The Angan or Kratke Range languages are a family of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross. The Angan languages are clearly valid as a family. They were first identified as such by J. Lloyd and A. Healey in 1968; Wurm (1975) classified them as Trans–New Guinea. Glottolog treats Angan as a separate or unclassified family, ignoring further evidence.
| Angan | |
|---|---|
| Kratke Range | |
| Ethnicity | Angu people |
| Geographic distribution | Kratke Range, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea |
| Glottolog | anga1289 |
 Map: The Angan languages of New Guinea
The Angan languages
Other Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The languages are spoken in the Kratke Range of Eastern Highlands Province and adjoining areas of Gulf Province and Morobe Province.[1]
Languages
Ross (2005) classifies the languages as follows:[2][verify this is actually Ross's classification]
Branch A is defined by the pronouns 1SG ni and 2SG ti. Ankave is not listed in Ross's classification. It has the 1SG pronouns based on ni, but not a 2SG based on ti.
Usher (2020) is both more agnostic and contradicting of Ross's 'A' and 'B' branches:[3]
Menya is notable for its dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are rare globally and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea (though they also exist in the Oksapmin language).[4]
Many Angan languages are covered by phonological sketches in Lloyd (1973a, b).[5][6]
Pronouns
Ross (1995) reconstructs the pronouns (independent and object prefixes) as follows:[2]
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | *nə, *ni *nə- |
*nʌ, *yʌi *e(a)- |
*nʌi *na- |
| 2nd person | *gə, *ti *gə- |
*kʌi | *sʌi *se- |
| 3rd person | *gʌ *u-/*w- |
? (=3SG) |
*ku (=3SG) |
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from the Trans-New Guinea database:[7]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. mɨnyagɨnya, magɨna, munakɨna for “head”) or not (e.g. sanggwa, avgwo, nyɨla for “sun”).
| gloss | Ankave | Akoye | Baruya | Hamtai | Kamasa | Kawacha | Menya | Safeyoka | Simbari | Tainae | Yagwoia | Angaataha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | mɨnga(yi) | mɨnggaaya | mɨnyagɨnya | mnga | magɨna | munakɨna | mnyanga | mɨnakɨna | minta | mɨnggaai | mnakɨna | mɨtɨ-'o |
| hair | nda'a | n̩daa(vɨ') | mɨjata | mta | njisa | msa'a | mta; nda | mɨsa | mindata | ṃde | msaasa | mɨsis-a'a |
| ear | haara'a | araa | kadɨka | qata | kata'a | kaatɨga | qata | haaraha | kaantɨka | aarɨ(na) | qatisa | atɨ'-ɨrɨ |
| eye | sɨmu(yi) | aagwaai | tɨnna | hingo | tuma | tɨmma | hingwa | tɨma | sɨmta | haagwe | hina | nt-a'a |
| nose | sɨ'ma | hamɨ | sɨnna | hima | sipata | lɨpasi | hima | zamaana | sɨmputa | hamɨ | himsa | mant-a'a |
| tooth | maangɨ | maaga | maanga | maanga | maanga | maanga | heqwaanga | maanga | maanka | maage | maana | mank-ɨrɨ |
| tongue | aai'wɨ | aabgwa; aavwia | taalɨta | aaiwa | tewa | teva | tewa | meraanya | kwaavlɨlɨ | aaveona | hyaalsa | omas-a'a |
| leg | sugwaaviaga | avga | sɨvɨla | yanga | sugwa | lɨvya | zuka | zɨve | sɨwla | habgu' | kwapɨtwalyɨ | au'-ɨrɨ |
| louse | iya | ye | yɨle | iyaa'aa | iya | iya | yaaqa | iyaa | ila | nde' | ila | akɨrɨ-'o |
| dog | sɨwia | tayo | jɨlɨka | hive'aa | suya | lɨvaaya | hivyeqa | zɨwasa | njɨlɨka | tɨyo | wakyɨ | su'-ɨrɨ |
| bird | inga | inko | yuta | inga | manɨwa | mɨnavaaya | yinga | yɨhuva | ntaqatɨ | inko | qaikwɨsa | ko-'o |
| egg | ki'mɨnga | m̩ge | (yu)kwaraka | mnga | hi'imɨya | mɨnya | qwi | mɨna | pantapta | ṃge'; munke' | mna | kwaatani-patɨ; nameraa-'o |
| blood | taangga | taagi | tawe | hinge'aa | kwe | langaaya | hangeqa | saahana; yaa'mpaza | mɨnjaaka | taagi' | msaasa | nsɨtɨ-patɨ |
| bone | enga' | yanggai | yagɨnya | yanga | yakina | yakɨna | yaanga | yakana | yankinta | yɨnggai | yekɨna | antɨ-tatɨ |
| skin | yaraa(na) | yara(na) | kɨlaaka | hewa | pa'a(me) | paa(ga) | hviwa | (aa'ma)paaha | kɨlaaka | yarana | aa'mosa | ampɨ-patɨ |
| breast | aamunga | aamɨgo | aa(ng)wɨnya | aamga | aanya | aamɨna | aangwa | aamna | aamɨnta | aamugo' | aamna | amwɨtɨ'-ɨrɨ |
| tree | ika' | iga' | ita | iya | isa | iga | iya | iya | ika | igya | isa | i-patɨ |
| man | oga | avo; waako | kwala | qoka | kwe'wa | kwe; kwoyava | qoka | hwe | kwala | avo | kwala | wo-'o |
| woman | aavagi | abaagi | bala | aapaka | amaa | a'me; api | apaka | ape | aampala | avaagi | aapala | apop-aatɨ |
| sun | sanggwa | avgwo | nyɨla | mapa | mape | mapiya | mapa (tɨqa) | mape | kwɨnja; nilya | habgo' | mapya | ipɨ-'o |
| moon | ema' | aamnggo | langwa | qaamnga | ki'yapa | kaamɨna | qaangwa | haamna | lampaaka | imo' | lamnyɨ | waatɨ-'o |
| water | yɨnunggu | inaaga | aalya | e'aa | kwe('ma) | aaya | eqa | aaya | aalya; wanya | (i)naagu | aalyɨ | wapo'-o |
| fire | ta'a | ta(vɨ') | dɨka | ta | ta'a | tɨga | ta | tɨha | ntɨka | taa(vɨ') | tɨsa | sis-a'a |
| stone | sa'anga | andaga | sɨla | hawa | tega | laasa | hika | zasa | sɨla | haai | hekyɨ | naw-a'a |
| name | avaa'nankana | ntaga | yaya (yavya) | yav'a | nyanyaawo | yavya | yavqa | yave | yavata | taagɨ(va') | yawyɨ | ampɨ-patɨ |
| eat | n̲eo' | n̲amda' | n̲ɨwa' | qan̲'i | inyo | minyo | an̲ki | haṉkaha | an̲aantapyɨ | nɨmda' | hisa n̲aatana | nanataise |
| one | naawona | fonu' | pɨrɨ' (na) | fati (na) | hunanɨnko | uwa'na | hɨnkwona | ingava'na | pɨrɨ'mɨna | fono | hɨnkwa'na | nas- |
| two | uwa | faaina | pɨrɨwaai (na) | hivaa'u | hukwego | huvaa'u | hɨnqwaaqwo | huvaa'u | pɨvɨraalna | foya | hulwaaqwɨ | ya- |
References
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