Ancyromonadida

Ancyromonadida or Planomonadida is a small group of biflagellated protists found in the soil and in aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacteria.^[1][2] They are freshwater or marine organisms, benthic, dorsoventrally compressed and with two unequal flagellae, each emerging from a separate pocket. The apical anterior flagellum can be very thin or end in the cell membrane, while the posterior flagellum is long and is inserted ventrally or laterally. The cell membrane is supported by a thin single-layered theca and the mitochondrial crests are discoidal/flat.^[3]

Ancyromonadida
Ancyromonas
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Planomonada Tedersoo 2017
Class:	Planomonadea Tedersoo 2017
Order:	Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1997 em. Atkins 2000
Family
Ancyromonadidae Planomonadidae
Synonyms
Planomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2008

The group's placement is doubtful, as it seems to fall outside the five supergroups of eukaryotes.^[4] Cavalier-Smith considers that they constitute a basal group to Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta and places it together with other related groups in Sulcozoa.^[5] However, they appear more basal than Malawimonas, placing them in Loukozoa, possibly as stem podiates, and depending on the placement of the root position of the Eukaryotes.^[6][7]

Phylogeny

Scotokaryota/Opimoda	Metamonada Cavalier-Smith 1987 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003 Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Atkins 2000 Malawimonadea Cavalier-Smith 2003 Podiata CRuMs[8] Amorphea Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1998 Obazoa Breviatea Cavalier-Smith 2004 Apusomonadida Karpov & Mylnikov 1989 Opisthokonta

Taxonomy

Cladogram of Ancyromonadida[9]

Planomonadidae Fabomonas tropica Planomonas P. brevis P. bulbosa P. elongata P. micra Ancyromonadidae Ancyromonas A. atlantica A. indica A. kenti A. sigmoides Nutomonas (Striomonas) N. longa (Nutomonas) N. howeae N. limna

• Order Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Atkins 2000^[9]
  • Family Planomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2008 (may be paraphyletic^[10])
    • Genus Fabomonas Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species F. tropica Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species F. mesopelagica Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
    • Genus Planomonas Cavalier-Smith 2008 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species P. brevis Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species P. bulbosa Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species P. cephalopora (Larsen & Patterson 1990) Cavalier-Smith 2008 [Bodo cephalopora Larsen & Patterson 1990; Ancyromonas cephalopora (Larsen & Patterson 1990) Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010]
      • Species P. elongata Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species P. melba (Simpson & Patterson 1996) Cavalier-Smith 2008 [Ancyromonas melba Patterson & Simpson 1996]
      • Species P. micra Cavalier-Smith 2008 [Ancyromonas micra (Cavalier-Smith 2008) Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010]
  • Family Ancyromonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Phyllomonadidae Hada 1968]
    • Genus Ancyromonas Kent 1880 [Phyllomonas Klebs 1892]
      • Species A. abrupta Skvortzov 1957
      • Species A. atlantica Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species A. contorta (Klebs 1883) Lemmermann 1914 [Phyllomonas contorta Klebs 1883]
      • Species A. impluvium Lee 2015
      • Species A. indica Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species A. kenti Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Species A. lata Skvortzov 1957
      • Species A. magna Zhang & Yang 1993
      • Species A. mediterranea Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
      • Species A. metabolica Skvortzov 1957
      • Species A. minuta Skvortzov 1958
      • Species A. nitzschiae Skvortzov 1957
      • Species A. pacifica Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
      • Species A. parasitica Massart
      • Species A. prima Skvortzov 1957
      • Species A. rotundata Skvortzov 1957
      • Species A. rugosa Skvortzov 1957
      • Species A. sigmoides Kent 1880 sensu Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010 [Planomonas mylnikovi Cavalier-Smith 2008]
      • Species A. sinistra Al-Qassab et al. 2002 [Planomonas sinistra (Al-Qassab et al. 2002) Cavalier-Smith 2008]
      • Species A. socialis Skvortzov 1957
    • Genus Caraotamonas Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
      • Species C. croatica Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
    • Genus Nutomonas Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Subgenus (Nutomonas) Cavalier-Smith 2013
        • Species N. howeae (Cavalier-Smith 2008) Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013 [Planomonas howeae Cavalier-Smith 2008; Ancyromonas howeae (Cavalier-Smith 2008) Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010]
          • Subspecies N. h. howeae (Cavalier-Smith 2008) Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
          • Subspecies N. h. lacustris Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
        • Species N. limna (Cavalier-Smith 2008) Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013 [Planomonas limna Cavalier-Smith 2008; Ancyromonas limna (Cavalier-Smith 2008) Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010]
          • Subspecies N. l. limna (Cavalier-Smith 2008) Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013
          • Subspecies N. l. terrestris Cavalier-Smith & Glücksman 2013
    • Genus Nyramonas Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
      • Species N. glaciarum Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
      • Species N. silfraensis Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
    • Genus Olneymonas Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
      • Species O. thurstoni Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
    • Genus Striomonas Cavalier-Smith 2013 stat. nov. Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]
      • Species S. longa Cavalier-Smith & Glücksman 2013 stat. nov. Yubuki et al. 2023^[10]

References

1. Cavalier-Smith, T. (2013). Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. European journal of protistology, 49(2), 115-178.
2. Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S (October 2008). "Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov". Protist. 159 (4): 535–62. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.06.002. PMID 18723395.
3. Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah; Hampl, Vladimir; Heiss, Aaron; Hoppenrath, Mona; Lara, Enrique; Le Gall, Line; Lynn, Denis H.; McManus, Hilary; Mitchell, Edward A. D.; Mozley-Stanridge, Sharon E.; Parfrey, Laura W.; Pawlowski, Jan; Rueckert, Sonja; Shadwick, Laura; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Spiegel, Frederick W. (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
4. Burki, F. (2014). "The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (5): 1–17. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016147. PMC 3996474. PMID 24789819.
5. Ruggiero, M. A., Gordon, D. P., Orrell, T. M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R. C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. y Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms.
6. Brown, Matthew W.; Heiss, Aaron; Kamikawa, Ryoma; Inagaki, Yuji; Yabuki, Akinori; Tice, Alexander K.; Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken; Hashimoto, Tetsuo (2017-12-03). "Phylogenomics places orphan protistan lineages in a novel eukaryotic super-group". Genome Biol Evol. 10 (2): 427–433. doi:10.1093/gbe/evy014. PMC 5793813. PMID 29360967.
7. Torruella, Guifré; Mendoza, Alex de; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; Campo, Javier del; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology. 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. PMID 26365255.
8. Brown, Matthew W; Heiss, Aaron A; Kamikawa, Ryoma; Inagaki, Yuji; Yabuki, Akinori; Tice, Alexander K; Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Hashimoto, Tetsuo (2018-01-19). "Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group". Genome Biology and Evolution. 10 (2): 427–433. doi:10.1093/gbe/evy014. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5793813. PMID 29360967.
9. Glücksman, Snell & Cavalier-Smith (2013). "Phylogeny and evolution of Planomonadida (Sulcozoa): Eight new species and new genera Fabomonas and Nutomonas". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (2): 179–200. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.08.007. PMID 23369787.
10. Yubuki, Naoji; Torruella, Guifré; Galindo, Luis Javier; Heiss, Aaron A.; Ciobanu, Maria Cristina; Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken‐ichiro; Blaz, Jazmin; Kim, Eunsoo; Moreira, David; López‐García, Purificación; Eme, Laura (November 2023). "Molecular and morphological characterization of four new ancyromonad genera and proposal for an updated taxonomy of the Ancyromonadida". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70 (6: e12997). doi:10.1111/jeu.12997. hdl:2117/404022. ISSN 1550-7408.