Henri Barbusse

Henri Barbusse (French: [ɑ̃ʁi baʁbys]; 17 May 1873 – 30 August 1935) was a French novelist, short story writer, journalist, poet and political activist. He began his literary career in the 1890s as a Symbolist poet and continued as a neo-Naturalist novelist;^[1] in 1916, he published Under Fire, a novel about World War I based on his experience which is described as one of the earliest works of the Lost Generation movement^[2] or as the work which started it;^[3] the novel had a major impact on the later writers of the movement, namely on Ernest Hemingway^[4] and Erich Maria Remarque.^[5] Barbusse is considered one of the important French writers of 1910–1939 who mingled the war memories with moral and political meditations.^[1]

Henri Barbusse
Photo of Barbusse published in 1935
Born	Adrien Gustave Henri Barbusse (1873-05-17)17 May 1873 Asnières-sur-Seine, France
Died	30 August 1935(1935-08-30) (aged 62) Moscow, Russian SFSR
Occupation	Writer, poet, journalist
Nationality	French
Period	1895–1935
Genre	Novel, short story, poetry, biography, opinion journalism
Notable work	Under Fire
Signature

Before World War I, Barbusse was a pacifist, but in 1914, he volunteered for wartime service and was awarded the Croix de guerre; during the war, he was influenced by the Communists and came to the belief that a Revolution against the imperialist governments would be the only quick way to end the war and to deal with militarism and reaction.^[6] In years following the war, his work acquired a definite political orientation; he became a member of the French Communist Party^[1] and an Anti-Fascist and an anti-war activist. In the 1930s, he supported the Stalinist regime despite having a friendly relationship with Leon Trotsky in the middle of the 1920s^[6] and contributed to Joseph Stalin's personality cult by writing his biography which became a 'canonical' text for the French Stalinists but wasn't in line with the glorification of Stalin in the USSR.^[7] He died in 1935 and didn't see the events that followed, like the Moscow trials and the Nazi-Soviet pact.

He was a lifelong friend of Albert Einstein.^[8]

Life

Early life and career

The son of a French father and an English mother, Barbusse was born in Asnières-sur-Seine, France in 1873.^[9] Although he grew up in a small town, he left for Paris in 1889, at age 16. In 1895, he published a poetry collection Mourners (Pleureuses), which is sometimes identified as "neo-Symbolist".^[10]

In 1908, Barbusse wrote a novel Hell (L'Enfer), in which he described the life of a young Parisian who lives in a boarding house and spies through a hole in his wall on the other boarders and sees birth, death, adultery and lesbianism. The novel produced controversy because of breaking taboos and crossing conventional moral boundaries of the time;^[10] this work is identified as 'neo-Naturalist'.^[1]

First World War

In 1914, at age 41, he enlisted in the French Army and served on the Western front during World War I.^[11] Invalided out of the army three times, Barbusse served in the war for 17 months, until November 1915, when he was permanently moved into a clerical position due to pulmonary damage, exhaustion, and dysentery.^[12] On 8 June 1915, he was awarded the Croix de guerre with citation.^[12] In 1916, he participated in the battle of Verdun.^[10] He was reformed on 1 June 1917.^[12]

Barbusse first came to fame with the publication of his novel Le Feu (translated by William Fitzwater Wray as Under Fire) in 1916, which was based on his experiences during World War I. By this time, Barbusse had become a pacifist, and his writing demonstrated his growing hatred of militarism.^[11] Le Feu drew criticism at the time for its harsh naturalism, but won the Prix Goncourt in December 1916.^[13]

Political and cultural activities

In January 1918, he left France and moved to Moscow, where he married a Russian woman and joined the Bolshevik Party. His novel, Clarté, is about an office worker who, while serving in the army, begins to realize that the imperialist war is a crime.^{[citation needed]}. Vladimir Lenin commented that this novel was censored in France.^[14]

The Russian Revolution had a significant influence on Barbusse's life and work. He joined the French Communist Party in 1923 and later travelled back to the Soviet Union. His later works, Manifeste aux Intellectuels (Elevations) (1930) and others, show a more revolutionary standpoint. Of these, the 1921 Le Couteau entre les dents (The Knife Between My Teeth) marks Barbusse's siding with Bolshevism and the October Revolution.^[15] Barbusse characterized the birth of Soviet Russia as "the greatest and most beautiful phenomenon in world history".^[16] The book Light from the Abyss (1919)^{[citation needed]} and the collection of articles Words of a Fighting Man (1920)^{[citation needed]} contain calls for the overthrow of capitalism. In 1925, Barbusse published Chains, showing history as the unbroken chain of suffering of people and their struggle for freedom and justice.^{[citation needed]} In the publicistic book The Butchers, he exposes the White Terror in the Balkan countries.^{[citation needed]}

In 1927, Barbusse participated in the Congress of Friends of the Soviet Union in Moscow. He led the World Congress Against Imperialist War (Amsterdam, 1932) and headed the World Committee Against War and Fascism, founded in 1933. He also took part in the work of the International Youth Congress (Paris, 1933) and the International Congress of Writers in Defense of Culture. Additionally, in the 1920s and 1930s, he edited the periodicals Monde (1928–1935)^[15] and Progrès Civique, which published some of George Orwell's first writings.^[17] He was also literary editor for the daily newspaper l'Humanité from 1926 to 1929.^[15]

In 1934, Barbusse sent Egon Kisch to Australia to represent the International Movement Against War and Fascism as part of his work for the Comintern. The resulting unsuccessful exclusion of Egon Kisch from Australia by the conservative Australian government succeeded in energizing Communism in Australia and resulted in Kisch's staying longer than Barbusse had intended.^{[citation needed]}

An associate of Romain Rolland's and editor of Clarté, he attempted to define a "proletarian literature", akin to Proletkult and Socialist realism.

Barbusse was an Esperantist, and was honorary president of the first congress of the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda. In 1921, he wrote an article titled "Esperantista Laboristo" ("Esperantist worker") for Esperanto journal.^[18]

Support for Stalin

In his 1928 book Voici ce qu'on a fait de la Géorgie, Barbusse praised post-sovietization political, social, and economic conditions in Georgia and completely glossed over the brutal methods employed by Stalin which disturbed the dying Lenin,^[6] triggering a critical response from the Georgian émigré Dathico Charachidze who published in 1929 Barbusse, les Soviets et la Géorgie, with a sympathetic preface by Karl Kautsky.^[19][20][21]

In 1930, he published a book Russie, an account of year-long living in the Soviet Union which contained flattering references to Stalin.^[6]

In 1932, Barbusse agreed to write a biography of Stalin.^[6] Originally, Stalin wanted Maxim Gorky to write it, but he didn't, and the task was handed to Barbusse;^[22][23] the key condition was that it would be checked and subject to editorial changes in the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, and Barbusse assured that he would break with the "Trostkyist elements" in the editorial of his journal Monde.^[7] It appeared in 1935 as Staline: Un monde nouveau vu à travers un homme (Stalin: A New World Seen Through the Man). Barbusse praised Stalin, whom he called in his personal notes as "great comrade",^[7] as a man with "the head of a scholar, with the figure of a worker, and with the dress of a simple soldier" and as the only true heir of Lenin;^[6] one of the phrases of the book, "Stalin is the Lenin of today", became one of the most celebrated slogans of the Stalin cult; according to Isaak Mints, the slogan was written by Stalin himself.^[7] Although Barbusse had a friendly relationship with Leon Trotsky in the middle of the 1920s, in the book he was condemned as an intriguer and a deviationist, a Menshevik at heart.^[6] Nevertheless, Aleksei Stetskii, one of the chief ideologues of the Stalin cult, was concerned by Barbusse's description of Stalin not as "the greatest theoritician of Marxism after Lenin", as he was described in the Soviet Union, but as a "man of action" and practice, while Trotsky still seemed as a "different type of leader": the opposition between Trotsky and Stalin seemed as an opposition between Trotsky's intellectualism and Stalin's anti-intellectualism. The book was published in Russian in the same year.^[7]

Victor Serge, a writer and a member of the Left Opposition, met Barbusse in the 1920s and tried to make him aware of the political repression in the USSR:

When I told him about the persecution, he pretended to have a headache, or not to hear, or to be rising to stupendous heights: "Tragic destiny of revolution, immensities, profundities, yes... yes... Ah my friend!" My jaws juddered as I realised that I was face to face with hypocrisy itself.^[6]

After this conversation, Barbusse made Serge one of the cosponsors of Monde,^[24] but removed him from the masthead after his imprisonment.^[25]

Trotsky criticised Barbusse as representative of a "pretentious ... humanitarian, lyric and pacificstical 'communism'".^[26]

Death

Grave of Henri Barbusse at the Père Lachaise Cemetery

While writing a second biography of Stalin in Moscow, Barbusse fell ill with pneumonia and died on 30 August 1935.^[9] His funeral drew 500,000 people and he is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.^[15]

Legacy

In the Spanish Civil War in December 1936 the Henri Barbusse Battalion was formed as part of the XIV International Brigade, named in honour of Henri Barbusse.^[27]

In the foreword to I Saw It Happen, a 1942 collection of eyewitness accounts of the war, Lewis Gannett wrote: "We shall be hearing and reading of this war for decades to come. No one of us can yet guess who will be its Tolstoys, its Barbusses, its Remarques and its Hemingways."^{[citation needed]}

The parc Henri Barbusse was the site of the Château d'Issy.^{[citation needed]}

Works

• 1895 – Pleureuses; English translation: The Hired Mourners (poetry)
• 1903 – Les Suppliants; English translation: The Supplicants (prose novel)
• 1908 – L'enfer; English translation: Hell (novel)
• 1912 – Meissonier; (biography)
• 1916 – Le feu; English translation: Under Fire (novel)
• 1919 – Clarte; English translation: Light (novel)
• 1921 – Le couteau entre les dents; English translation: The Knife Between My Teeth (novel)
• 1921 – Quelque Coins du Coeur (prose pieces with 24 woodcuts by Frans Masereel)
• 1923 – Esperantista Laboristo; English translation: "Esperantist Worker" (magazine article)
• 1927 – Jesus, Les Judas de Jesus
• 1930 – Manifeste aux intellectuels; English translation: Elevations (novel)
• 1935 – Staline: Un monde nouveau vu à travers un homme (biography); English translation: Stalin: A New World Seen Through the Man , translated by Vyvyan Holland

References

1. "Henri Barbusse | World War I, Novelist, Fire | Britannica". 26 August 2023.
2. The European Powers in the First World War. p. 432
3. Gutiérrez, E.A. (2017). Doughboys on the Great War: How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience. University Press of Kansas. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7006-2444-7.
4. War in Ernest Hemingway's a Farewell to Arms. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. 14 March 2014. ISBN 9780737770698.
5. Tate, Trudi (2009). "The First World War: British Writing". In McLoughlin, Catherine Mary (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to War Writing. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–174. ISBN 978-0-521-89568-2.
6. Field, Frank (1975). Three French Writers and the Great War: Studies in the Rise of Communism and Fascism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20916-8.
7. Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921-1941. Oxford University Press, USA. 12 January 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-979457-7.
8. Einstein on Politics, Princeton University Press, 2007
9. "Milestones, Sep. 9, 1935". Time. 9 September 1935.
10. The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present. Infobase. 2008. ISBN 9781438108360.
11. "Under Fire: The story of a squad". The British Library. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
12. barbusse, henri (2006). Le Feu: Journal d'une escouade. gallimard. pp. 483–484. ISBN 978-2070342792.
13. Duffy, Michael. "Henri Barbusse". www.firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
14. Goode, WT. "An interview with Lenin". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
15. Relinger, Jean (3 November 2010). "Barbusse Henri [Adrien Gustave Henri ]". maitron.fr. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
16. The End and the Beginning: The Book of My Life. Open Book Publishers. 2010. ISBN 9781906924270.
17. Barbusse, Henri (4 November 2015). The Inferno. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4733-7657-1.
18. Enciklopedio de Esperanto Archived 2007-07-08 at the Wayback Machine. 1933.
19. Russian Revolution and Civil War 1917-1921 an Annotated Bibliography. London: Continuum International Pub. Group. 2006. p. 468. ISBN 1441119922.
20. David-Fox, Michael (2012). Showcasing the great experiment: cultural diplomacy and western visitors to Soviet Union, 1921-1941. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0199794577.
21. Kandelaki, Constantin (1953). The Georgian Question Before the Free World. Navarre. p. 46.
22. Geller, M.; Nekrich, A.M. (1986). Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present. Hutchinson. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-09-155620-4.
23. Rosenthal, B.G. (2010). New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-271-04658-7.
24. Victor Serge. Memoirs of a Revolutionary
25. Victor Serge: A Political Biography. Verso Books. 15 April 2014. ISBN 9781781689578.
26. Trotsky, L The Revolution Betrayed, Introduction
27. Clifford, Alexander (2020). Fighting for Spain. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-52677-438-5.

External links

• Works by Henri Barbusse at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Henri Barbusse at the Internet Archive
• Works by Henri Barbusse at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Newspaper clippings about Henri Barbusse in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW