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Northeastern Caucasian language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aghul is a Lezgic language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 33,200[1] people (2020 census).
 | This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. (September 2024) |
 | This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used - notably agx for Aghul. (August 2024) |
| Aghul | |
|---|---|
| агъул чӀал ağul ç̇al | |
| Native to | North Caucasus, also spoken in Azerbaijan |
| Region | Southeastern Dagestan |
| Ethnicity | Aghuls |
Native speakers | 33,182 (2020 census)[1] |
| Cyrillic | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Russia |
| Regulated by | Gamzata Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | agx |
| Glottolog | aghu1260 Aghulicaghu1253 |
| ELP | Aghul |
Aghul | |
 Agul is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) | |
Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.
In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.[2]
There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.[3] Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant, so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some[which?] Aghul dialects have an especially large number[vague] of permitted initial tense consonants.[3]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sib. | plain | lab. | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | d͡ʒʷ | ɡ | ʔ | |||||
| voiceless | fortis | pː | tː | t͡sː | t͡ʃː | t͡ʃːʷ | kː | qː | ||||
| lenis | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | k | q | |||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʷʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fortis | fː | sː | ʃː | ʃːʷ | xː | χː | ||||
| lenis | f | s | ʃ | ʃʷ | x | χ | ||||||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʒʷ | ʁ | ʢ | ɦ | |||||
| Trill | r | ʜ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||
The Aghul alphabet was divided in the 1990s. Ever since then, it has been used as a language of education, with primers, textbooks, and dictionaries published.[6]
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Гӏ гӏ | Д д |
| Дж дж | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к |
| Кк кк | Къ къ | Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о |
| П п | Пп пп | Пӏ пӏ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тт тт | Тӏ тӏ |
| У у | Уь уь | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | Ц ц |
| Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чч чч | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | ъ | ӏ |
| ы | ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
![[icon]](#/media/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) |
There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.
Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also, case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus idžed "good", ergative, idžedi, etc. -n, -s; pl. idžedar; but Idže insandi hhuč qini "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).
| Aghul | Tokip | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1 | zun | čin (ex), xin (in) | či (ex), xi (in) | či, xi |
| 2 | wun | čun | čun | ču |
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010) |
Іисайи
ˡisaji
пуная
punaja
гебурис:
geburis:
–
–
ДуьгІе
Du’gˡe
акье
ak’e
миштти:
mištti:
«Дад,
"Dad,
Ве
Ve
ттур
ttur
гирами
girami
хьурай;
x’uraj;
Ве
Ve
Паччагьвел
Paččag’vel
адирай.
adiraj.
ТІалаб
Tˡalab
аркьая
ark’aja
чин
čin
Вакес
Vakes
гьер
g’er
ягьас
jag’as
гуни.
guni.
Гъил
G″il
гьушен
g’ušen
че
če
гунагьарилас,
gunag’arilas,
чинна
činna
гьил
g’il
гьуршанду
g’uršandu
кІилди
kˡildi
час
čas
Іайвелар
ˡajvelar
аркьаттарилас.
ark’attarilas.
ХІа
Xˡa
темехІера
temexˡera
хьас
x’as
амарта
amarta
час».
čas."
And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. Give us day by day our daily bread. And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil.[9]
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