Athens metropolitan area

For the metropolitan area around Athens, Georgia, see Athens–Clarke County metropolitan area.

The Athens metropolitan area (Greek: Μητροπολιτική Περιοχή της Αθήνας) spans 2,928.717 km² (1,131 sq mi) within the Attica region and consists of 58 municipalities plus areas of East Attica and West Attica, having reached a population of 3,638,281 according to the 2021 census.^[2] Municipalities of Athens and Piraeus both serve as the two metropolitan centres of the Athens metropolitan area.^[3]

Athens metropolitan area
Coordinates: 37°59′03″N 23°43′41″E
Geographic region	Central Greece
Administrative region	Attica
Area
• Metro	2,929 km2 (1,131 sq mi)
Highest elevation	1,413 m (4,636 ft)
Lowest elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population  (2021)[1]
• Metro	3,638,281
• Metro density	1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Telephone	21
Vehicle registration	Yxx, Zxx, Ixx
Major airport(s)	Athens International Airport

According to the Hellenic Telecommunications and Post Commission, the Athens metropolitan area consists of all areas with a dialing code of 21 and includes areas such as Salamina, Elefsina, Kifissia, Mandra, Aspropyrgos, Pallini, Agios Stefanos, Dionysos, Koropi, Vari, Vouliagmeni, Voula, Dafni, Chalandri and the Athens International Airport.^[4][5][6][7]

Administration

The Athens Urban Area, also known as Greater Athens,^[8] consists of 40 municipalities, 35 of which make up what was referred to as the former Athens Prefecture municipalities, located within 4 regional units (North Athens, West Athens, Central Athens, South Athens); and a further 5 municipalities, which make up the former Piraeus Prefecture municipalities, located within the regional unit of Piraeus. The Athens Municipality forms the core and centre of Greater Athens, which in turn consists of the Athens Municipality and 40 more municipalities, divided in four regional units, accounting for 2,611,713 people (in 2021) within an area of 361 km² (139 sq mi). The regional units of Central, North, South, and West Athens, Piraeus and parts of East^[9] and West Attica^[10] regional units combined make up the continuous Athens Urban Area.^[10][11][12]

Climate

Due to its large area metropolitan Athens has a variety of climates. The largest part of the Athens metropolitan area has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), while some areas of the Athens Riviera, some areas of the Thriasio Plain and some areas in the west have a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh). According to the meteorological stations of the National Observatory of Athens and the Hellenic National Meteorological Service areas in the north have wetter and colder winters. Dionysos has a January average high of around 9°C and an average low of 4°C, while Parnitha mountain has a January average high of around 4°C and an average low below 0°C. ^[13][14][15] Areas in the south have very mild winters with Nea Smyrni recording a January average high close to 15°C and an average low of around 9°C.^[13][16]

The highest July and August temperatures are recorded in the interior of the Athens Basin and also in west areas with Nea Filadelfeia, Harokopio University and Salamina registering average summer highs over 35°C.^[17][13][18] Due to land breezes, summer nights can be particularly hot in the south and especially around Piraeus which records an average August low of around 27°C.^[13][19] The highest average annual temperatures are recorded in Nea Smyrni registering around 20.5°C, while the lowest is recorded in Parnitha mountain with less than 11.0°C.^[13][20][21] Neos Kosmos is the warmest area of Downtown Athens with an average annual temperature of 20.2°C and a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh) closely bordering a hot-summer mediterranean (Csa) climate. During July 2024 minimum temperatures remained over 30 °C (86 °F) for 12 consecutive days in metropolitan Athens, breaking all known records for any area in the country.^[22][23]

The lowest average annual precipitation in metropolitan Athens is recorded in Piraeus Kallipoli with 307 mm, while the highest average annual precipitation is recorded in Parnitha mountain with around 720 mm.^[13][24][25] The highest temperature ever recorded in the Athens metropolitan area was 48.0°C in Elefsina and Tatoi on July 10, 1977 which according to the World Meteorological Organization was also the highest official temperature ever recorded in Europe until 2021.^[26] The lowest temperature ever recorded was -12.0°C in Parnitha mountain on January 9, 2017.^[27] The highest minimum temperature of 32.9 °C (91 °F) was recorded on July 26, 2023 in Hellinikon.^[28] Furthermore, Metropolitan Athens has experienced temperatures of 47.5°C and over in four different locations.

Regarding the whole of the Attica peninsula, the lowest average annual precipitation is found in Anavysos, Athens Riviera with around 300 mm, while the highest average annual precipitation is found in Avlonas with around 930 mm.^[29] Lavrio is the only area in Attica that has never recorded an air frost according to the National Observatory of Athens station which operates since 2008.^[30][13]

Climate data for Downtown Athens (1991–2020), Extremes (1890–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	22.8 (73.0)	25.3 (77.5)	28.2 (82.8)	32.2 (90.0)	37.6 (99.7)	44.8 (112.6)	42.8 (109.0)	43.9 (111.0)	38.7 (101.7)	36.5 (97.7)	30.5 (86.9)	23.1 (73.6)	44.8 (112.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	13.3 (55.9)	14.2 (57.6)	17.0 (62.6)	21.1 (70.0)	26.5 (79.7)	31.6 (88.9)	34.3 (93.7)	34.3 (93.7)	29.6 (85.3)	24.4 (75.9)	18.9 (66.0)	14.4 (57.9)	23.3 (73.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	10.2 (50.4)	10.8 (51.4)	13.1 (55.6)	16.7 (62.1)	21.8 (71.2)	26.6 (79.9)	29.3 (84.7)	29.4 (84.9)	25.0 (77.0)	20.3 (68.5)	15.6 (60.1)	11.6 (52.9)	19.2 (66.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	7.1 (44.8)	7.3 (45.1)	9.2 (48.6)	12.3 (54.1)	17.0 (62.6)	21.6 (70.9)	24.2 (75.6)	24.4 (75.9)	20.4 (68.7)	16.2 (61.2)	12.2 (54.0)	8.7 (47.7)	15.0 (59.0)
Record low °C (°F)	−6.5 (20.3)	−5.7 (21.7)	−2.6 (27.3)	1.7 (35.1)	6.2 (43.2)	11.8 (53.2)	16 (61)	15.5 (59.9)	8.9 (48.0)	5.9 (42.6)	−1.1 (30.0)	−4.0 (24.8)	−6.5 (20.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	55.6 (2.19)	44.4 (1.75)	45.6 (1.80)	27.6 (1.09)	20.7 (0.81)	11.6 (0.46)	10.7 (0.42)	5.4 (0.21)	25.8 (1.02)	38.6 (1.52)	70.8 (2.79)	76.3 (3.00)	433.1 (17.06)
Average relative humidity (%)	72.0	70.0	66.0	60.0	56.0	50.0	42.0	47.0	57.0	66.0	72.0	73.0	60.9
Average ultraviolet index	2	3	5	7	9	10	10	9	6	4	2	2	6
Source 1: Cosmos, scientific magazine of the National Observatory of Athens[31]
Source 2: Meteoclub[32][33]

Climate data for Piraeus Hellenic National Meteorological Service (1981-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	14.1 (57.4)	14.4 (57.9)	16.6 (61.9)	20.3 (68.5)	25.1 (77.2)	29.9 (85.8)	32.8 (91.0)	32.9 (91.2)	29.1 (84.4)	24.2 (75.6)	18.9 (66.0)	15.4 (59.7)	22.81 (73.06)
Daily mean °C (°F)	11.1 (52.0)	11.2 (52.2)	13.3 (55.9)	16.9 (62.4)	21.4 (70.5)	26.3 (79.3)	29.0 (84.2)	28.8 (83.8)	25.2 (77.4)	20.6 (69.1)	15.8 (60.4)	12.6 (54.7)	19.35 (66.83)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	8.2 (46.8)	7.9 (46.2)	10.0 (50.0)	13.4 (56.1)	17.7 (63.9)	22.2 (72.0)	24.8 (76.6)	25.0 (77.0)	21.5 (70.7)	17.4 (63.3)	12.9 (55.2)	9.7 (49.5)	15.89 (60.60)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	41.95 (1.65)	36.26 (1.43)	34.09 (1.34)	30.34 (1.19)	15.95 (0.63)	5.08 (0.20)	5.56 (0.22)	3.07 (0.12)	11.37 (0.45)	30.5 (1.20)	58.87 (2.32)	58.84 (2.32)	331.9 (13.07)
Source: [34]

Climate data for Athens metropolitan area (Record Highs)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	25.9 (78.6)	25.8 (78.4)	30.3 (86.5)	33.2 (91.8)	40.6 (105.1)	47.5 (117.5)	48.0 (118.4)	45.3 (113.5)	41.6 (106.9)	38.4 (101.1)	31.6 (88.9)	25.0 (77.0)	48.0 (118.4)
Source: [35] [36] [37]

Climate data for Attica (Record Highs)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	25.9 (78.6)	25.9 (78.6)	30.3 (86.5)	33.4 (92.1)	40.6 (105.1)	47.5 (117.5)	48.0 (118.4)	45.3 (113.5)	41.6 (106.9)	38.4 (101.1)	32.2 (90.0)	25.8 (78.4)	48.0 (118.4)
Source: [38] [39] [40]

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