Top Qs
Timeline
Chat
Perspective
Agrochemical
Any chemical used in agriculture From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Remove ads
An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in conventional or industrial agriculture.[1] Agrochemical typically refers to pesticides (including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and nematicides) and synthetic fertilizers. The term agrochemical is sometimes used informally synonymously with pesticides, sometimes also informally to mean pesticides and fertilizers, and sometimes more correctly to include all chemicals used in agriculture.[2][3] Other chemicals used in agriculture are; plant hormones and plant growth regulators (PGRs),[4] insect attractants,[5] insect repellents, plant defense inducers,[6] herbicide safeners,[7] adjuvents and co-formulants,[8] soil conditioners and soil amendments,[9] liming and acidifying agents. For livestock feed additives,[10] animal growth regulators,[11] anthelmintics[12] and other antiparasitics are used.
Though the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides derived from minerals has a long history, the majority of agricultural chemicals were developed in the late 20th century, and their use was expanded significantly during the Green Revolution.[13]
Pesticides and fertilizers are manufactured differently. Nitrogen fertilizers are made from ammonia (NH3) produced by the Haber–Bosch process.[14] Potassium [15] and phosphate[16] fertilizers are made from minerals. Most pesticides are made indirectly from petrochemicals,[17] some are made biologically.[18]
Agrochemicals, especially when improperly used or released in local environments, have led to a number of public health and environmental issues.[13] Agrochemicals and their production can be significant environmental pollution.[13] Agrochemicals are responsible for significant damage to waterways through runoff, and inproperly stored agrochemicals and agrochemical wastes are responsible for spills, especially during extreme weather events.[19][13] Following the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, increased global attention has been paid to these ecological impacts of certain classes of chemicals, both in terms of effects on ecosystems and biodiversity loss. Some farmers choose not to use agrochemicals, with sustainable agriculture approaches such as organic farming or agroecology, avoiding use of pesticides and industrial chemicals, in favor of naturally occurring chemicals.[20]
Remove ads
Categories
Biological action
In most of the cases, agrochemicals refer to pesticides.[21]
Application method
Application process
Summarize
Perspective
Agrochemicals are typically applied to seeds or the field using a variety of different methods.
Seed treatment
A seed treatment is a treatment of the seed with either chemical agents or biological or by physical methods. Usually done to provide protection to the seed and improve the establishment of healthy crops. Not to be confused with a seed coating.
In agriculture and horticulture, coating of the seed is the process of applying exogenous materials to the seed. Also referred to as seed dressing.
A seed coating is the layer of material added to the seed, which may or may not contain a "protectant" (biological or chemical pesticide) or biostimulant applied to the seed and possibly some color... By the amount of material added, it can be divided into:[22]
- A Film coating, a layer of thin film applied to the seed typically less than 10% of the mass of the original seed.
- Encrustment, where the applied material is typically 100%–500% of the original seed mass, but the shape is still discernible.
- Pellet, where the applied material is so thick that the seed's original shape is not discernible.
Seed coating provides the following functions:
- For formulations with pesticides, direct application to seeds can be environmentally more friendly, as the amounts used can be very small.[23]
- Color makes treated seed less attractive to birds, and easier to see and clean up in the case of an accidental spillage.[24]
- A thick coating can improve handling, by hand or by machine. Thinner coatings may also help with characteristics like flowability.[22]
- Thick coatings may accommodate additional features such as fertilizers, plant hormones, plant-beneficial microbes, and water-retaining polymers.[22][25]
Sprayers
A field sprayer system in folded, partially unfolded and open configuration
Aerial application
Aerial application, or crop dusting,[28] involves spraying crops with crop protection products from an agricultural aircraft. Planting certain types of seed are also included in aerial application. The specific spreading of fertilizer is also known as aerial topdressing in some countries. Many countries have severely limited aerial application of pesticides and other products because of environmental and public health hazards like spray drift; most notably, the European Union banned it outright with a few highly restricted exceptions in 2009,[29] effectively ending the practice in all member states.
Agricultural aircraft are highly specialized, purpose-built aircraft. Today's agricultural aircraft are often powered by turbine engines of up to 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) and can carry as much as 800 US gallons (3,000 L) of crop protection product. Helicopters are sometimes used, and some aircraft serve double duty as water bombers in areas prone to wildfires. These aircraft are referred to as SEAT, or "single engine air tankers."Remove ads
Ecology
Summarize
Perspective
Many agrochemicals are toxic, and agrichemicals in bulk storage may pose significant environmental and/or health risks, particularly in the event of accidental spills. In many countries, use of agrichemicals is highly regulated. Government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in spillage. On farms, proper storage facilities and labeling, emergency clean-up equipment and procedures, and safety equipment and procedures for handling, application and disposal are often subject to mandatory standards and regulations. Usually, the regulations are carried out through the registration process.
For instance, bovine somatotropin, though widely used in the United States, is not approved in Canada and some other jurisdictions as there are concerns for the health of cows using it.
Impacts of pesticides
A farmworker wearing protective equipment pouring a concentrated pesticide into a sprayer tank with water.
Drainage of fertilizers and pesticides into a stream
The environmental effects of pesticides describe the broad series of consequences of using pesticides. The unintended consequences of pesticides is one of the main drivers of the negative impact of modern industrial agriculture on the environment. Pesticides, because they are toxic chemicals meant to kill pest species, can affect non-target species, such as plants, animals and humans. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields.[30] Other agrochemicals, such as fertilizers, can also have negative effects on the environment.
The negative effects of pesticides are not just in the area of application. Runoff and pesticide drift can carry pesticides into distant aquatic environments or other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas. Other problems emerge from poor production, transport, storage and disposal practices.[31] Over time, repeat application of pesticides increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence.[32] Alternatives to heavy use of pesticides, such as integrated pest management, and sustainable agriculture techniques such as polyculture mitigate these consequences, without the harmful toxic chemical application.
Environmental modelling indicates that globally over 60% of global agricultural land (~24.5 million km²) is "at risk of pesticide pollution by more than one active ingredient", and that over 30% is at "high risk" of which a third are in high-biodiversity regions.[33][34] Each pesticide or pesticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns. Such undesirable effects have led many pesticides to be banned, while regulations have limited and/or reduced the use of others. The global spread of pesticide use, including the use of older/obsolete pesticides that have been banned in some jurisdictions, has increased overall.[35][36]Remove ads
History
Sumerians from 4500 years ago have said to use insecticides in the form of sulfur compounds. Additionally, the Chinese from about 3200 years ago used mercury and arsenic compounds to control the body lice.[37]
Agrochemicals were introduced to protect crops from pests and enhance crop yields. The most common agrochemicals include pesticides and fertilizers.[38] Chemical fertilizers in the 1960s were responsible for the beginning of the "Green Revolution", where using the same surface of land using intensive irrigation and mineral fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has greatly increased food production.[39] Throughout the 1970s through 1980s, pesticide research continued into producing more selective agrochemicals.[37] Due to the adaptation of pests to these chemicals, more and new agrochemicals were being used, causing side effects in the environment.
Remove ads
Companies
Syngenta was the Chinese owned worldwide leader in agrochemical sales in 2013 at approximately US$10.9 billion, followed by Bayer CropScience, BASF, Dow AgroSciences, Monsanto, and then DuPont with about $3.6 billion.[40] It is still in the worldwide leading position based on sales of year 2019. Based on a statistics by statistica, In 2019, the agrochemical market worldwide was worth approximately $234.2 billion. This is expected to increase to more than $300 billion in 2025.[41]
Remove ads
See also
References
External links
Wikiwand - on
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Remove ads