Archimede-class submarine

Not to be confused with the bathyscaphe Archimède

The Archimede class were a group of four submarines built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) in the early 1930s. The boats fought in the Spanish Civil War (under the Nationalist flag) and in World War II. In Spanish service, two boats were known as the General Mola class; these were taken out of service in 1959.

Class overview
Name	Archimede class
Builders	Cantieri navali Tosi di Taranto, Taranto
Operators	Regia Marina  Spanish Navy  Royal Navy
Built	1930–1934
In service	1933–1958
Completed	4
Lost	1
Retired	3
General characteristics
Type	Submarine
Displacement	986 t (970 long tons) (surfaced) 1,259 t (1,239 long tons) (submerged)
Length	70.5 m (231 ft 4 in)
Beam	6.87 m (22 ft 6 in)
Draft	4.12 m (13 ft 6 in)
Installed power	3,000 bhp (2,200 kW) (diesels) 1,100 hp (820 kW) (electric motors)
Propulsion	2 shafts; diesel-electric 2 × diesel engines 2 × electric motors
Speed	17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) (surfaced) 7.7 knots (14.3 km/h; 8.9 mph) (submerged)
Range	10,300 nmi (19,100 km; 11,900 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (surfaced) 105 nmi (194 km; 121 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) (submerged)
Test depth	90 m (300 ft)
Crew	55
Armament	2 × single 100 mm (3.9 in) deck guns 2 × single 13.2 mm (0.52 in) machine guns 8 × 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes (4 bow, 4 stern)

Design

The ships were designed by the firm Cavallini and were a partially double hulled design. They were an enlarged version of the Settembrini-class submarine with ballast tanks rearranged, greater range, fuel and torpedo capacity for ocean service. Like most of the later ocean-going submarines of the Italian navy, their deck armament consisting of two 100 mm (3.9 in) guns was conceived to deal with armed merchantmen in surface combat.^[1][a] They also mounted two 13.2 mm (0.52 in) anti-aircraft machine guns.^[6] The number of torpedoes was increased from 12 on the Settembrini class to 16.^[7]

Boats

All boats were built by the shipyard of Franco Tosi at Taranto, between 1930 and 1934.

Torricelli and Archimede took part in the Spanish Civil war under the Italian flag since 1936, carrying out undercover operations. Eventually both submarines were secretly delivered to the Spanish nationalists in April 1937.^[8]

List of Archimede-class submarines

Ship	Namesake	Launched	Fate
Archimede / General Sanjurjo	Archimedes/Jose Sanjurjo[b]	10 December 1933	During the second half of 1936 she operated in Spanish waters covertly as Archimede. Transferred to the Spanish nationalist navy in April 1937, renamed General Sanjurjo. She sank the Republican troop transport Ciudad de Barcelona on 30 May 1937 and the British Endymion near 37°19′3″N 1°3′16″W on 21 January 1938.[9] Involved in an incident with HMS Torbay on 7 February 1943, during WWII, after the British submarine misidentified her as Italian.[10] Stricken in 1959[6]
Galileo Ferraris	Galileo Ferraris	11 August 1934	Sunk 25 October 1941 off Gibraltar by the combined action of a RAF PBY-5A Catalina flying boat and the destroyer HMS Lamerton at the position 37°07′0″N 14°19′0″W
Galileo Galilei	Galileo Galilei	19 March 1934	On 16 June 1940, she sank the Norwegian tanker James Stove off Aden, in the Red Sea. Captured two days later by the British armed trawler HMS Moonstone. Commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS X2, scrapped in 1946
Evangelista Torricelli / General Mola	Evangelista Torricelli/Emilio Mola[c]	27 March 1934	She torpedoed and disabled the Republican Almirante Cervera-class cruiser Miguel de Cervantes in 1936, still under Italian flag as Torricelli. Transferred to the Spanish nationalist navy in April 1937, renamed General Mola. She sank the Republican transport Cabo Palos on 26 July 1937 and the Dutch freighter Hanna on 2 January 1938.[11] She also damaged beyond repair the Greek Lena on 30 March.[12] Stricken in 1959[6]

See also

• Italian submarines of World War II
• List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War

Notes

1. That was the case of the Marcello-class submarine Comandante Cappellini, which on 5 and 14 January 1941 sank the British steamship Shakespear and then engaged in gunnery with the cargo/passenger ship (additionally carrying 100 troops^[2] Eumaeus off Cabo Verde when two torpedoes failed to sink it.^[3] Another example occurred when the Brin-class submarine Torricelli faced three British destroyers and a sloop while surfaced in the Red Sea. Before being sunk, the submarine hit the sloop and damaged the destroyer HMS Khartoum but was sunk in the action. A torpedo fault later the day caused a fire which led to magazine explosion and Khartoum was beached at Perim but the cause is not attributed to the gun battle.^[1][4][5]
2. José Sanjurjo was one of the leaders of the nationalist uprising, he was killed in an aircraft accident in July 1936
3. Mola was the third of the leaders of the July 1936 military coup that started the civil war. After his death in an aircraft accident Franco was left as the leader of the Nationalists.

References

1. Bishop, Chris (2002). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines. Sterling Publishing. p. 442. ISBN 1-58663-762-2.
2. Comandante Alfredo Cappellini (CL, I.4, UIT.24) Cappellini)
3. D'Adamo, Cristiano; Yost, Laura K. "R. Smg. Cappellini". The Italian Royal Navy. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
4. Shrubb, R.; Sainsbury, A. (1979). The Royal Navy day by day. Centaur Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-900000-91-0.
5. "HMS Khartoum (F45)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
6. "Nombre de la clase: General Mola" (in Spanish). Revista Naval. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
7. Miller, David (2002). Illustrated Directory of Submarines. Zenith. p. 180. ISBN 9780760313459.
8. "Serie "General Mola"" (in Spanish). Pedro Fco. Curto Salvadó. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
9. Thomas, Hugh (1994). The Spanish Civil War. Simon & Schuster. p. 795. ISBN 0-671-75876-4.
10. Western (16 July 2009). "Alernavios: General Sanjurjo". ALERNAVIOS (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-06-08.
11. "Submarinos". Fuerza Naval (in Spanish) (84): 23. August 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-02-10. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
12. González Etchegaray, Rafael (1977). La Marina Mercante y el tráfico marítimo en la Guerra Civil (in Spanish). San Martín. p. Appendix 2. ISBN 84-7140-150-9.

Further reading

• Bagnasco, Erminio (1977). Submarines of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-962-6.
• Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-544-8.
• Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
• Fraccaroli, Aldo (1968). Italian Warships of World War II. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0002-6.
• Frank, Willard C. Jr. (1989). "Question 12/88". Warship International. XXVI (1): 95–97. ISSN 0043-0374.

External links

• Archimede Marina Militare website