Arguin

Arguin (Arabic: أرغين, Portuguese: Arguim) is an island off the western coast of Mauritania in the Bay of Arguin. It is approximately 6 km × 2 km (3.7 mi × 1.2 mi) in size, with extensive and dangerous reefs around it.^[1] The island is now part of the Banc d'Arguin National Park.^[2]

Arguin أرغين
Watercolour drawing of Fort Arguin by Johannes Vingboons, ca. 1663
Arguin Location in Mauritania
Coordinates: 20.6000°N 16.4500°W / 20.6000; -16.4500
Country	Mauritania
Region	Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region
Elevation	0 m (0 ft)

History

The island changed hands frequently during the colonial era. The first European to visit the island was the Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão, in 1443.^[3] In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on the island, which acquired gum arabic and enslaved people for Portugal. By 1455, 800 enslaved people were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.^[4]

Dutch West India Company rule

Floor plan of Fort Arguin, presumably drafted after the capture of Fort Arguin in 1633.

On 5 February 1633, a Dutch expeditionary force of forty soldiers under the command of Laurens Cameels took possession of Fort Arguin.^[5] They did this under the orders of the Zeeland chamber of the Dutch West India Company, which had awarded a patroonship over the island to Abraham van Peere, who also possessed the colony of Berbice in South America.^[6]

Abraham van Peere sent his son Daniel to Arguin to serve as its first chief factor.^[7] Daniel van Peere was taken hostage and eventually murdered by local peoples after setting out on a trading mission to Porto d'Arco in July 1633.^[8] This led to a mutiny among the soldiers and a subsequent prosecution of the leaders of the mutiny in Zeeland.^[9]

The island remained under the authority of the Zeeland chamber of the Dutch West India Company until 1678, with a brief interruption by English rule in 1665. Around 1670, it was occupied by a chief factor and a garrison of 25 men.^[10] France took over the island in September 1678, but it was then abandoned until 1685.^[11] Arguin's aridity and its lack of a good anchorage made long-term European settlement difficult.^[1]

Brandenburg rule

Arguin in 1716.

In 1685, Captain Cornelius Reers of the frigate Rother Löwe [de] occupied the old Portuguese fort on the island. He successfully concluded a treaty with the native king, in which Brandenburg was accepted as a protecting power. The treaty was ratified in 1687 and was renewed in 1698.^[12] Arguin remained a colony of Brandenburg until 1721 when the French successfully assaulted the fort and then took control of the island. The Dutch took the fort and island from the French the following year only to lose it again in 1724 to the French. This period of French rule lasted four years; in 1728, it reverted to the control of indigenous peoples.^[11]

The island was included in the territory of the French colony of Mauritania, and it remained under Mauritanian rule when that country became independent in 1960.^[2]

In July 1816, the French frigate Méduse, bound for Senegal, was wrecked off Arguin and 350 people died.^[1]

Map of Banc d'Arguin including Arguin and Tidra Island

Notes

1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arguin" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 482.
2. "Le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin". Archived from the original on 2017-06-07. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
3. Huish, John. "Travels of Richard and John Lander into the interior of Africa".
4. Slave Routes - Europe Portugal Archived November 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. New raw archival-sourced data regarding Arguin slave trade in the early sixteenth century have been released in Ivana Elbl, "Sand and Dreams: Daily Slave Purchases at the Portuguese Coastal Outpost of Arguim (Mauritania) (1519-1520) ~ Full Raw Serialized Data plus Archival Analysis Annotations,” Portuguese Studies Review 30 (1) (2022): 325-354. The data very simply supersedes other obsolete listings and / or previous unfounded speculations ("estimates"), for the period in question. Available on academia.edu.https://trentu.academia.edu/ivanaElbl Consulted 29 May 2023.
5. van Groesen 2019, p. 145.
6. van Groesen 2019, pp. 148–149.
7. van Groesen 2019, p. 150.
8. van Groesen 2019, pp. 150–159.
9. van Groesen 2019, pp. 159–161.
10. van Brakel 1914, pp. 100–101.
11. Cahoon, Ben. "Mauritania". www.worldstatesmen.org.
12. van der Heyden, Ulrich (1993). Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die brandenburgisch-preußische Kolonie Großfriedrichsburg in Westafrika (second ed.). Berlin: Selignow. ISBN 3-933889-04-9.

References

• van Brakel, S. (1914). "Eene memorie over den handel der West-Indische Compagnie omstreeks 1670". Bijdragen en Mededelingen van het Historisch Genootschap. 35: 87–104.
• van Groesen, Michiel (2019-09-16). Imagining the Americas in Print. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-34803-5. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
• Ribeiro da Silva, F. I. (2009-06-24). The Dutch and the Portuguese in West Africa : empire building and Atlantic system (1580-1674) (Thesis). Leiden University. Retrieved 2024-09-18.