Beta-secretase 2 (EC 3.4.23.45, also known as Memapsin-1) is an enzyme[5][6][7][8] that cleaves Glu-Val-Asn-Leu!Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe in the Swedish variant of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. BACE2 is a close homolog of BACE1.
Quick Facts BACE2, Available structures ...
| BACE2 |
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| Available structures |
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| PDB | Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB |
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| List of PDB id codes |
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2EWY, 3ZKG, 3ZKI, 3ZKM, 3ZKN, 3ZKQ, 3ZKS, 3ZKX, 3ZL7, 3ZLQ, 4BEL, 4BFB |
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| Identifiers |
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| Aliases | BACE2, AEPLC, ALP56, ASP1, ASP21, BAE2, CDA13, CEAP1, DRAP, beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 2, beta-secretase 2 |
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| External IDs | OMIM: 605668; MGI: 1860440; HomoloGene: 22696; GeneCards: BACE2; OMA:BACE2 - orthologs |
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Cerebral deposition of amyloid beta peptide is an early and critical feature of Alzheimer's disease and a frequent complication of Down syndrome. Amyloid beta peptide is generated by proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by 2 proteases, one of which is the protein encoded by this gene. This gene localizes to the 'Down critical region' of chromosome 21. The encoded protein, a member of the peptidase A1 protein family, is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein and aspartic protease. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.[8]
It has been reported that BACE2 is the main protease that mediates the release of the amyloidogenic ectodomain of Pmel17 in melanocytes.
[9] BACE2 has also been observed in mice to be correlated with maintaining the pancreatic β cells and improving control of glucose homeostasis, which may prove to be useful for research on Type 2 Diabetes.[10] Deletion of BACE2 in Giant Panda may cause it to have brown and white color instead of the wild type's black and white color.[11]
BACE2 has been shown to interact with GGA1[12] and GGA2.[12]
Turner, R.T.; Loy, J.A.; Nguyen, C.; Devasamudram, T.; Ghosh, A.K.; Koelsch, G.; Tang, J. (2002). "Specificity of memapsin 1 and its implications on the design of memapsin 2 (β-secretase) inhibitor selectivity". Biochemistry. 41 (27): 8742–8746. doi:10.1021/bi025926t. PMID 12093293. Solans A, Estivill X, de La Luna S (Sep 2000). "A new aspartyl protease on 21q22.3, BACE2, is highly similar to Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein beta-secretase". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 89 (3–4): 177–84. doi:10.1159/000015608. PMID 10965118. S2CID 39880508. Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, Watanabe H, Yada T, Park HS, Toyoda A, Ishii K, Totoki Y, Choi DK, Groner Y, Soeda E, Ohki M, Takagi T, Sakaki Y, Taudien S, Blechschmidt K, Polley A, Menzel U, Delabar J, Kumpf K, Lehmann R, Patterson D, Reichwald K, Rump A, Schillhabel M, Schudy A, Zimmermann W, Rosenthal A, Kudoh J, Schibuya K, Kawasaki K, Asakawa S, Shintani A, Sasaki T, Nagamine K, Mitsuyama S, Antonarakis SE, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Nordsiek G, Hornischer K, Brant P, Scharfe M, Schon O, Desario A, Reichelt J, Kauer G, Blocker H, Ramser J, Beck A, Klages S, Hennig S, Riesselmann L, Dagand E, Haaf T, Wehrmeyer S, Borzym K, Gardiner K, Nizetic D, Francis F, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Yaspo ML (May 2000). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21". Nature. 405 (6784): 311–9. Bibcode:2000Natur.405..311H. doi:10.1038/35012518. PMID 10830953. - Rochin, L.; Hurbain, I.; Serneels, L.; Fort, C.; Watt, B.; Leblanc, P.; Marks, M. S.; De Strooper, B.; Raposo, G.; Van Niel, G. (2013). "BACE2 processes PMEL to form the melanosome amyloid matrix in pigment cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10658–10663. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010658R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1220748110. PMC 3696817. PMID 23754390.
Esterházy, Daria; Stützer, Ina; Wang, Haiyan; Rechsteiner, Markus P.; Beauchamp, Jeremy; Döbeli, Heinz; Hilpert, Hans; Matile, Hugues; Prummer, Michael; Schmidt, Alexander; Lieske, Nora (2011-09-07). "Bace2 is a β cell-enriched protease that regulates pancreatic β cell function and mass". Cell Metabolism. 14 (3): 365–377. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.018. ISSN 1932-7420. PMID 21907142.
- Aplin AE, Gibb GM, Jacobsen JS, Gallo JM, Anderton BH (Aug 1996). "In vitro phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid precursor protein by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta". Journal of Neurochemistry. 67 (2): 699–707. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67020699.x. PMID 8764598. S2CID 11133791.
- Yan R, Bienkowski MJ, Shuck ME, Miao H, Tory MC, Pauley AM, Brashier JR, Stratman NC, Mathews WR, Buhl AE, Carter DB, Tomasselli AG, Parodi LA, Heinrikson RL, Gurney ME (Dec 1999). "Membrane-anchored aspartyl protease with Alzheimer's disease beta-secretase activity". Nature. 402 (6761): 533–7. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..533Y. doi:10.1038/990107. PMID 10591213. S2CID 4320087.
- Sadik G, Kaji H, Takeda K, Yamagata F, Kameoka Y, Hashimoto K, Miyanaga K, Shinoda T (Nov 1999). "In vitro processing of amyloid precursor protein by cathepsin D". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 31 (11): 1327–37. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(99)00053-9. PMID 10605825.
- Hussain I, Powell D, Howlett DR, Tew DG, Meek TD, Chapman C, Gloger IS, Murphy KE, Southan CD, Ryan DM, Smith TS, Simmons DL, Walsh FS, Dingwall C, Christie G (Dec 1999). "Identification of a novel aspartic protease (Asp 2) as beta-secretase". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 14 (6): 419–27. doi:10.1006/mcne.1999.0811. PMID 10656250. S2CID 54308213.
- Lin X, Koelsch G, Wu S, Downs D, Dashti A, Tang J (Feb 2000). "Human aspartic protease memapsin 2 cleaves the beta-secretase site of beta-amyloid precursor protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (4): 1456–60. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1456L. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1456. PMC 26455. PMID 10677483.
- Acquati F, Accarino M, Nucci C, Fumagalli P, Jovine L, Ottolenghi S, Taramelli R (Feb 2000). "The gene encoding DRAP (BACE2), a glycosylated transmembrane protein of the aspartic protease family, maps to the down critical region". FEBS Letters. 468 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01192-3. PMID 10683441. S2CID 30941017.
- Bennett BD, Babu-Khan S, Loeloff R, Louis JC, Curran E, Citron M, Vassar R (Jul 2000). "Expression analysis of BACE2 in brain and peripheral tissues". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (27): 20647–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002688200. PMID 10749877.
- Xin H, Stephans JC, Duan X, Harrowe G, Kim E, Grieshammer U, Kingsley C, Giese K (Jun 2000). "Identification of a novel aspartic-like protease differentially expressed in human breast cancer cell lines". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1501 (2–3): 125–37. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00014-4. PMID 10838186.
- Farzan M, Schnitzler CE, Vasilieva N, Leung D, Choe H (Aug 2000). "BACE2, a beta -secretase homolog, cleaves at the beta site and within the amyloid-beta region of the amyloid-beta precursor protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (17): 9712–7. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.9712F. doi:10.1073/pnas.160115697. PMC 16930. PMID 10931940.
- Iijima K, Ando K, Takeda S, Satoh Y, Seki T, Itohara S, Greengard P, Kirino Y, Nairn AC, Suzuki T (Sep 2000). "Neuron-specific phosphorylation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein by cyclin-dependent kinase 5". Journal of Neurochemistry. 75 (3): 1085–91. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0751085.x. PMID 10936190. S2CID 41050912.
- Hussain I, Powell DJ, Howlett DR, Chapman GA, Gilmour L, Murdock PR, Tew DG, Meek TD, Chapman C, Schneider K, Ratcliffe SJ, Tattersall D, Testa TT, Southan C, Ryan DM, Simmons DL, Walsh FS, Dingwall C, Christie G (Nov 2000). "ASP1 (BACE2) cleaves the amyloid precursor protein at the beta-secretase site". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 16 (5): 609–19. doi:10.1006/mcne.2000.0884. PMID 11083922. S2CID 54379424.
- Hussain I, Christie G, Schneider K, Moore S, Dingwall C (Jun 2001). "Prodomain processing of Asp1 (BACE2) is autocatalytic". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (26): 23322–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101069200. PMID 11316808.
- Yan R, Munzner JB, Shuck ME, Bienkowski MJ (Sep 2001). "BACE2 functions as an alternative alpha-secretase in cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (36): 34019–27. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105583200. PMID 11423558.
- Grüninger-Leitch F, Schlatter D, Küng E, Nelböck P, Döbeli H (Feb 2002). "Substrate and inhibitor profile of BACE (beta-secretase) and comparison with other mammalian aspartic proteases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (7): 4687–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109266200. PMID 11741910.
- Turner RT, Loy JA, Nguyen C, Devasamudram T, Ghosh AK, Koelsch G, Tang J (Jul 2002). "Specificity of memapsin 1 and its implications on the design of memapsin 2 (beta-secretase) inhibitor selectivity". Biochemistry. 41 (27): 8742–6. doi:10.1021/bi025926t. PMID 12093293.
- Kim YT, Downs D, Wu S, Dashti A, Pan Y, Zhai P, Wang X, Zhang XC, Lin X (Nov 2002). "Enzymic properties of recombinant BACE2". European Journal of Biochemistry. 269 (22): 5668–77. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03277.x. PMID 12423367.
- Kondoh K, Tsuji N, Kamagata C, Sasaki M, Kobayashi D, Yagihashi A, Watanabe N (Mar 2003). "A novel aspartic protease gene, ALP56, is up-regulated in human breast cancer independently from the cathepsin D gene". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 78 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1023/A:1022149226430. PMID 12611455. S2CID 2195115.
