Uradhi language

Urradhi is a Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, and is apparently extinct.^[4] It was spoken by the Urradhi people. Urradhi proper is the south-western dialect of the language. The name is composed of urra "this" and the proprietive dhi "having". The south-eastern dialect of the same language, Wudhadhi, is made of the same elements, wudha being "this". These are part of a group of closely related and highly mutually intelligible dialects, these being Angkamuthi to the north of Urradhi, Atampaya inland from these, Utudhanamu inland north from Atampaya, Yantaykenu further north, being the language of the Bamaga area, Yadhaykenu on the east coast north of Wudhadhi, and Yaraytyana further north again. (Adyinuri/Itinadyana may have been another.) This group has no common language name, though Urradhi is commonly used as a cover name. Speakers use the term Injinoo Ikya to refer to their language.^[5]

Uradhi
Injinoo Ikya
Native to	Australia
Region	Cape York Peninsula, Queensland
Ethnicity	Injinoo (Ankamuti, Otati, Yinwum, Yadhaykenu)
Extinct	1990s[1]
Revival	2015[1]
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Paman North Cape York Northern Uradhi
Dialects	Atampaya Yinwum Wuthati Yadhaykanu
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: urf – Uradhi amz – Atampaya avm – Angkamuthi yxm – Yinwum
Glottolog	urad1238  Uradhic wuth1237  Wuthathi yinw1236  Yinwum
AIATSIS[2]	Y184 Uradhi, Y238 Injinoo Ikya (identical to Uradhi), Y7 Angkamuthi, Y183 Atambaya, Y8 Yadhaykanu
ELP	Uradhi
	Atampaya[3]
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The Urradhi dialects are closely related to the Gudang language (Pantyinamu/Yatay/Gudang/Kartalaiga and other clan names), formerly spoken on the tip of Cape York.

The traditional language region includes north of Mapoon and Duyfken Point and east of the coast strip to the north of Port Musgrave (Angkamuthi country) incorporating the mouth of the Ducie River, the lower reaches of the Dulhunty River and the upper reaches of the Skardon River in the north. Following the displacement of Indigenous people by British settlement, it was also spoken in the Northern Peninsula Area Region including the communities of New Mapoon, Injinoo and Cowal Creek.^[6]

Phonology

Vowels

Uradhi has seven phonemic vowels:

	Front	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i   iː	u   uː
Mid	e
Open	a   aː

Consonants

Uradhi has 18 consonants:

	Peripheral		Laminal		Apical
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex
Plosive	p	k	c	t̪	t
Nasal	m	ŋ	ɲ	n̪	n
Fricative	β	ɣ		ð
Trill					r
Approximant	w		j		l	ɻ

References

Notes

1. "Injinoo Ikya – Pama Language Centre". www.pamacentre.org.au. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
2. Y184 Uradhi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
3. Endangered Languages Project data for Atampaya.
4. SIL International
5. Y238 Injinoo Ikya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
6. This Wikipedia article incorporates CC BY 4.0 licensed text from: "Uradhi". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

General

Crowley, T. (1983). "Uradhi". Handbook of Australian languages. Vol. 3. pp. 306–428.

Hale, Kenneth L. (1976). "Phonological developments in a Northern Paman language: Uradhi". Languages of Cape York. pp. 41–49.