The stone was an ancient Roman building stone—proved by the leaf-symbol, a frequently applied ornamental element of ancient Roman inscriptions—reused in the 10th century. Alsószentmihály located on the territory of the late Province Dacia existed up to the middle of the 3rd century. Dénes showed that the Khavars (Khazar rebels joined the Hungarians in the 9th century[1]) probably settled in this region (that time Transylvania).[2] In some parts of Hungary, there are data of the Khavars even from the 13th century.[3]
Some quotations from historian Gábor Vékony about the identification of the script in this inscription:
"Since the Alsószentmihály inscription was found not in the geographical area of the Old Hungarian script, and in the first line, only vowels could be read based on the Szekely alphabet, we can state surely that the possible transcription of the inscription is surely out of the Székely script".[4]
"To summarize, we can state that the Alsószentmihály Village inscription is the relic of the Khavars settled into Transylvania, which is naturally written in Khazar with Khazarian script."[5]
"Similar symbol occurs in other Khazarian runic inscriptions as well."[6]
"In Transylvania, the inscription of the reused stone built into the wall of the church of the Alsószentmihály Village is unambiguously written with Khazarian runic alphabet."[7]
Based on the quotations above examples, it can be stated that Vékony identified the script of the Alsószentmihály relic as a Khazarian script. According to Vékony, another relic, the Homokmégy-Halom inscription contains Khazarian text as well.[8]
The Alsószentmihály inscription was deciphered by archaeologist Gábor Vékony.
The transcription of Vékony (it uses IPA symbols):[9]
According to Vékony, the inscription was made by a Khavar leader, whose religion was Karaite.[12] The first symbol of the first row is a ligature, its transcription: atlïɣ.[13] The first symbol (from left) in the second row is a Khazarian word separator.[14]
In the inscription, the third symbol of the first row (from left), and the symbol in the second and last place can be considered as the descendants of the Turkic ideograms. Nevertheless, their relation needs more evidence.
There are several critics of Vékony's theories and translations, most notably the Hungarian linguist and historian, András Róna-Tas. The debates were summarized[how?] by István Riba in 1999 and 2000.[15][16]
Kristó, Gyula & Makk, Ferenc (2001): A kilencedik és a tizedik század története [The history of the 9th and the 10th centuries], p. 52. In: Magyar Századok [Hungarian Centuries]. Published by Pannonica Kiadó, Ser. ed.: Gyula Szvák, 222 p.
Dénes, József (1984–1985): A magyarok hét neme és hét országa (A magyar "törzsek" elhelyezkedése a Kárpát-medencében") [The seven gens and seven countries of the Magyars (The allocation of the Magyar "tribes" in the Carpathian Basin)]. In: Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve [The Annual of the Ferenc Móra Museum of Szeged], Szeged, 1991, p. 573
Vékony, Gábor (1985): Késő népvándorláskori rovásfeliratok [Rovas inscriptions from the Late Migration Period]. In: Életünk Vol. XXII, No. 1, pp. 71–84
Vékony, Gábor (1985): Késő népvándorláskori rovásfeliratok [Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period]. In: Életünk Vol. XXII, No. 1, pp. 71–84
Bálint, Csanád (1980): Some Archaeological Addenda to P. Golden's Khazar Studies. In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae Vol. 34. 1981, pp.397–412
Bálint, Csanád (1981): A kazár kaganátus régészeti kutatása a Szovjetunióban [The archaeological research of the Khazar Khanate in the Soviet Union]. In: Magyar Tudomány [Hungarian Science], No. 5. 1980, pp.381–386
Benkő, Elek (1972): Egy újabb rovásírásos emlék Erdélyből [A new runic script relic from Transsylvania]. (A szentmihályfalvi templom rovásfelirata [The runic inscription of the Alsószentmihály church]). In: Magyar Nyelv [Hungarian Language]. 1972, Vol. LXVIII, No. 4, pp.453 and Appendix
Dénes, József (1984–1985): A magyarok hét neme és hét országa (A magyar "törzsek" elhelyezkedése a Kárpát-medencében") [The seven gens and seven countries of the Magyars (The allocation of the Magyar "tribes" in the Carpathian Basin)]. In: Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve [The Annual of the Ferenc Móra Museum of Szeged], Szeged, 1991, pp.571–577
Györffy, György (1990): A magyarság keleti elemei. [The Eastern Elements of the Hungarians]. Budapest: Gondolat. ISBN963 282 251 X
Kristó, Gyula & Makk, Ferenc (2001): A kilencedik és a tizedik század története [The history of the 9th and the 10th centuries]. In: Magyar Századok [Hungarian Centuries]. Published by Pannonica Kiadó, Ser. ed.: Gyula Szvák, 222 p.ISBN963-9252-38-7
Róna-Tas, András (1999): The Khazars and the Magyars. In: Golden, Ben-Shammai, and Róna-Tas (eds., 1999), pp.269–278
Róna-Tas, András (2007): Tudtak-e írni a magyarok a honfoglalás előtt? Írásbeliség Eurázsiában, 7–9. század [Could the Hungarians write before the Magyars' Landtaking? Literacy in Eurasia, 7th–9th centuries], In: História, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp.22–24
Vékony, Gábor (1985): Késő népvándorláskori rovásfeliratok [Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period]. In: Életünk Vol. XXII, No. 1, pp.71–84
Vékony, Gábor (1987): Későnépvándorláskori rovásfeliratok a Kárpát-medencében [Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period in the Carpathian Basin]. Szombathely-Budapest: Életünk szerkesztősége. ISBN978-963-025-132-7
