Shirkuh

For places in Iran, see Shirkuh, Iran.

Asad ad-Dīn Shīrkūh bin Shādhī (Kurdish: ئەسەدەدین شێرکۆ, romanized: Esed El-Dîn Şêrko; Arabic: أسد الدين شيركوه بن شاذي), also known as Shirkuh, or Şêrko (meaning "lion of the mountains" in Kurdish) (died 23 March 1169) was a Kurdish Mercenary commander^[1][2] in service of the Zengid dynasty, then the Fatimid Caliphate and uncle of Saladin. His military and diplomatic efforts in Egypt were a key factor in establishing the Ayyubid dynasty in that country.

Shirkuh (Sherko)
13th century European depiction of Adîd abû Muhammad and Shîrkûh (upper panel), with the arrival of Amalric at Constantinople (lower panel)
Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate
Reign	18 January – 23 March 1169
Predecessor	Shawar
Successor	Saladin (Vizier)
Born	Dvin, Armenia
Names Asad ad-Dīn Shirkuh bin Shadhī
Father	Shadhi Bin Marwan (Kurdish Chief)
Religion	Sunni Islam

Name

Shirkuh is a Kurdish name which literally means "the lion (of the) mountain". Shirkuh is also the name of several villages in modern-day Iran. His Arabic honorific Asad ad-Din similarly means "the lion of faith". In Latin, his name was rendered as "Siraconus"; William of Tyre, referring to the expedition of 1163, describes him as:

an able and energetic warrior, eager for glory and of wide experience in military affairs. Generous far beyond the resources of his patrimony, Shirkuh was beloved by his followers because of this munificence. He was small of stature, very stout and fat and already advanced in years. Though of lowly origin, he had become rich and risen by merit from his humble estate to the rank of prince. He was afflicted with cataract in one eye. He was a man of great endurance under hardships, one who bore hunger and thirst with an equanimity quite unusual for that time of life.^[3]

Origins and earlier career

He was originally from a Kurdish village in Armenia near the town of Dvin. He was the son of Shadhi ibn Marwan, a Kurdish chief,^[4] and the brother of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, the ancestor of the Ayyubid dynasty.^[5] The family was closely connected to the Shaddadid dynasty, and when the last Shaddadid was deposed in Dvin in 1130, Shahdi moved the family first to Baghdad and then to Tikrit, where he was appointed governor by the regional administrator Bihruz. Ayyub succeeded his father as governor of Tikrit when Shahdi died soon after. When Shirkuh killed a man who was a Christian in some versions of the story, and with whom he was quarrelling in Tikrit in 1138,^[6] alternatively, Shirkuh might have killed that man due to insulting or sexual assault on a young woman,^[7][8][9] the brothers were exiled (Shirkuh's nephew Yusuf, later known as Saladin, was supposedly born the night they left). They joined Nur ad-Din Zengi's army, and Shirkuh served under Nur ad-Din Zengi who succeeded Zengi in Mosul. Shirkuh was later given Homs, ar-Rahba and other appanages by Nur ad Din Zengi as his vassal.^[10] Ayyub served as governor of Baalbek and later Damascus, and the two brothers negotiated the surrender of Damascus to Nur ad-Din in 1154.

In 1163 Nur ad-Din was asked by Shawar to intervene in Egypt in a dispute between him and Dirgham over the Fatimid vizierate. Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh, and this was to be the first of three ventures Shirkuh made into Egypt, nominally on Nur ad-Din's behalf. On this first occasion, his nephew Saladin accompanied him as an advisor. Shawar was restored and Dirgham was killed, but after quarrelling with Shirkuh, Shawar allied with Amalric I of Jerusalem, who marched into Egypt in 1164 and besieged Shirkuh at Bilbeis ^[11] (see Crusader invasion of Egypt). In response Nur ad-Din attacked the Crusader states and almost captured the Principality of Antioch.

Later career

Shirkuh was invited back into Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Adid in 1167, to help defeat the Crusaders who were attacking Cairo.^[12] Shawar once again allied with Amalric, who besieged Shirkuh in Alexandria until he agreed to leave; however, a Crusader garrison remained in Egypt and Amalric allied with the Byzantine Empire, planning to conquer it entirely. To destroy the garrison, Shawar switched alliances, from Amalric to Shirkuh. The Muslims fought a pitched battle with the Crusaders, who did not have the resources to conquer Egypt and were forced to retreat.

Shirkuh and his associates enjoyed widespread support among the civil elite In Egypt for religious reasons. Although the Fatimid rulers were Shiite, the majority of people remained Sunni Muslims.^[13] In January 1169 Shirkuh entered Cairo and had the untrustworthy Shawar executed. When he reached Cairo with his armies he was welcomed by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Adid and treated with great honour.^[14] He accepted the office of vizier, but died two months later on 22 March; as Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad describes, "it was the case that Asad ad-Din was a great eater, excessively given to partaking of rich meats. He suffered many bouts of indigestion and from quinsy, from which he would recover after putting up with great discomfort. He was taken severely ill, afflicted with a serious quinsy, which killed him on 22 Jumada II 564 [23 March 1169]."

Legacy

He was succeeded as vizier by his nephew Saladin, who had served with him on his campaigns in Egypt. Saladin eventually succeeded Nur ad-Din as well, uniting Egypt and Syria, which enabled him to almost completely drive out the crusaders from Syria and Palestine. A number of historians have offered the view that Shirkuh's death was an important factor in allowing Saladin to consolidate his position as Sultan and as undisputed head of the Ayyubid family.^[15]

Although Nur ad-Din Zengi took back the domain of Homs on Shirkuh's death, in 1179 Saladin gave Homs to Shirkuh's son Muhammad ibn Shirkuh^[16] and his descendants continued to rule in Homs thereafter until the death in 1263 of his last descendant the emir, Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs. After this Homs was ruled directly as part of the Mamluk Empire.

References

1. Morton, Nicholas (2020). The Crusader States and Their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187. Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-19-882454-1.
2. Tyerman, Christopher (2007). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-190431-3.
3. William, Abp. of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, Octagon Books 1976, p.303
4. Chamakhi, Mustapha K. (21 June 2021). Islam in all its States. BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN 978-2-322-25166-7.
5. Lane Poole, Stanley, The Mohammedan Dynasties, Constable & Co. London 1894 p.77
6. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, vol.4, trams. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane, Edouard Blot, Paris 1871 p.483
7. Phillips, Jonathan (25 April 2019). The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-2968-3.
8. Fulton, Michael S. (8 June 2022). Contest for Egypt: The Collapse of the Fatimid Caliphate, the Ebb of Crusader Influence, and the Rise of Saladin. BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-51625-0.
9. Issa, Islam (2 January 2024). Alexandria: The City that Changed the World. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-63936-546-3.
10. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, vol.4, trams. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane, Edouard Blot, Paris 1871 p.484
11. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, vol.4, trams. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane, Edouard Blot, Paris 1871 p.486
12. First Encyclopedia of Islam, E. J. Brill, Leiden 1993, vol. 7 p.382
13. Lev, Yaacov (1999). Saladin in Egypt. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 78. ISBN 90-04-11221-9.
14. Lane-Poole, Stanley, Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, The Other Press, Kuala Lumpur 2007 p.86
15. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, vol.4, trams. Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane, Edouard Blot, Paris 1871 p.492
16. Runciman S. Hunyadi Z., Laszlovszky J., The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontier of Medieval Latin Christianity, CEU Medievalia, 2001,p.62

Sources

• Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, ed. D. S. Richards, Ashgate, 2002.
• Halm, Heinz (2014). Kalifen und Assassinen: Ägypten und der vordere Orient zur Zeit der ersten Kreuzzüge, 1074–1171 [Caliphs and Assassins: Egypt and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusades, 1074–1171] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-66163-1.
• William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.
• Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1952.
• Vladimir Minorsky, "The Prehistory of Saladin", in Studies in Caucasian History, Cambridge University Press, 1957, pp. 124–132. (available online)
• Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982). Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31739-8.

Preceded by Shawar

Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate 18 January – 23 March 1169

Succeeded by Saladin