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Light cavalry tank From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The BT tank (Russian: Быстроходный танк/БТ, romanized: Bystrokhodnyy tank/BT, lit. "fast moving tank" or "high-speed tank")[1] was one of a series of Soviet light tanks produced in large numbers between 1932 and 1941. They were lightly armoured, but reasonably well-armed for their time, and had the best mobility of all contemporary tanks. The BT tanks were known by the nickname Betka from the acronym, or by its diminutive Betushka.[2] The successor of the BT tanks was the famous T-34 medium tank, introduced in 1940, which would replace all of the Soviet fast tanks, infantry tanks, and light tanks in service.
| BT-2, BT-5, BT-7, BT-7M | |
|---|---|
BT-5 side view | |
| Type | Light cavalry tank |
| Place of origin |  Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1932–45 |
| Used by |  Soviet Union Spanish Republic Francoist Spain (captured) Republic of China People's Republic of China Mongolian People's Republic Finland (captured) Hungary (captured) Romania (captured) Nazi Germany (captured) Kingdom of Afghanistan |
| Wars | Spanish Civil War Second Sino–Japanese War Soviet–Japanese border conflicts Invasion of Poland Winter War World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designer | J. Walter Christie, Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau (KMDB) |
| Designed | 1930–31 |
| Manufacturer | Malyshev Factory |
| Produced | 1932–41 |
| No. built | BT-2: 650 BT-5: 1884 BT-7: 5556 |
| Variants | BT-2, BT-5, BT-7, BT-7M |
| Specifications (BT-5) | |
| Mass | 11.5 tonnes (12.676 tons) |
| Length | 5.58 m (18 ft 4 in) |
| Width | 2.23 m (7 ft 4 in) |
| Height | 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) |
| Crew | 3 |
| Armour | 6–23 mm |
Main armament | 45 mm Model 1932 tank gun |
Secondary armament | 1-3 7.62 mm DT machine guns |
| Engine | Model M-5 400 hp (298 kW) |
| Power/weight | 35 hp/tonne |
| Suspension | Christie |
| Fuel capacity | 360 litres (95 US gal) |
Operational range | 200 km (120 mi) |
| Maximum speed | 72 km/h (44.7 mph) |
The BT tanks were "convertible tanks". This was a feature that was designed by J. Walter Christie to reduce wear of the unreliable tank tracks of the 1930s. In about thirty minutes, the crew could remove the tracks and engage a chain drive to the rearmost road wheel on each side, allowing the tank to travel at very high speeds on roads. In wheeled mode, the tank was steered by pivoting the front road wheels. According to historical researches,[3] this feature may have been required by Stalin for planned European warfare within a strategy similar to blitzkrieg. However, Soviet tank forces soon found the convertible option of little practical use; in a country with few paved roads, it consumed space and added needless complexity and weight. The feature was dropped from later Soviet designs.
Christie, a race car mechanic and driver from New Jersey had failed to convince the U.S. Army Ordnance Bureau to adopt his Christie tank design. In 1930, Soviet agents at Amtorg, ostensibly a Soviet trade organization, used their New York political contacts to persuade U.S. military and civilian officials to provide plans and specifications of the Christie tank to the Soviet Union. At least two of Christie's M1931 tanks (without turrets) were later purchased in the United States and sent to the Soviet Union under false documentation, in which they were described as "agricultural tractors".[4] Both tanks were delivered to the Kharkov Komintern Locomotive Plant (KhPZ). The original Christie tanks were designated fast tanks by the Soviets, abbreviated to BT (later referred to as BT-1). Based both on them and on other plans obtained earlier, three unarmed BT-2 prototypes were completed in October 1931 and mass production began in 1932. Most BT-2s were equipped with a 37 mm gun and a machine gun, but a shortage of 37 mm guns led to some early examples being fitted with three machine guns. The sloping front hull (glacis plate) armor design of the Christie M1931 prototype was retained in later Soviet tank hull designs, later adopted for side armor as well. The BT-5 and later models were equipped with 45 mm guns.
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2008) |
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Soviet Union variants:
Foreign variants:
| BT-2 | BT-5 | BT-7 | BT-7A | BT-7M (BT-8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| number built | 620 | 2,108[11] or 5000[12] |
4,965[13] or 2000[12] |
154 | 790[5] |
| crew | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| weight | 10.2 t | 11.5 t | 14 t | 14.5 t | 14.7 t |
| length | 5.58 m | 5.58 m | 5.66 m | 5.66 m | 5.66 m |
| width | 2.23 m | 2.23 m | 2.29 m | 2.29 m | 2.29 m |
| height | 2.20 m | 2.25 m | 2.42 m | 2.52 m | 2.42 m |
| armour | 6–13 mm | 6–13 mm | 6–13 mm | 6–13 mm | 6–22 mm |
| main gun | 37 mm Model 30 |
45 mm Model 32 |
45 mm Model 34 |
76.2 mm Model 27/32 |
45 mm Model 32/38 |
| main gun ammunition |
96 rounds | 115 rounds | 146 rounds | 50 rounds | 146 rounds |
| machine guns | DT | DT | DT | 2×DT | 3×DT |
| engine power model |
400 hp M-5 |
400 hp M-5 |
500 hp M-17T |
500 hp M-17T |
450 hp V-2 |
| fuel | 400 L gasoline |
360 L gasoline |
620 L gasoline |
620 L gasoline |
620+170 L diesel |
| road speed | 100 km/h (62 mph) | 72 km/h (45 mph) | 86 km/h (53 mph) | 86 km/h | 86 km/h |
| power:weight | 39 hp/t | 35 hp/t | 36 hp/t | 34 hp/t | 31 hp/t |
| road range | 300 km | 200 km | 250 km | 250 km | 400 km |
| tactical range | 100 km | 90 km | 120 km | 120 km | 230 km |
BT tanks saw service in the Second Sino-Japanese War, Spanish Civil War, Battles of Khalkhin Gol (also known as the Nomohan Incident), the Winter War in Finland, and in World War II.
In the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), a regiment of 50 BT-5's fought on the Republican side. They were manned by the members International Brigades trained in USSR and by some Soviet tankists.[14] Their first combat on 13 October 1937 during the Zaragoza Offensive was disastrous: 13 tanks were lost due to bad tactics. Later, 12 more were lost from December 1937 to February 1938 during the Battle of Teruel. A few captured BT-5s were also used by the Nationalist side.[15]
The Chinese Nationalist Army had four BT-5s which fought against the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).[citation needed]
During the Battles of Khalkhin Gol (also known as the Nomonhan Incident), which lasted from May to September in 1939, BT tanks were easily attacked by Japanese "close quarter" teams[16] (tank killer squads)[17] which were – in lieu of anti-tank weapons – armed with petrol (gasoline) bottles[18] (later called "Molotov cocktails"). The BT-5s and BT-7s, operating in temperatures greater than 100 °F (38 °C) on the Mongolian plains, easily caught fire when a Molotov cocktail ignited their gasoline engines.[19] General Georgy Zhukov made it one of his "points" when briefing Joseph Stalin, that his "...BT tanks were a bit fireprone...."[20][21][22] Conversely, many Japanese tank crews held the Soviet 45mm gun of the BT-5 and BT-7 in high esteem, noting, "...no sooner did they see the flash from a Russian gun, than they'd notice a hole in their tank, adding that the Soviet gunners were accurate too!"[23]
After the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, the Soviet military broke into two camps; one side was represented by Spanish Civil War veterans General Pavel Rychagov of the Soviet Air Force, Soviet armour expert General Dimitry Pavlov, and Stalin's favorite, Marshal Grigory Kulik, Chief of Artillery Administration.[24] The other side consisted of the Khalkhin Gol veterans led by Generals Zhukov and Grigory Kravchenko of the Soviet Air Force.[25] The lessons of Russia's "first real war on a massive scale using tanks, artillery, and airplanes" at Khalkhin Gol went unheeded.[26][27]
During the Winter War against Finland in 1939–1940, BT-2, BT-5 and BT-7 tanks had less success against Finnish Army forces than they had against the Japanese at Khalkin Gol.[26]
During the Second World War in Europe, BT-5 and BT-7 tanks were used in the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland. The Red Army planned to replace the BT tank series with the T-34 and had just begun doing so when Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941. BT-series tanks took part in large numbers in the battles that followed during 1941, during which thousands were abandoned or destroyed. A few remained in use in 1942, but rarely saw combat against German forces after that time.[citation needed]
During the final weeks of World War II, a significant number of BT-7 tanks took part in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, seeing combat against Japanese occupation forces in Northeast China. This was the last combat action for the BT tanks.[citation needed]
Soviet Union – main operator Kingdom of Afghanistan[citation needed] Republic of China – 30 BT-5s People's Republic of China Finland – captured[28] Romania – captured BT-2s and BT-7s[29] Hungary – captured[28] Nazi Germany – captured[30] Mongolian People's Republic – 15 BT-7[31] Spanish Republic – 50 BT-5 bought in late 1937 and used during Spanish Civil War
Spanish State – captured from Spanish RepublicThe BT tank series was numerous, forming the cavalry tank arm of the Red Army in the 1930s and had much better mobility than other contemporary tank designs. For these reasons, there were many experiments and derivatives of the design, mostly conducted at the KhPZ factory in Kharkov.
The most important legacy of the BT tank was the T-34 medium tank. In 1937, a new design team was formed at the KhPZ to create the next generation of BT tanks. Initially, the chief designer was Mikhail Koshkin and after his death, Morozov. The team built two prototypes. The light one was called the A-20. The more heavily armed and armoured BT derivative, the A-32, was a "universal tank" to replace all the T-26 infantry tanks, BT cavalry tanks and T-28 medium tanks. Such a plan was controversial, but concerns about tank performance under the threat of the German blitzkrieg led to the approval for production of a still more heavily armoured version, the T-34 medium tank.
Along the way, an important technical development was the BT-IS and BT-SW-2 testbed vehicles, concentrating on sloped armour. This proof-of-concept led directly to the armour layout of the T-34. BT tank chassis were also used as the basis for engineering support vehicles and mobility testing vehicles. A bridgelayer variant had a T-38 turret and launched a bridge across small gaps. Standard tanks were fitted as fascine carriers. The RBT-5 hosted a pair of large artillery rocket launchers, one on each side of the turret. Several designs for extremely wide tracks, including, oddly, wooden 'snowshoes' were tried on BT tanks.
The KBT-7 was a thoroughly modern armoured command vehicle that was in the prototype stage when World War II broke out. The design was not pursued during the war.
In the Kiev manoeuvres of 1936, foreign military observers were shown hundreds of BT tanks roll by a reviewing stand. In the audience were British Army representatives, who returned home to advocate for use of Christie suspension on British cruiser tanks, which they incorporated from the Cruiser Mk III onwards. The pointed shape of the hull front armor on the BT tank also influenced the design of the British Matilda tank.[citation needed]
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