America (Cattelan)
Gold toilet sculpture by Maurizio Cattelan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
America was a sculpture created in 2016 by the Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan. An example of satirical participatory art,[1] it was a fully functioning toilet made of 18-karat solid gold.[1][2]
| America | |
|---|---|
_side_view.jpg) America at the Guggenheim Museum in 2017 | |
| Artist | Maurizio Cattelan |
| Year | 2016 |
| Medium | Gold sculpture |
| Condition | Lost |
It was stolen in 2019 from Blenheim Palace, where it was exhibited on loan from the permanent collection of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Authorities believe the thieves broke it up or melted it down to sell the gold. In 2025, three local men were convicted of the theft of America.[3]
History
Summarize
Perspective
Guggenheim Museum exhibition
Cattelan created the toilet in 2016 for the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. It was made in a foundry in Florence, cast in several parts that were welded together. Made to look like the museum's other Kohler toilets, it was installed in one of the museum's bathrooms for visitors to use.[4][5] A special cleaning routine was put in place.[6] The museum stated that the work was paid for with private funds.[7]
According to the museum, over 100,000 people waited in line to use America, and a security guard was posted outside the bathroom. According to Cattelan, the work was made of 103 kilograms (227 lb) of gold, which in September 2019 was valued at more than four million dollars as bullion.[5][8] As an artwork, it has been estimated as high as six million.[9]
In September 2017, when the museum declined a White House request to loan its 1888 Van Gogh painting Landscape with Snow for then President Donald Trump's private rooms, curator Nancy Spector offered to loan America instead. Any reply by the White House was not reported.[8]
Loan to Blenheim Palace and theft
In September 2019, America was installed at Blenheim Palace in the United Kingdom, where it was available for use as part of an exhibition of Cattelan's works.[10] It was placed in a water closet formerly used by Winston Churchill.[11]
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On 14 September 2019, the sculpture was stolen from Blenheim Palace. A representative of the palace previously said that because America was plumbed in, and potential thieves would be aware of its use, security was not much of an issue.[12] Because it had been connected to the building's water pipes, the theft caused structural damage and flooding to the World Heritage Site.[13][14]
Cattelan commented: "I always liked heist movies and finally I'm in one of them."[15] Blenheim's insurance company said that up to approximately $124,000 could be paid in reward for the return of the toilet.
In November 2023, the Crown Prosecution Service charged four men with the theft of the toilet.[16] By April 2024, one them, James Sheen,[3] serving a 17-year sentence for several thefts, had pleaded guilty.[17][18] In March 2025, two local men, Michael Jones and Frederick Doe, were found guilty at trial for planning the robbery and helping sell the gold.[3] A fourth suspect was acquitted. Authorities believe the toilet was broken up or melted down after the theft to facilitate selling the gold.[3]
Local imitations of the work have been made, including one that was itself stolen.[19][20]
Interpretation
The Guggenheim museum linked the meaning of the sculpture to the career of Donald Trump, writing in September 2016[21] that "the aesthetics of this 'throne' recall nothing so much as the gilded excess of Trump's real-estate ventures and private residences".[4] Cattelan himself declined to give an interpretation of his work, which he conceived of before Trump's presidential candidacy.[8] He said that the connection to Trump is "another layer, but it shouldn’t be the only one."[21]
The work has also been described as an interpretation of Marcel Duchamp's 1917 sculpture Fountain.[22] Art critic Calvin Tomkins called it Cattelan's most beautiful artwork, and said "for viewers who crave a one-to-one relationship with art, this piece cannot be topped."[6] Art critic Jonathan Jones, using the work at Blenheim Palace, opined that it felt "Much like peeing on porcelain. But here, among all the photos of young Winston, it also feels like pissing on British history." He also found the sculpture reminiscent of then prime minister Boris Johnson's hair.[23]
Other gold toilets
There is evidence that some wealthy ancient Romans used gold chamber pots,[24] though no examples are known to have survived.
The Bayan Palace is fitted with gold toilets; they were temporarily removed during the Gulf War.[25] In the 1970s, a sanitation firm began offering solid gold toilet seats after receiving a special order from a customer who wanted one as an investment.[26]
In 2002, Winger Lam Sai-wing, a Hong Kong businessman, included two gold toilets in what he called a shrine to Vladimir Lenin. He referred to a comment by Lenin[a] about the use of gold after the victory of socialism.[28] In 2019, the Hong Kong jewellery firm Coronet displayed a gold toilet in Shanghai. This toilet had a bulletproof seat containing more than 40,000 small diamonds.[29][30]
Cattelan said that he made three gold toilets.[19]
See also
References
Notes
External links
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