Automatic programming

In computer science, automatic programming^[1] is a type of computer programming in which some mechanism generates a computer program to allow human programmers to write the code at a higher abstraction level.

There has been little agreement on the precise definition of automatic programming, mostly because its meaning has changed over time. David Parnas, tracing the history of "automatic programming" in published research, noted that in the 1940s it described automation of the manual process of punching paper tape. Later it referred to translation of high-level programming languages like Fortran and ALGOL. In fact, one of the earliest programs identifiable as a compiler was called Autocode. Parnas concluded that "automatic programming has always been a euphemism for programming in a higher-level language than was then available to the programmer."^[2]

Program synthesis is one type of automatic programming where a procedure is created from scratch, based on mathematical requirements.

Origin

Mildred Koss, an early UNIVAC programmer, explains: "Writing machine code involved several tedious steps—breaking down a process into discrete instructions, assigning specific memory locations to all the commands, and managing the I/O buffers. After following these steps to implement mathematical routines, a sub-routine library, and sorting programs, our task was to look at the larger programming process. We needed to understand how we might reuse tested code and have the machine help in programming. As we programmed, we examined the process and tried to think of ways to abstract these steps to incorporate them into higher-level language. This led to the development of interpreters, assemblers, compilers, and generators—programs designed to operate on or produce other programs, that is, automatic programming."^[3]

Generative programming

Generative programming and the related term meta-programming^[4] are concepts whereby programs can be written "to manufacture software components in an automated way"^[5] just as automation has improved "production of traditional commodities such as garments, automobiles, chemicals, and electronics."^[6][7]

The goal is to improve programmer productivity.^[8] It is often related to code-reuse topics such as component-based software engineering.

Source-code generation

Source-code generation is the process of generating source code based on a description of the problem^[9] or an ontological model such as a template and is accomplished with a programming tool such as a template processor or an integrated development environment (IDE). These tools allow the generation of source code through any of various means.

Modern programming languages are well supported by tools like Json4Swift (Swift) and Json2Kotlin (Kotlin).

Programs that could generate COBOL code include:

• the DYL250/DYL260/DYL270/DYL280 series^[10]
• Business Controls Corporation's SB-5
• Peat Marwick Mitchell's PMM2170 application-program-generator package

These application generators supported COBOL inserts and overrides.

A macro processor, such as the C preprocessor, which replaces patterns in source code according to relatively simple rules, is a simple form of source-code generator. Source-to-source code generation tools also exist.^[11][12]

Large language models such as ChatGPT are capable of generating a program's source code from a description of the program given in a natural language.^[13]

Many relational database systems provide a function that will export the content of the database as SQL data definition queries, which may then be executed to re-import the tables and their data, or migrate them to another RDBMS.

Low-code applications

Main article: Low-code development platforms

A low-code development platform (LCDP) is software that provides an environment programmers use to create application software through graphical user interfaces and configuration instead of traditional computer programming.

See also

• Automatic bug fixing
• Automated machine learning
• Comparison of code generation tools
• Feature-oriented programming
• Language-oriented programming
• Modeling language
• Program transformation
• Semantic translation
• Vocabulary-based transformation
• Fourth-generation programming language
• Low-code development platforms
• Emergent Coding

Notes

1. Ricardo Aler Mur, "Automatic Inductive Programming Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine", ICML 2006 Tutorial. June 2006.
2. D. L. Parnas. "Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems." American Scientist. November 1985.
3. Chun, Wendy. "On Software, or the Persistence of Visual Knowledge." Grey Room 18. Boston: 2004, pg. 30.
4. "About Generative Programming". Generative programming, as a subdomain of meta-programming, describes the practice of writing programs that generate other programs as part of their execution.
5. P. Cointe (2005). "Towards Generative Programming". Unconventional Programming Paradigms. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3566. pp. 315–325. doi:10.1007/11527800_24. ISBN 978-3-540-27884-9. Generative Programming (GP) is an attempt to manufacture software components in an automated way by developing programs that synthesize other programs.
6. "Generative Programming: Concepts and Experiences (GPCE)".
7. A conference of SIGPLAN on this topic is planned for November 2018. Earlier/1970s attempts in this area included Yacc and the related Lex programs.
8. James Wilcox, "Paying Too Much for Custom Application Development", March 2011.
9. "Application generator". PCmag.com. Software that generates application programs from descriptions of the problem rather than by traditional programming. It is at a higher level and easier to use than a high-level programming language such as ...
10. "DYL-280 Command Syntax" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-30. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
11. Noaje, Gabriel, Christophe Jaillet, and Michaël Krajecki. "Source-to-source code translator: OpenMP C to CUDA". High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC), 2011 IEEE 13th International Conference on. IEEE, 2011.
12. Quinlan, Dan, and Chunhua Liao. "The ROSE source-to-source compiler infrastructure". Cetus users and compiler infrastructure workshop, in conjunction with PACT. Vol. 2011. 2011.
13. Tung, Liam (January 26, 2023). "ChatGPT can write code. Now researchers say it's good at fixing bugs, too". ZDNET. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.

References

• Generative Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications by Krzysztof Czarnecki and Ulrich W. Eisenecker, Addison Wesley, 2000.

External links

• Code Generation for Dummies