deposed Jaya Indravarman III.[5] The Khmers occupied Vijaya until 1149, when they were driven out by Jaya Harivarman I.[6] Suryavarman II sent a mission to the Chola dynasty of south India and presented a precious stone to the Chola emperor Kulothunga Chola I in 1114.[7][8]
Another period followed in which kings reigned briefly and were violently overthrown by their successors. Finally in 1177, the capital of Angkor was raided and looted in a naval battle on the Tonlé Sap lake by a Cham fleet under Po Klong Garai, king of Panduranga,[1] during which the king of Angkor, Tribhuvanadityavarman, was killed.[9][10][11][12]
Po Klong Garai established a new king of Champa, with the title of Jaya Indravarman IV.[13]: 77–79 In 1190, the Khmer king Jayavarman VII, son and successor of Dharanindravarman II, sought vengeance against Champa. The capital was taken by Vidyanandana, and Indravarman was brought back to Angkor as a prisoner.[13]: 78–79
Influence
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Perspective
Aftermath
This event marked the final sublimation of the mandala regime in what is now South Central Coast of modern Vietnam. Soon after, it was disrupted by the expansionist ambitions of the Thăng Long dynasties, followed by the Mongol invasion of the South. For Kambuja, heavy losses in the central area forced them to abandon the lower Mekong region, leaving this place deserted for several centuries until the Nguyễn lords came to reclaim it. The influence of Khmer Empire then decreased markedly, causing Cham kings to seek marriage with the Javanese royal families to be protected, and at the same time the Khmer court also began to receive a large number of Muslim immigration to strengthen the very remote lower Mekong region.[note 1][14][15][16] All of this created a very rapid change in the southern part of the Indochinese peninsula, as Islam became increasingly influential among the aristocracy.[17][18][19][20] [21][22][23][24]
Legacy
For centuries, the Western Highlands with its rugged terrain and many ethnic groups with very different cultures has been a point of contention between Khmer Empire and Cham mandalas since the decline of Nokor Phnom. In order to survive, minorities must always find a way to please one of the two forces, or sometimes both.
According to some reports of Henri Maspero and Alexandre Yersin, ethnic minorities such as Raglai, Churu, Jarai, Mnong, Bahnar, Rhade... still keep legends about the merits of Po Klong Garai, whom was deified in Montagnards area. The annual Katê Festival in Ninh Thuận và Lâm Đồng is traditionally to celebrate the day when Po Klong Garai led his army across Montagnards mountains to enter Khmer land.[25]
According to the epics (hmon), Raglai, Bahnar and Rhade people also paid tribute elephants and helped the armies of Po Klong Garai complete the expedition. According to this tradition, only the Raglai men can hold the role of high priest because they have protected the king until his death, and at the same time hid the king's treasures for generations.[note 2][26][27]
The most vivid and important vestiges of the Tonlé Sap campaign are reflected a lot in the Bayon ruins. In the Eastern part of the Southern gallery, a naval battle on the Tonlé Sap between Khmer and Cham forces.
See also
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Notes and references
Further reading
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