Salvadoran Army

The Salvadoran Army (Spanish: Ejército Salvadoreño) is the land branch and largest of the Armed Forces of El Salvador.

Salvadoran Army
Ejército Salvadoreño
Badge of the Salvadoran Army.
Founded	1824
Country	El Salvador
Branch	Army
Size	20,500[1]
Part of	Armed Forces of El Salvador

History

The Football War

Main article: Football War

The Football War (also called The Soccer War or 100-hours War) was a term coined by Polish reporter Ryszard Kapuściński to describe a brief conflict between El Salvador and neighbouring Honduras. He argued that the war began after the rival nations traded wins during the qualifying round for the 1970 FIFA World Cup. But this event was not the cause of the war. Tensions had been mounting between both nations for several years because of immigration and economic problems, resulting on the war in 1969. The soccer matches incidents just one of several events that happened during that time. Longstanding tensions between the countries were heightened by media reports on both sides, each accusing the other of hooliganism and violence toward their own football fans. On June 26, 1969, El Salvador dissolved all ties with Honduras, the events were used as a call for nationalist pride for both governments and the media.

On July 14 Salvadoran forces began moving rapidly into Honduras following a series of border clashes. Their progress halted after the Organization of American States (OAS) and the United States brought heavy diplomatic pressure to bear on both governments in an effort to effect a cease-fire.

A ceasefire was ultimately negotiated and signed by July 18, with Salvadoran forces withdrawing from Honduras by August 2 following guarantees of safety for Salvadoran citizens in Honduras by the Honduran government.

The Salvadoran Civil War

Main article: Salvadoran Civil War

By the late 1970s, longstanding socio-economic inequality, human rights violations and the unwillingness of the National Conciliation Party dictatorship to address these problems led to the growth of a social movement. The government responded by assassinating thousands of political opponents and massacring students and protestors on several occasions. The heavy handed response of the government signaled to those identifying with the social movement that peaceful solutions were futile, which led to the growth of an insurgency.

On October 15, 1979, the military government was deposed by a joint military-civilian government calling itself the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador (JRG). The JRG's policies were met with opposition from the military and economic elites and government repression increased, with tens of thousands of civilians being killed in 1980 and 1981 alone. This led to the formation of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), which brought on a twelve-year civil war. On MArch 24, 1980 Major Roberto D'Aubuisson ordered the killing of Archbishop Óscar Romero; on December 8, 1980 five members of the Salvadoran Army kidnapped and killed missionaries Maryknoll Sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford, Ursuline Dorothy Kazel, and lay missionary Jean Donovan under the orders of Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova and his cousin Col. Óscar Edgardo Casanova Vejar, the local military commander in Zacatecoluca,

The Iraq War

Main article: Iraq War

An unidentified Salvadoran special forces Soldier keeps a close eye on the borders of Camp Charlie in Al Hillah, Iraq, April 14, 2005. The Cuscatlan Battalion IV Soldier is helping support Operation Iraqi Freedom, which is being conducted mainly by Coalition Forces in Hillah.

Up to 380 Salvadoran troops, mostly paratroopers, were deployed as part of the Coalition Forces in Iraq between August 2003 and January 2009. They operated alongside the elite Spanish Legion in Najaf. While in Iraq, the Salvadoran contingent suffered 5 dead, and more than 50 wounded.^[2][3]

In 2006 the government of El Salvador approached the Israeli ambassador to El Salvador seeking assistance in modernising its army.^[4]

Organizational structure

Barracks of the 4th Brigade.

Salvadoran Special Forces

El Salvador is divided into 6 military zones, each of which has its own infantry brigade:

• 1st brigade (San Salvador)
• 2nd brigade (Santa Ana)
• 3rd brigade (San Miguel)
• 4th brigade (Chalatenango)
• 5th brigade (San Vicente)
• 6th brigade (Usulután)

Furthermore, the army has the following units:

• 1 Special Military Security Brigade consisting of 2 Military Police, 1 Foot Guards and 2 border security battalions,
• 8 infantry detachments with 2 battalions,
• 1 Engineer Command with of 2 battalions,
• 1 artillery brigade with of 2 field artillery and 2 anti-aircraft battalions,
• 1 mechanized cavalry regiment with 2 battalions, and the
• Special Forces Command with 1 Special Operations Group, and 1 Anti-Terrorism Command.
• 1 female soldiers battalion on the artillery brigade

Equipment

Infantry weapons

Name	Type	Image	Origin	Notes
Handguns
P227	Semi-automatic pistol		United States	All its variants. Used By soldiers and special forces.
P226	Semi-automatic pistol		Germany	All its variants including the SIG Sauer X Six SIG P226 X Six. Used by soldiers and special forces.
M9[5]	Semi-automatic pistol		United States
CZ 75[5]	Semi-automatic pistol, machine pistol		Czech Republic
92SB[5]	Semi-automatic pistol		Italy
92FS[5]	Semi-automatic pistol		Italy
FN P35[5]	Semi-automatic pistol		Belgium
IWI 941[5]	Semi-automatic pistol		Israel
G17[5]	Semi-automatic pistol		Austria	Salvadoran Army's Special Forces and Anti-terrorist Command. Variants that are used: Glock 17, Glock 17C, Glock 17L, Glock 17MB, Glock 17M.
Sub-machine guns
Uzi[5]	Sub-machine gun		Israel	Uzi submachine gun, Mini-Uzi.
Ingram MAC-10[5]	Sub-machine gun		United States
MP5[5]	Sub-machine gun		Germany	MP5SD3, MP5A3, MP5A2, MP5, MP5A1
Carbines
CAR-15[5]	Carbine		United States	Colt Model 933, XM177, GAU-5/A (Colt Model 610), XM177E1 (Colt Model 609), XM177E2 (Colt Model 629), Colt Model 653 (M16A1 Carbine), Colt Model 654 (M16A1 Carbine), Colt Model 654 (M16A1 Carbine), Colt Model 727 (M16A2 carbine), Colt Model 733 Colt Commando Carbine (M16A2 Commando Carbine Model 733), Colt Model 723 "M16A2 Carbine"(M16A2 carbine Model 723). M16A2 SMG Model 635, XM177-E2 (Colt Model 629), Model 933, Colt Model 629, Colt 9mm SMG DOE (Model 633, US Car 15 Carbine (Colt Model 607), US XM177E1 (Colt Model 619), US XM177E2 GAU-5/A/B (Colt Model 639)).
M4	Carbine		United States	M4 Carbine, Colt M4A1, Colt M4 (original 1993 version), M4 (Colt Model 933), Colt M4 (M16A2 sights, burst and full auto)
HK416[5]	Carbine		Germany
Galil ACE	Carbine		Colombia	ACE 21, ACE 22, ACE 23 (5.56×45mm NATO), ACE 32 (7.62×39mm), ACE 52, ACE 53 (7.62×51mm NATO).
Assault rifles
M16[5]	Assault rifle		United States	XM16E1, M16A1, M16A2, M16A3, M16A4, M16A1 with A2 handguards. M16A2 (Model 701, 703, 705 (Burst fire/single fire)), Model 711, Model 715 and Model 720 (Burst fire/single fire)). M16A2 Light Machine Gun (LMG). Some M16A1's have M16A2's brass defectors, XM16E1. M16A2 (Model 645), some M16A1's (also with the A2 handguards) have the M16A2 hand-grip. M16A1 with A2 handgrip A2 brass defectors. Also M16A1 with M16A2 handguards have M16A2 brass defectors and M16A1 handgrip, M16A1 (enhanced), M16A2 Model 719.
HK33[5]	Assault rifle		Germany	Including HK53 variant
FN FNC	Assault rifle		Belgium	versions used: Standard" Model 2000 and Short" Model 7000, used by the Salvadoran Military Police and Paratrooper Battalion
T65[5]	Assault rifle		Republic of China
IMI Galil[5]	Assault rifle		Israel	Galil AR, Galil SAR, Galil SAR339, Micro Galil, Galil ARM.
IWI ARAD[5]	Assault rifle		Israel	Arad 5.
AK-63	Assault rifle		Hungary	Used since 1992.
Steyr AUG	Assault rifle		Austria	Used since the 1990s by the Salvadoran Army Special Forces.
Colt Canada C7 rifle	Assault rifle		Canada	Colt Model 715. Imported from Canada in the 2000s.
MPi-KM	Assault rifle		East Germany	Used since 1992 by the special forces.
AK-47	Assault rifle		Russia	Used since 1992 by the special forces.
AKM	Assault rifle		Russia	Used since 1992 by the special forces.
Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965	Assault rifle		Romania	Recovered from gang members.
Battle and Designated marksman rifles
M14[5]	Battle rifle		United States	Used as ceremonial gun, still used in active service on the Salvadoran Army infantry divisions,
Heckler & Koch G3[5]	Battle rifle		Germany	G3A3, G3A4, G3KA4
Sniper rifles
M24	Sniper rifle		United States
M21	Sniper rifle		United States	Used by the Salvadoran Army Special Forces.
Dragunov SVD	Sniper rifle		Russia	Used by the Salvadoran Army Special Forces.
Barrett M82	Anti-materiel precision rifle		United States	Used by the Salvadoran Army Special Forces.
Light machine guns
Diemaco C7A1 LSW	Light machine gun		Canada	Colt Model 715. Imported from Canada in the 2000s.
M249[5]	light machine gun		United States	First-generation M249 SAW, M249 Paratrooper.
FN Minimi[5]	light machine gun		Belgium	Minimi Para, FN Minimi.
General purpose machine guns
M60[5]	General purpose machine gun		United States	M60, M60E2, M60B, M60C M60D. During the civil war some M60s were chopped from the front sights to give CBQ capabilities.
HK21[5]	General purpose machine gun		Germany
FN MAG[5]	General purpose machine gun		Belgium
M2HB[5]	Heavy machine gun		United States
Grenade launchers
M79[5]	Grenade launcher		United States
M203[6]	Grenade launcher		United States	mounted on M16 rifles (all variants), M4s, M4A1s and CAR-15s (all variants).
Grenades
M18[5]	Smoke grenade		United States
M67[5]	Grenade		United States
Anti-tank weapons
RPG-7[5]	Rocket-propelled grenade		Russia
M72A2 LAW[5]	Rocket-propelled grenade		United States
C90-CR (M3)[5]	Rocket-propelled grenade		Spain
MANPADS
FIM-43 Redeye[5]	Man portable surface-to-air missile launcher		United States
SA-7 Grail (Strela 2)[5]	Man portable surface-to-air missile launcher		Russia

The Salvadoran Army/Navy/Marines/Air Force use the same kind of small arms types. It also uses telescopic sights, Aimpoint T2 Micro, Ohuhu OH-RG-SC Reflex Sights (panoramic sights), EOTech EXPS 3-0 sights, Barska Holographic Reflex Red Dot Sight, Ozark Rihno Tactical Sights, Trijicon MRO-C sights, EOTech 512..A65 sights, Vortex Optics StrikeFire II sights, Burrist Fast BFire3, Tasco Red Dot Sights, CVLIFE Optics Hunting Rifle Scope 2.5x40e red and green illuminated crosshair mount sights in every kind of assault rifle and rifle that all military branches of the Salvadoran armed forces use.

Vehicles

Note: Sources are circa 1988, while some equipment listed may no longer be in service.

Armored combat vehicles

Model	Image	Type	Number	Origin	Notes
Combat vehicles
VCTA2		Tank hunter	38	El Salvador	created by the Salvadoran Military Forces
Armored patrol and scout cars
HMMWV		Light armoured car	50[7]	United States
Armored personnel carriers
M113[8]		APC	20	United States
BMC Vuran		Armoured Personnel Carrier/ Infantry Mobility Vehicle	11	Turkey

Logistic vehicles

Model	Image	Type	Number	Origin	Notes
Trucks
F-Series[9]		Truck	3+	Japan	Part of a fleet of 45 new vehicles.
M35 truck[10]		Medium cargo truck	45	United States
M809 truck[10]		Heavy cargo truck		United States
MAN 630 truck[10]		Heavy cargo truck		Germany
Utility Trucks
D22[9]		Pick up	22+	Japan	Part of a fleet of 45 new vehicles.
2011 Ford Ranger		Light utility vehicle	37[11]	United States
CJ-8 Scrambler[8]		utility truck	Unknown	United States
Dodge M37[10]		Light utility vehicle		United States	Mostly converted to Cashuats.[10][12]
Utility Vehicle
AIL Storm[10]		Light utility vehicle	38[13]	Israel
Jeep J8[14]		Light utility vehicle		United States
Jeep CJ[10]		Light utility vehicle		United States
M151[10]		Light utility vehicle		United States

^{[10] [12] [8]}

Artillery

Model	Image	Caliber	Number	Dates	Origin	Notes
Mortars
M19[13]		60mm	306		United States
M29[15]		81mm	151[13]		United States
M74[15]		120mm			Yugoslavia	Kept in storage.
UB M-52[15]		120mm			Yugoslavia	Kept in storage.
Howitzers
M101[15]		105mm	8[13]		United States
M102[15]		105mm	24[13]		United States
M56[15]		105mm	18[13]		Yugoslavia	M101 copy produced in Yugoslavia
105/14 Model 56[16]		105mm	14		Italy	Pack Howitzer
M114[15]		155mm	6		United States

Air-defence equipment

Model	Image	Caliber	Number	Dates	Origin	Notes
Anti-aircraft autocannon vehicle
BC7A1		20mm	4		El Salvador	Armoured personnel carrier armed with two HS 404 20mm cannons. Also used as Anti-Air vehicle, created by the Salvadoran army.
M55 (Self-propelled)[15]		20mm	4		Yugoslavia	Truck or half-track mounted M-55.
Anti-aircraft autocannon
Zastava M55[15]		20mm	31[13]		Yugoslavia	Hispano-Suiza HS.804 copy.
TCM-20[15]		20mm	4[13]		Israel	Twin Hispano-Suiza HS.404s on towed pedestal mount.

^[15][16]

Notes

1. International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 25, 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 413. ISBN 9781032012278.
2. "El Salvador withdraws last soldiers from Iraq". USA Today. February 7, 2009.
3. "U.S. military chief thanks El Salvador for Iraq help". Reuters.com. January 18, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
4. Itamar Eichner (March 20, 2006). "El Salvador seeks to copy IDF model". ynetnews.com.
5. "Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories". Fas.org. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
6. World Armies 2008. Jane's Information Group.
7. "Más dinero para el Ejercito salvadoreño". January 22, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
8. "country-data.com > El Salvador > Appendix". Country-data.com.
9. "23NOV2018 MDN ENTREGO VEHICULOS A FT". YouTube. November 23, 2018. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
10. "Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics – El Salvador". Jane's Information Group.
11. "2012 News - Embassy of the United States San Salvador, El Salvador". January 22, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
12. "Jane's VAL Light Assault Vehicle Cashuat". Jane's Information Group.
13. "El Salvador". Military Technology World Defence Almanac. Bonn: Wehr & Wissen: 60. 2005. ISSN 0722-3226.
14. "United States donates Boston Whaler boat to El Salvador's Navy". sv.usembassy.gov. June 18, 2020.
15. "ArmyRecognition.com > Index of El Salvador Military Equipment". Armyrecognition.com.
16. "105/14 Model 56 105 mm Pack Howitzer". Forecast International. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved July 27, 2009.

Bibliography

• "El Salvador". Military Technology World Defence Almanac. Bonn : Wehr & Wissen: 60. 2005. ISSN 0722-3226.

External links

• defenselink.mil
• nationsencyclopedia.com
• EL SALVADOR: STANDING TALL
• (Salvadoran Armed Forces Research & Development Center)
• › Land › Machine Gun Armored Patrol Carriers in Central America(Machine Gun Armored Patrol Carriers in Central America)
• Anti-Tank Weapons in Mexico & the Northern Central American Triangle)
• Support and Anti-tank Weapons in Latin America: 90mm and 105mm Recoilless Rifles)