Awabakal

This article is about the Awabakal ethnic group of Indigenous Australians. For their language, see Awabakal language.

The Awabakal people /əˈwɒbəɡæl/, are those Aboriginal Australians who identify with or are descended from the Awabakal tribe and its clans, Indigenous to the coastal area of what is now known as the Hunter Region of New South Wales. Their traditional territory spread from Wollombi in the west, to the Lower Hunter River near Newcastle and Lake Macquarie in the north.

Awabakal people
aka: Awabagal, Awaba, Kuri, Minyowa, Minyowie [1]
Mid North Coast bioregion
Hierarchy
Language family:	Pama–Nyungan[2]
Language branch:	Yuin–Kuric
Language group:	Kuri
Group dialects:	Awabakal
Area (approx. 1,800 km2 or 690 sq mi)
Bioregion:	Mid North Coast
Location:	Mid North Coast, New South Wales
Coordinates:	33°5′S 151°30′E[1]
Other geological:	Lake Macquarie[1]
Notable individuals
Biraban

The name Kuringgai, also written Guringai, has often been used as a collective denominator of the Awabakal and several other tribes in this belt, but Norman Tindale has challenged it as an arbitrary coinage devised by ethnologist John Fraser in 1892. For Tindale, Kuringgai was synonymous with Awabakal.^[1] Arthur Capell however asserted that there was indeed evidence for a distinct Kuringgai language, which, in Tindale's schema, would imply they were a distinct people from the Awabakal.^[3]

Name

In their language, awaba was the word for Lake Macquarie, meaning flat or plain surface, and by extension referred to the people native to that area. The Awabakal were bounded to the north–west by the Wonnarua, the Worimi to the north–east, and the Darkinung peoples to the west and south. Awaba is now the name of a small town in the region.^{[citation needed]}

Language

Traditional lands of Australian Aboriginal tribes around Newcastle, New South Wales

Main article: Awabakal language

The Awabakal language was recorded by Lancelot Edward Threlkeld and Awabakal Leader Birabahn in 'An Australian grammar : comprehending the principles and natural rules of the language as spoken by the Aborigines in the vicinity of Hunter's River, Lake MacQuarie & New South Wales' -'and this is the first, and most comprehensive record of any indigenous language in Australia.^{[citation needed]}

The City of Newcastle is in the process of educating the wider community about dual name sites and traditional language history of Newcastle Muluubinba.

• Whibayganba – Nobbys Headland
• Tahlbihn – Flagstaff Hill (Fort Scratchley)
• Burrabihngarn – Pirate Point (Stockton)
• Yohaaba – Port Hunter
• Coquun – Hunter River
• Khanterin – Shepherds Hill (The Hill)
• Toohrnbing – Ironbark Creek
• Burraghihnbihng – Hexham Swamp.^[4]

Country

Tindale estimated Awabakal territory to cover some 1,800 square kilometres (700 sq mi).^[1] More recent estimates are that Awabakal territory covers 2870 square kilometres. The Awabakal clan were relocated from Newcastle harbour area by Rev Threlkeld to two locations at Lake Macquarie into a mission environment and had no cultural connection to those areas.^{[citation needed]}

Practices

The eaglehawk or wedge-tailed eagle has special significance for the Awabakal people. Kon, their "celestial entity", looks like an Aboriginal man, but in flight resembles an eagle-hawk.^[5][6]

The Awabakal people played a significant part in shaping the environment of their region. They practised fire-stick farming extensively, which helped them to hunt and to navigate through dense prickly scrub along the coast.^[6] Newcastle's main city thoroughfare, Watt Street was built over an Awabakal path from the shore to the top of a hill.^[7] Fishing, particularly for shellfish, was a significant part of the Awabakal people's diet and culture pre-colonisation.^[6]

The Awabakal, in pre-colonisation times, were noted as being strong and determined defenders of their territory, the means by which the defence occurred need to be explored to deepen understanding of the culture.^{[citation needed]} They had possession of the coastal territory for thousands of years, during which time they successfully repelled incursions by the neighbouring Gamilaraay people and established places of defence, "virtual armouries", high in the Watagan Mountains.^[6]

Today

Descendants of Awabakal people who survived the British invasion and subsequent massacres of Aboriginal Australians, especially during the land grab of 1826, are direct descendants of Margaret and Ned or Mahrahkah. These descendants are connected through their families/family culture together and represented by the Awabakal Descendants of the Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation.^{[citation needed]}

These Awabakal people are considered as the traditional owners of the Awabakal region and have lived there from at least since the last Ice Age, 11,800 years ago.^{[citation needed]}

Recently settled Aboriginal people in this region partake in community support organisations like 'The Awabakal Newcastle Aboriginal Cooperative Limited', which is a not-for-profit community controlled organisation operating in the Newcastle, Lake Macquarie and Hunter Region. It was established in 1976. It is responsible for the delivery of community and health services to Aboriginal people in this region, including:

• the Awabakal Medical Centre;
• the Awabakal Disability Service which provides "short to medium term support to young people living with a disability";
• culturally appropriate care for older people;
• and child care services.^[8]

Butterfly Cave

The Butterfly Cave at West Wallsend is part of "women's business" related to birthing, and has been the subject of decades of active protection by women. However, the site sits on privately owned land allotted for a growing housing estate, owned by Hammersmith Management which is owned by the Roche Group. As of late 2021, women must seek permission to cross the owned land, despite the site being a protected site under the Federal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection (ATSIHP) Act and was recognised as a New South Wales 'Aboriginal Place' in 2013.^[9] In 2019, the cave and its surrounds were recognised by the federal government as a significant Aboriginal area.^[10]

Following 13 years of local activism,^[11] representation, and negotiation with the former owners, the NSW Government acquired a parcel of land surrounding the Butterfly Cave that was earmarked for development by Hammersmith Management, which is owned by the Roche Group.^[10]

The 25.74-hectare [63.6-acre] plot, purchased by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service protects the Cave and the surrounding cultural landscape, including vital elements such as aquifers, traditional journey paths, creeks, stone arrangements and food source areas. The land will be managed by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and permanently protected under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974. The NSW Government will consult with the local Aboriginal community on future management of the site and protection of the surrounding cultural landscape.^[12]

Centres

The Awabakal Environmental Education Centre began operating in 1976. It is an NSW Department of Education and Communities facility.^[13] The centre provides opportunities for teachers and students in the Hunter Region to learn about the environment and human interactions with the natural world.^[14] Wollotuka, meaning an 'eating and meeting place' originally began as a support programme in 1983 to assist and promote university studies for indigenous people. Wollotuka's all indigenous staff moved into their new building, Birabahn in 2002, and the Wollotuka Institute was officially established in 2009.^[15][16]

Native title

In 2013 an association of Awabakal and Guringai descendants laid claim to native title over land from Maitland to Hornsby.^[17] The claim was opposed by representatives of the Worimi and Wonnarua as asserting rights over their own traditional territories.^[18] In 2017 the claim was withdrawn after the NSW government claimed that, while the claim group, the Descendants of the Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation had shown descent from the original people indigenous to the area, it was argued that they had failed to demonstrate continuous preservation of customary laws and practices since the onset of white colonization.^[19]

Notable Awabakal people

• Biraban – a recognised headman of the Awaba clan^[6] who assisted the Rev Lancelot Threlkeld compile the first grammar of an Aboriginal language in Australia.^[20]
• Bob Barrett – a colonial enforcer who worked with the British to capture convicts at Newcastle and Port Macquarie

Alternative names

• Awaba (Awabakal toponym designating Lake Macquarie)
• Awabagal
• Kuri (generic term ("man") in Sydney area languages).
• Kuringgai
• "Lake Macquarie, Newcastle" tribe
• Minyowa (Awabakal horde at Newcastle)
• Minyowie

Source: Tindale 1974, p. 191

See also

• Arwarbukarl Cultural Resource Association
• Kuringgai

Notes

Citations

1. Tindale 1974, p. 191.
2. Lissarrague 2006.
3. Attenbrow 2010, p. 33.
4. "Aboriginal Culture". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
5. Threlkeld 1974, pp. 3, 5, 66.
6. Maynard 2014, p. ?.
7. Duncan 2013.
8. Awabakal.
9. Wellington, Shahni; Wellauer, Kirstie (30 November 2021). "Aboriginal sacred sites across Australia still at risk as traditional owners 'locked out' of reforms". ABC News. Retrieved 2 August 2024. Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Shahni Wellington and Kirstie Wellauer, ABC News Online, 2021-12-01
10. "'Wonderful' news for Indigenous women as NSW reclaims sacred Butterfly Cave from developer". 17 June 2024 – via www.abc.net.au.
11. "Save The Butterfly Cave". www.savethebutterflycave.info.
12. "Sacred Butterfly Cave safeguarded for future generations". NSW Environment and Heritage. 19 June 2024.
13. "Home – Awabakal Environmental Education Centre". awabakal-e.schools.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
14. AwabakalEEC.
15. Wollotuka1.
16. Wollotuka2.
17. Kelly 2013.
18. Connor 2016, p. 111.
19. Fellner 2017.
20. Van Toorn 2006, p. 43.

References

• "About Us". Awabakal.org. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012.
• "AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
• Attenbrow, Val (2010). Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-742-23116-7.
• "Awabakal EEC". Awabakal Environmental Education Centre. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014.
• Connor, Linda H. (2016). Climate Change and Anthropos: Planet, People and Places. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-97055-2.
• Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
• Duncan, Carol (29 May 2013). "Newcastle's first street to be illuminated". ABC Newcastle. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
• Fellner, Carrie (11 October 2017). "Awabakal and Guringai native title claim from Maitland to Hornsby put on ice". The Newcastle Herald. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
• Grimes, Barbara (2003). "Worimi Languages". In Frawley, William (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE-Esperanto. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-195-13977-8.
• "History of Wollotuka". University of Newcastle. 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
• Kelly, Matthew (9 October 2013). "Awabakal land claim lodged". The Newcastle Herald. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
• Lissarrague, Amanda (2006). A salvage grammar and wordlist of the language from the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie (PDF). Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Cooperative. ISBN 0-9775351-0-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
• Mathews, R. H. (1897). "Keepara ceremony of initiation". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 26: 320–340. doi:10.2307/2842007. JSTOR 2842007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
• Maynard, John (2014). "Callaghan, The University of Newcastle: Whose Traditional Land?" (PDF). The Wollotuka Institute, University of Newcastle. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
• Skuttnabb-Kangas, Tove (2003). "Linguistic Diversity and Biodiversity: The Threat from Killer Languages". In Mair, Christian (ed.). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi Publishers. pp. 31–52. ISBN 978-9-042-00876-2.
• Threlkeld, Lancelot Edward (1974). Gunson, Niel (ed.). Australian reminiscences & papers of L. E. Threlkeld, missionary to the Aborigines, 1824–1859. Vol. 40, Part 1. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
• Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
• Van Toorn, Penny (2006). Writing Never Arrives Naked: Early Aboriginal Cultures of Writing in Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press. ISBN 978-0-855-75544-7.
• "Wollotuka Institute". University of Newcastle. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.

External links

• Bibliography of Awabakal language and people resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies