Grus (genus)

Grus is a genus of large birds in the crane family.

Grus
Common crane (Grus grus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Gruiformes
Family:	Gruidae
Genus:	Grus Brisson, 1760
Type species
Ardea grus
Species
see text
Synonyms
Bugeranus Anthropoides

The genus Grus was erected by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.^[1] The name Grus is the Latin word for "crane".^[2] The German ornithologist Peter Simon Pallas was sometimes credited with erecting the genus in 1766^[3] but the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1956 that Brisson should have priority.^[4]

The genus formerly included additional species. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus Grus, as then defined, was polyphyletic.^[5] In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the sandhill crane, the white-naped crane, the sarus crane and the brolga were moved to the resurrected genus Antigone that had been erected by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853.^[6][7] The Siberian crane was moved to the resurrected monotypic genus Leucogeranus.^[6]

Species

The genus contains eight species:^[6]

Image	Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
	Grus carunculata	Wattled crane	Eastern and southern Africa
	Grus paradisea	Blue crane	Southern Africa
	Grus virgo	Demoiselle crane	Central Eurasia, ranging from the Black Sea to Mongolia and northeastern China. There is also a small breeding population in Turkey.
	Grus japonensis	Red-crowned crane	Siberia (eastern Russia), northeastern China, Hokkaidō (northern Japan), the Korean Peninsula, and occasionally in northeastern Mongolia.
	Grus americana	Whooping crane	North America
	Grus grus	Common crane	Europe, Asia and northern Africa
	Grus monacha	Hooded crane	South-central and south-eastern Siberia, Mongolia, China.
	Grus nigricollis	Black-necked crane	The Tibetan Plateau and remote parts of India and Bhutan.

The HBW/BirdLife and Clements checklists place the demoiselle crane and blue crane in the genus Anthropoides, and the wattled crane in the monospecific genus Bugeranus, leaving only the red-crowned, whooping, common, hooded, and black-necked cranes in the genus Grus.^{[8][9][10][11]}

The Cuban flightless crane, Grus cubensis, became extinct in the Pleistocene.^[12]

Fossil record

The fossil record of the genus stretches back some 12 million years or so. A considerable number of prehistoric species are known, with the oldest, Grus miocaenicus (Middle Miocene of Credinţa, Romania) perhaps not a crane but a junior synonym of the swimming-flamingo Palaelodus ambiguus; ("Grus" problematica certainly is). The Late Pleistocene Mediterranean Grus primigenia was hunted by Stone Age humans.

• Grus afghana (Late Miocene of Molayan, Afghanistan) - doubtfully distinct from G. penteleci
• Grus sp. 1 (Late Miocene of Love Bone Bed, USA)
• Grus sp. 2 (Late Miocene of Love Bone Bed, USA)
• Grus cf. antigone (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
• Grus nannodes (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene -? Edson Middle Pliocene of Sherman County, USA)
• Grus sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
• Grus haydeni (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Pleistocene? of WC USA) - 2 species, one may be same as G. canadensis
• Grus penteleci (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of C and SE Europe) - formerly in Pliogrus
• Grus sp. (Late Pliocene of Puebla de Valverde, Spain)
• Grus bogatshevi (Late Pleistocene of Azerbaijan) - doubtfully distinct form G. primigenia
• Grus latipes (Shore Hills Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic) - formerly Baeopteryx
• Maltese crane Grus melitensis (Late Pleistocene of Malta) - doubtfully distinct from G. primigenia
• Grus pagei (Late Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea)
• Grus primigenia (Late Pleistocene? of SW Europe)
• Grus cubensis (Pleistocene and Holocene of Cuba)

Several other fossil gruiforms are now considered not to belong here. "Grus" prentici is now in Paragrus, "Grus" princeps, "Grus" excelsa and "Grus" hordwellianus are placed in Palaeogrus, and "Grus" excelsa in Balearica. "Grus" marshi belongs in Aletornis.

More uncertain is the position of Probalearica (variously considered Late Oligocene to Middle Pliocene but probably Late Miocene) from Golboçica (Moldavia) and maybe elsewhere. It is usually regarded a nomen dubium but might belong into Grus. "Grus" conferta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Contra Costa County, USA) is apparently too different from the modern genus to be placed herein, but its affiliations are not well resolved.

References

1. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 374–375.
2. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
3. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 150.
4. Hemming, Francis, ed. (1956). "Direction 55: Insertion in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of an entry relating to the generic name Grus Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves) (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 103)". Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Vol. 1 Section D Part D.16. London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. pp. 319–336.
5. Krajewski, C.; Sipiorski, J.T.; Anderson, F.E. (2010). "Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae)". Auk. 127 (2): 440–452. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.09045. S2CID 85412892.
6. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
7. Reichenbach, Ludwig (1853). Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie (in German). Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. p. xxiii.
8. Archibald, G.W.; Meine, C.D.; Garcia, E.F.J.; Kirwan, G.M. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
9. Archibald, G.W.; Meine, C.D.; Garcia, E.F.J. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
10. Archibald, G.W.; Meine, C.D.; Garcia, E.F.J. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
11. Clements, J.F.; Schulenberg, T.S.; Iliff, M.J.; Roberson, D.; Fredericks, T.A.; Sullivan, B.L.; Wood, C.L. (2017). "The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017". Retrieved 12 November 2017.
12. Olson, Storrs L. (1978). "A paleontological perspective of West Indian birds and mammals" (PDF). In Gill, Frank (ed.). Zoogeography in the Caribbean: The 1975 Leidy Medal Symposium. Special Publication 13. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. pp. 99–117 [106]. ISBN 1422317854.
13. "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7". HBW and BirdLife International. 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2023.