Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)

The Battle of Cape Spartel (Cabo Espartel in Spanish) was a naval battle of the Spanish Civil War that broke the Republican naval blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar, securing the maritime supply route to Spanish Morocco for the Nationalists early in the war. The action occurred on 29 September 1936 between two Nationalist cruisers and two Republican destroyers.

Battle of Cape Spartel
Part of the Spanish Civil War
Date 29 September 1936 Location Cape Spartel, near Tangier, present-day Morocco Result Nationalist victory
Belligerents
Spanish Republic	Nationalist Spain
Commanders and leaders
Fernando Navarro Capdevila	Francisco Moreno Fernández
Strength
2 destroyers	1 heavy cruiser 1 light cruiser
Casualties and losses
1 destroyer sunk 1 destroyer damaged	None

Background

The rebels at Ferrol, Galicia, had been able to seize the city's naval base in July 1936, but at a large cost: over 30 mutinous officers had been shot dead by hundreds of sailors loyal to the Republic.

Their prize included the old battleship España (formerly Alfonso XIII), the cruiser Almirante Cervera, the unfinished Canarias and Baleares, a cruiser undergoing repairs (Navarra), one destroyer, and a number of torpedo boats and sloops. In September, a small squadron, including Almirante Cervera and Canarias, steamed from Ferrol to engage the Republican navy.

At the start of the war, the Spanish Republican Navy had the battleship Jaime I, three light cruisers, 14 destroyers, plus five submarines. In addition to España, the two cruisers and one destroyer taken by the Nationalists, by the following year they had completed Baleares and Canarias. They also had purchased four destroyers and two submarines from Fascist Italy.^[1] The Nationalists established a blockade of the Republican-held coastline for the entire duration of the war, but their paucity of ships limited the blockade's effectiveness.

The battle

The Nationalists engaged a squadron of Republican destroyers stationed on the western end of the Straits shortly after 6:30 am. The destroyer Gravina was deployed near Cape Spartel, while her sister ship Almirante Ferrándiz was patrolling off Ceuta.^[2] A fierce exchange of fire followed, during which the destroyer Almirante Ferrándiz was chased and eventually sunk by Canarias in the Alboran Sea after a 40-minute engagement, while Gravina was pursued and hit twice by Almirante Cervera along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The main guns of Canarias found their mark at a range of 11 nautical miles (20 km; 13 mi) with their second salvo, while those of Almirante Cervera performed poorly. The surviving Republican destroyer retreated toward Casablanca. Almirante Ferrándiz, having been hit six times, blew up and sank 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) south of Calaburras. Thirty-one seamen from Almirante Ferrándiz were rescued by Canarias, while the French liner Koutubia picked up another 26, including her commander, José Luis Barbastro Jiménez. This action was decisive to open the Straits to the insurgents' shipping.^[3][4][5]

See also

• List of classes of Spanish Nationalist ships of the Spanish Civil War
• Spanish Civil War Republican ship classe
• Convoy de la victoria

Notes

1. Frank, Willard C. (1984). "Naval Operations in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939". Naval War College Review. 37 (1): 41. ISSN 0028-1484. JSTOR 44636406.
2. Thomas (1979), p. 184
3. Cortada, page 18
4. KBismarck.org: "The Turning point at sea, 29 November 1936". From "Canarias, Adiós", by Willard C. Frank, Jr.
5. Sánchez Ruano, Francisco (2004). Islam y Guerra Civil Española: moros con Franco y con la República (in Spanish). Esfera de los Libros. p. 596. ISBN 8497342062.

References

• Thomas, Hugh (1979). La guerra civil española. Volume 6. Ediciones Urbión, p. 184. ISBN 84-85266-54-4. (in Spanish)
• Cortada, James: Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Greenwood Press, 1982. ISBN 0-313-22054-9

External links

• Summary of Major Campaigns and Offensives

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