Minister of Finance (New Zealand)

The minister of Finance (Māori: Minita mo nga Moni), originally known as colonial treasurer, is a minister and the head of the New Zealand Treasury, responsible for producing an annual New Zealand budget outlining the government's proposed expenditure. The position is often considered to be the most important cabinet post after that of the prime minister.^[2]

Minister of Finance
Coat of Arms of New Zealand
Flag of New Zealand
Incumbent Nicola Willis since 27 November 2023
The Treasury
Style	The Honourable
Member of	Cabinet of New Zealand Executive Council
Reports to	Prime Minister
Seat	Wellington
Nominator	Prime Minister
Appointer	Governor-General of New Zealand on the advice of the prime minister
Term length	At His Majesty's pleasure
Formation	3 May 1841
First holder	George Cooper as Colonial Treasurer
Salary	$288,900[1]
Website	www.beehive.govt.nz

The current Minister of Finance is Nicola Willis. There are currently three associate minister roles held by Chris Bishop, David Seymour, and Shane Jones.^[3]

Responsibilities and powers

One of the Minister of Finance's key roles involves the framing of the annual year budget. According to Parliament's Standing Orders, the Minister of Finance may veto any parliamentary bill which would have a significant impact on the government's budget plans. The Minister of Finance supervises the Treasury, which is the government's primary advisor on matters of economic and financial policy.^[4] As such, the Minister of Finance has broad control of the government's spending, making the position quite powerful.

Some analysts, such as Jonathan Boston, claim that the Minister of Finance can sometimes hold more influence than the Prime Minister, if the conditions are right. Gordon Coates, Finance Minister in the early 1930s, was sometimes such a figure. Some political scientists, such as Boston, believe that in the government of David Lange, Minister of Finance Roger Douglas held more power than was proper, and that the Treasury was using its control of government finances to take a supervisory role across the whole administration. It was probably for this reason that Lange's successor, Geoffrey Palmer, established the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, which could offer the Prime Minister advice independent of that given by individual ministers.

History

The office of Minister of Finance has existed since 1841.^[5] Apart from the office of Prime Minister itself, the only other cabinet posts to have existed since the first cabinet are those of Attorney-General and Minister of Internal Affairs. Originally, the holder of the post was designated "Colonial Treasurer", but this term was replaced with "Minister of Finance" shortly after New Zealand ceased to be a Colony and became a Dominion. This occurred in 1907, during the cabinet of Joseph Ward.

In the past, several Prime Ministers took on the post of Minister of Finance themselves, though in recent times this practice has declined. Robert Muldoon, the last person to concurrently serve as Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, created considerable controversy by doing so. It is more common, however, for a Deputy Prime Minister to serve as Minister of Finance. Bob Tizard, Michael Cullen, Bill English and Grant Robertson served as Deputy Prime Minister when in the position as Minister of Finance.

Traditionally Ministers of Finance rank second or third in seniority lists within Westminster-style Cabinets, although initially Harry Lake was ranked at sixth and his successor Robert Muldoon was ranked at eighth; both because of their short service to date in Parliament, and because Keith Holyoake saw Muldoon as too arrogant and ambitious for his own good. In the Hipkins Cabinet, Grant Robertson was ranked fourth, although he was the most senior minister who was not the prime minister, deputy prime minister, or deputy leader of the Labour Party.

Junior ministerial appointments in the finance portfolio

The convention of making a second, more junior appointment in the Finance portfolio began with Holyoake, who appointed Muldoon as an Assistant Minister to Lake shortly before the latter's death in 1967.^[6] Some successive Prime Ministers made similar appointments of an Associate Minister of Finance (for example, Marshall and Kirk) but this was not always done (Rowling, for example, who had Mick Connelly as his associate while serving as Finance Minister did not appoint an associate Minister after succeeding to the premiership in 1974).^[6] Associate appointments became standard when Muldoon served concurrently as both Prime Minister and Finance Minister.^[7] In his second term, Muldoon appointed both a Deputy Minister of Finance (Hugh Templeton) as well as an associate Minister (Derek Quigley). Muldoon's successors Lange and Palmer continued to have a three-strong Finance team, each appointing two associate Ministers to support their respective Ministers of Finance.^[6][7] At times, the appointment of associate ministers was intended to temper the reform ambitions of Roger Douglas.^[7]

In the coalition governments formed in 1996, 2017 and 2023, responsibility for Finance was shared between the parties. After the 1996 elections, the role of the Minister of Finance was formally split between two portfolios – that of Minister of Finance and that of Treasurer. The position of Treasurer was senior to that of the Minister of Finance, and was created as part of the coalition agreement between the National Party and New Zealand First. It was established especially for Winston Peters, leader of New Zealand First, who demanded it as part of the deal. When Peters ended the coalition, the position reverted to the National Party. After the change of government in 1999, both positions were held concurrently by Michael Cullen before they were combined into the old Minister of Finance portfolio in 2002.^[8] Associate Finance roles were won in coalition negotiations by New Zealand First, the Green Party and ACT New Zealand in the formation of both the Sixth Labour Government and the Sixth National Government.

List of finance ministers

Key

  Independent   Liberal   Reform   United   Labour   National

No.		Name	Portrait	Term of office		Prime Minister
	1	George Cooper		5 January 1840	9 May 1842		none
	2	Alexander Shepherd		9 May 1842	7 May 1856
	3	Dillon Bell		7 May 1856	20 May 1856		Sewell
	4	Charles Brown		20 May 1856	2 June 1856		Fox
	5	Henry Sewell		2 June 1856	4 November 1856		Stafford
	6	William Richmond		4 November 1856	25 February 1859
	(5)	Henry Sewell		25 February 1859	26 April 1859
	(6)	William Richmond		26 April 1859	12 July 1861
	7	Reader Wood		12 July 1861	6 August 1862		Fox
	(3)	Dillon Bell		6 August 1862	21 August 1862		Domett
	(7)	Reader Wood		21 August 1862	24 November 1864
							Whitaker
	8	William Fitzherbert		24 November 1864	16 October 1865		Weld
	9	Edward Stafford		31 October 1865	12 June 1866		Stafford
	10	Francis Jollie		12 June 1866	24 August 1866
	(8)	William Fitzherbert		24 August 1866	28 June 1869
	11	Julius Vogel		28 June 1869	10 September 1872		Fox
	12	Thomas Gillies		10 September 1872	11 October 1872		Stafford
	(11)	Julius Vogel		11 October 1872	6 July 1875		Waterhouse
							Fox
							Vogel
	13	Harry Atkinson		6 July 1875	15 February 1876		Pollen
	(11)	Julius Vogel		15 February 1876	1 September 1876		Vogel
	(13)	Harry Atkinson		1 September 1876	13 October 1877		Atkinson
	14	William Larnach		15 October 1877	5 March 1878		Grey
	15	John Ballance		12 March 1878	1 July 1879
	16	George Grey		10 July 1879	8 October 1879
	(13)	Harry Atkinson		8 October 1879	16 August 1884		Hall
							Whitaker
							Atkinson
	(11)	Julius Vogel		16 August 1884 3 September 1884	28 August 1884 8 October 1887		Stout
	(13)	Harry Atkinson		8 October 1887	24 January 1891		Atkinson
	(15)	John Ballance		24 January 1891	27 April 1893		Ballance
	17	Joseph Ward		1 May 1893	16 June 1896		Seddon
	18	Richard Seddon		16 June 1896	10 June 1906
	19	William Hall-Jones		21 June 1906	6 August 1906		Hall-Jones
	(17)	Joseph Ward		6 August 1906	28 March 1912		Ward
	20	Arthur Myers		28 March 1912	10 July 1912		Mackenzie
	21	James Allen		10 July 1912	12 August 1915		Massey
	(17)	Joseph Ward		12 August 1915	21 August 1919
	(21)	James Allen		4 September 1919	28 April 1920
	22	William Massey		12 May 1920	10 May 1925
	23	William Nosworthy		14 May 1925	24 May 1926		Bell
							Coates
	24	William Downie Stewart Jr		24 May 1926	10 December 1928
	(17)	Joseph Ward		10 December 1928	28 May 1930		Ward
	25	George Forbes		28 May 1930	22 September 1931		Forbes
	(24)	William Downie Stewart Jr		22 September 1931	28 January 1933
	26	Gordon Coates		28 January 1933	6 December 1935
	27	Walter Nash		6 December 1935	13 December 1949		Savage
							Fraser
	28	Sidney Holland		13 December 1949	26 November 1954		Holland
	29	Jack Watts		26 November 1954	12 December 1957
							Holyoake
	30	Arnold Nordmeyer		12 December 1957	12 December 1960		Nash
	31	Harry Lake		12 December 1960	21 February 1967		Holyoake
	32	Robert Muldoon		4 March 1967	8 December 1972
							Marshall
	33	Bill Rowling		8 December 1972	6 September 1974		Kirk
	34	Bob Tizard		6 September 1974	12 December 1975		Rowling
	(32)	Robert Muldoon		12 December 1975	26 July 1984		Muldoon
	35	Roger Douglas		26 July 1984	14 December 1988		Lange
	36	David Caygill		14 December 1988	2 November 1990
							Palmer
							Moore
	37	Ruth Richardson		2 November 1990	29 November 1993		Bolger
	38	Bill Birch		29 November 1993	1 February 1999
							Shipley
	39	Bill English		1 February 1999	22 June 1999
	(38)	Bill Birch		22 June 1999	10 December 1999
	40	Michael Cullen		10 December 1999	19 November 2008		Clark
	(39)	Bill English		19 November 2008	12 December 2016		Key
	41	Steven Joyce		12 December 2016	26 October 2017		English
	42	Grant Robertson		26 October 2017	27 November 2023		Ardern
							Hipkins
	43	Nicola Willis		27 November 2023	Incumbent		Luxon

List of treasurers

Key

  NZ First   National   Labour

No.		Name	Portrait	Term of office		Prime Minister
	1	Winston Peters		16 December 1996	14 August 1998		Bolger
							Shipley
	2	Bill Birch		14 August 1998	22 June 1999
	3	Bill English		22 June 1999	10 December 1999
	4	Michael Cullen		10 December 1999	15 August 2002		Clark

List of junior ministerial appointments in the finance portfolio

Key

  National   Labour   NZ First   Te Tawharau   Green   ACT

#		Name	Title	Start	End	Minister of Finance		Prime Minister
	1	Robert Muldoon	Minister Assistant to the Minister of Finance	15 February 1967	4 March 1967		Lake		Holyoake
	2	Lorrie Pickering	Associate Minister of Finance	22 December 1969	9 February 1972		Muldoon
	3	George Gair	Associate Minister of Finance	9 February 1972	8 December 1972				Marshall
	4	Mick Connelly	Associate Minister of Finance	8 December 1972	10 September 1974		Rowling		Kirk
	(3)	George Gair	Deputy Minister of Finance	12 December 1975	8 March 1977		Muldoon		Muldoon
	4	Peter Wilkinson	Associate Minister of Finance	12 December 1975	8 March 1977
	5	Hugh Templeton	Associate Minister of Finance	8 March 1977	13 December 1978
			Deputy Minister of Finance	13 December 1978	11 December 1981
	6	Derek Quigley	Associate Minister of Finance	13 December 1978	12 February 1981
	7	Warren Cooper	Associate Minister of Finance	12 February 1981	11 December 1981
	8	John Falloon	Associate Minister of Finance	11 December 1981	26 July 1984
	9	Richard Prebble	Associate Minister of Finance	26 July 1984	24 August 1987		Douglas		Lange
	10	David Caygill	Associate Minister of Finance	26 July 1984	24 August 1987
	11	Michael Cullen	Associate Minister of Finance	24 August 1987	12 September 1988
	12	David Butcher	Associate Minister of Finance	24 August 1987	12 September 1988
	13	Peter Neilson	Associate Minister of Finance	24 August 1987	2 November 1990		Douglas, Caygill		Lange, Palmer, Moore
	(10)	David Caygill	Deputy Minister of Finance	12 September 1988	14 December 1988		Douglas		Lange
	14	Mike Moore	Deputy Minister of Finance	12 September 1988	9 February 1990		Douglas, Caygill		Lange, Palmer
	15	Stan Rodger	Deputy Minister of Finance	14 August 1989	9 February 1990		Caygill		Palmer
	16	Doug Kidd	Associate Minister of Finance	2 November 1990	3 October 1991		Richardson		Bolger
	17	Maurice McTigue	Associate Minister of Finance	2 November 1990	27 March 1993
	18	Wyatt Creech	Associate Minister of Finance	3 October 1991	29 November 1993
	19	Simon Upton	Associate Minister of Finance	27 March 1993	29 November 1993
	(18)	Wyatt Creech	Deputy Minister of Finance	29 November 1993	1 March 1996		Birch
	20	Bruce Cliffe	Associate Minister of Finance	29 November 1993	29 June 1995
	21	Lockwood Smith	Deputy Minister of Finance	1 March 1996	16 December 1996
	22	Tuariki Delamere	Associate Treasurer	16 December 1996	31 August 1998		Peters (Treasurer)
									Shipley
							Birch (Treasurer)
	23	Bill English	Associate Treasurer	31 August 1998	1 February 1999
	(21)	Lockwood Smith	Associate Minister of Finance	31 August 1998	10 December 1999		Birch, English, Birch
	(22)	Tuariki Delamere	Associate Minister of Finance	31 August 1998	10 December 1999
	24	Trevor Mallard	Associate Minister of Finance	10 December 1999	19 November 2008		Cullen		Clark
	25	Paul Swain	Associate Minister of Finance	13 November 2000	19 May 2003
	26	David Cunliffe	Associate Minister of Finance	19 May 2003	19 October 2005
	27	Phil Goff	Associate Minister of Finance	19 October 2005	19 November 2008
	28	Clayton Cosgrove	Associate Minister of Finance	19 October 2005	19 November 2008
	29	Simon Power	Associate Minister of Finance	19 November 2008	14 December 2011		English		Key
	30	Steven Joyce	Associate Minister of Finance	19 November 2008	20 December 2016
	31	Jonathan Coleman	Associate Minister of Finance	14 December 2011	8 October 2014
	32	Paula Bennett	Associate Minister of Finance	8 October 2014	20 December 2016
	33	Simon Bridges	Associate Minister of Finance	20 December 2016	26 October 2017		Joyce		English
	34	Amy Adams	Associate Minister of Finance	20 December 2016	26 October 2017
	35	David Clark	Associate Minister of Finance	26 October 2017	7 April 2020		Robertson		Ardern
	36	Shane Jones	Associate Minister of Finance	26 October 2017	6 November 2020
	37	James Shaw	Associate Minister of Finance	26 October 2017	6 November 2020
	38	David Parker	Associate Minister of Finance	26 October 2017	27 November 2023				Ardern, Hipkins
	39	Megan Woods	Associate Minister of Finance	6 November 2020	27 November 2023
	40	Kiri Allan	Associate Minister of Finance	14 June 2022	1 February 2023
	41	Michael Wood	Associate Minister of Finance	1 February 2023	21 June 2023				Hipkins
	(40)	Kiri Allan	Associate Minister of Finance	21 June 2023	24 July 2023
	42	Barbara Edmonds	Associate Minister of Finance	24 July 2023	27 November 2023
	43	Chris Bishop	Associate Minister of Finance	27 November 2023	Incumbent		Willis		Luxon
	44	David Seymour	Associate Minister of Finance	27 November 2023	Incumbent
	(36)	Shane Jones	Associate Minister of Finance	27 November 2023	Incumbent

References

1. "Parliamentary Salaries and Allowances Determination 2016" (PDF). Parliament.nz. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
2. Clifton, Jane (19 September 2013). "Influentials: Politics". New Zealand Listener. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
3. "Ministerial List". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
4. "Ministerial Portfolio: Finance". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC). The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
5. Cyclopedia Company Limited (1897). "Mr. George Cooper". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Wellington Provincial District. Wellington. Retrieved 12 June 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
6. Wood, G.A., ed. (1996). Ministers and Members in the New Zealand Parliament (2nd ed.). Dunedin: University of Otago Press. ISBN 1-877133-00-0.
7. Easton, Dr Brian (1997). The Commercialisation of New Zealand. Auckland: University of Auckland Press. p. 74. ISBN 1869401735.
8. Spanhake, Craig, ed. (2006). Ministers and Members in the New Zealand Parliament: 1996-2005. Dunedin: Tarkwode Press. ISBN 0-9597868-2-1.

External links

• New Zealand Treasury