Arutani (Orotani, Urutani, also known as Awake, Auake, Auaqué, Aoaqui, Oewaku, ethnonym Uruak) is a nearly extinct language spoken in Roraima, Brazil and in the Karum River area of Bolivar State, Venezuela. There are only around 6 speakers left.[2][3]
| Arutani | |
|---|---|
| Uruak, Awake | |
| Native to | Brazil, Venezuela |
| Region | Roraima (Brazil); Karum River area, Bolivar State (Venezuela) |
| Ethnicity | 20 Auaké |
Native speakers | 6 (2020)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | atx |
| Glottolog | arut1244 |
| ELP |
|
 Arutani is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Documentation
Arutani is one of the most poorly attested extant languages in South America, and may be a language isolate.[4][5]
Existing data is limited to a 1911 word list by Koch-Grünberg (1928: 308-313),[6] a 1940 word list by Armellada & Matallana (1942: 101-110),[7] and a 100-item Swadesh list by Migliazza (1978).[8] There is also an unpublished Swadesh list by Fèlix Cardona i Puig from the 1930s-1940s, as well as an unpublished 200-item Swadesh list by Walter Coppens from 1970.[9]
Sociolinguistic situation
Traditionally, Arutani was spoken along the Paragua River and Uraricaá River in southern Venezuela and the northern tip of Roraima, Brazil.[2]
Ethnic Arutani also speak Ninam (Shirián), since they now mostly live in Ninam villages. The remaining speakers of Arutani are found in the following Ninam villages.[2]
- Saúba (in Brazil): 1 speaker born in Venezuela who has family in Kavaimakén
- Kosoiba (in the Upper Paragua River valley of Venezuela): 3 speakers
- Kavaimakén (in the Upper Paragua River valley of Venezuela): 1 speaker
- Colibri (in the Upper Paragua River valley of Venezuela): 1 speaker reported
According to Loukotka (1968), it was once spoken on the southern banks of Maracá Island in the Rio Branco area.[10]
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Máku, Sape, Warao, Tikuna-Yuri, and Tukano language families due to contact.[11]
Lexical similarities with Tucanoan languages are mostly cultural loanwords. Arutani and Tucanoan languages also have completely different pronominal systems, and sound correspondences are irregular. Thus, similarities between them can be attributed to contact with Eastern Tucanoan.[11]: 527
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Auaké.[10]
| gloss | Auaké |
|---|---|
| one | kiuaná |
| two | kiuañéke |
| three | uatitimitilíake |
| head | ki-kakoáti |
| eye | ki-gakoá |
| tooth | ki-aké |
| man | madkié |
| water | okoá |
| fire | ané |
| sun | nizyí |
| manioc | mokiá |
| jaguar | kaiyá |
| house | iméd |
References
External links
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