Acela

This article is about the U.S. passenger train. For other uses, see Acela (disambiguation).

The Acela (/əˈsɛlə/ ə-SEL-ə; originally the Acela Express until September 2019) is Amtrak's flagship passenger train service along the Northeast Corridor (NEC) in the Northeastern United States between Washington, D.C. and Boston via 13 intermediate stops, including Baltimore, New York City and Philadelphia. Acela trains are the fastest in the Americas, reaching 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) (qualifying as high-speed rail), but only over 49.9 miles (80.3 km) of the 457-mile (735 km) route.^[6]

Acela

Acela at Rahway, New Jersey, in May 2021
Overview
Service type	Inter-city, high speed tilting train
Locale	Northeast megalopolis
Predecessor	Metroliner
First service	December 11, 2000 (2000-12-11)
Current operator(s)	Amtrak
Annual ridership	2,959,384 (FY23) 38.0%[a][1]
Route
Termini	Boston, Massachusetts Washington, D.C.
Stops	12
Distance travelled	457 miles (735 km)
Average journey time	6 3⁄4 hours[2]
Service frequency	20 per day[2][3]
Train number(s)	2100–2290
On-board services
Class(es)	First Class Business Class
Disabled access	Fully accessible
Seating arrangements	4 across in business class 3 across in first class
Catering facilities	Café; at-seat meals in first class
Baggage facilities	Racks and overhead bins; no checked luggage
Technical
Rolling stock	Acela Express (trainset)
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification	Overhead line; 25 kV 60 Hz AC (Boston–New Haven) 12.5 kV 60 Hz AC (New Haven–New York) 12 kV 25 Hz AC (New York–Washington)
Operating speed	150 mph (240 km/h) (top)[4] 170 mph (110 km/h) (avg.)[5]
Route map Legend 0 mi 0 km Boston South 1 mi 2 km Boston Back Bay 11 mi 18 km Route 128 MA RI 43 mi 69 km Providence RI CT 156 mi 251 km New Haven 195 mi 314 km Stamford CT NY across Byram River East River Tunnels 231 mi 372 km New York City NY NJ North River Tunnels 241 mi 388 km Newark Penn 255 mi 410 km Metropark NJ PA across Delaware River 322 mi 518 km Philadelphia–30th Street PA DE 347 mi 558 km Wilmington DE MD 416 mi 669 km Baltimore 427 mi 687 km BWI Airport MD DC 457 mi 735 km Washington, D.C. Northeast Regional to Virginia All stations are accessible This diagram: view talk edit

Map of the areas and stations served by Acela in 2006

Acela carried more than 2.9 million passengers in fiscal year 2023, second only to the slower and less expensive Northeast Regional, which had over 9 million passengers.^[7] Ridership is down from the pre-Covid-19 pandemic high of 3,557,455 passengers in 2019.^[8] Its 2016 revenue of $585 million was 25% of Amtrak's total.^[9]

Acela operates along routes that are used by freight and slower regional passenger traffic, and reaches the maximum allowed speed of the tracks only along some sections, with the fastest peak speed along segments between Mansfield, Massachusetts, and Richmond, Rhode Island, and South Brunswick and Trenton, New Jersey.^[10] Acela trains use active tilting technology, which helps control lateral centrifugal force, allowing the train to travel at higher speeds on the sharply curved NEC without disturbing passengers.^[11] The high-speed operation occurs mostly along the 226-mile (364 km) route from Pennsylvania Station in New York City to Union Station in Washington, D.C., with a fastest scheduled time of 2 hours and 45 minutes and an average speed of 82 miles per hour (132 km/h), including time spent at intermediate stops.^[3][12] Over this route, Acela and the Northeast Regional service captured an 83% share of air/train commuters between New York and Washington in 2021, up from 37% in 2000.^[13]

The Acela's speed is limited by traffic and infrastructure on the route's northern half. On the 231-mile (372 km) section from Boston's South Station to New York's Penn Station, the fastest scheduled time is 3 hours and 30 minutes, or an average speed of 66 miles per hour (106 km/h).^[2][14] Along this section, Acela has captured a 54% share of the combined train and air market.^[15][16] The entire 457-mile (735 km) route from Boston to Washington takes between 6 hours, 38 minutes and 6 hours, 50 minutes,^[2] at an average speed of around 70 miles per hour (110 km/h).^[17]

The present Acela Express equipment will be replaced by new Avelia Liberty trainsets, beginning in 2024.^[18] The new trains will have greater passenger capacity and an enhanced active tilt system that will allow higher speed on the many curved sections of the route.^[19][20]

History

Background

Following the success of Japan's newly inaugurated Shinkansen network, the High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 authorized the U.S. government to explore the creation of high-speed rail, which resulted in the introduction of the higher-speed Metroliner trains between Washington, D.C., and New York City in 1969, the predecessor to Acela. During the 1980s, the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration explored the possibilities of high-speed rail in the United States. On December 18, 1991, five potential high speed rail corridors were authorized, including the Northeast Corridor.^[21]

In the early 1990s, Amtrak tested several different high-speed trains from Europe on the Northeast Corridor. An X 2000 train was leased from Sweden for test runs from October 1992 to January 1993, followed by revenue service between Washington, D.C., and New York City from February to May and August to September 1993. Siemens showed the ICE 1 train from Germany, organizing the ICE Train North America Tour which started to operate on the Northeast Corridor on July 3, 1993.^[22]

Building and development

With the testing of the trains from Europe complete, Amtrak was able to define a set of specifications for high-speed equipment and in October 1994, Amtrak requested bids from train manufacturers for a trainset that could reach 150 miles per hour (240 km/h).^[23] A consortium of Bombardier (75%) and GEC Alsthom (now Alstom) (25%) was selected in March 1996.^[23]

On March 9, 1999, Amtrak unveiled its plan for the Acela Express, a high-speed train on the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston.^[24][25] Several changes were made to the corridor to make it suitable for higher-speed electric trains. The Northend Electrification Project extended existing electrification from New Haven, Connecticut, to Boston to complete the overhead power supply along the 454-mile (731 km) route, and several grade crossings were improved or removed.^[25][26][27] Prior to 2000, all trains bound for Boston had to switch to diesel power at New Haven.

Acela Express trainset undergoing testing at TTC in 2000

A pilot trainset was completed by early 2000 and sent to Transportation Technology Center (TTC) for testing in June 2000. An inaugural VIP run of the Acela occurred on November 16, 2000,^[28] with the VIP train being led by power car number 2020 with no. 2009 at the opposite end, followed by the first revenue run on December 11, 2000, a few months after the intended date.^[29]

Cost

Amtrak's original contract with the Bombardier-Alstom consortium was for the delivery of 20 trainsets (six coaches each, with power cars at front and rear) for $800 million.^[30] By 2004, Amtrak had settled contract disputes with the consortium, paying a total of $1.2 billion for the 20 trainsets plus 15 extra high-speed locomotives and the construction of maintenance facilities in Boston, New York, and Washington.^[31]

Impact of the Acela

Vice President Joe Biden and Senator Arlen Specter riding the Acela Express to Philadelphia in February 2009

By 2005, Amtrak's share of the common-carrier market between New York and Boston had reached 40%, from 18% pre-Acela.^[32] With the increasing popularity of the faster, modern Acela Express, Metroliner service was phased out in late 2006.^[33][34] To meet the demand, more Acela services were added in September 2005.^[35] By August 2008 crowding had become noticeable.^[36]

By 2011, the Acela fleet had reached half of its designed service life. Amtrak proposed several replacement options, including one as part of its A Vision for High-Speed Rail in the Northeast Corridor.^[37] In 2011, Amtrak announced that forty new Acela coaches would be ordered in 2012 to increase capacity on existing trainsets. The existing trains would have received two more coaches, lengthening the trainsets from a 1-6-1 configuration to 1-8-1 (power car—passenger cars—power car). The longer trainsets would have required the modifications of the Acela maintenance facilities in Boston, New York and Washington. The first of the stretched trainsets was to have entered service in fiscal year 2014.^[38] This plan was cancelled in 2012 in favor of replacing, rather than refurbishing, the Acela fleet.^[39]

In January 2014, Amtrak issued a request for proposals on 28 or more new model Acela trainsets, in a combined order with the California High-Speed Rail Authority. These bids were due May 17, 2014.^[40] After discussions with manufacturers, Amtrak and the California High Speed Rail Authority concluded their needs were too disparate for common rolling stock and decided not to pursue the joint option.^[41]

Branding

Before the introduction of the Acela, there were several classes of trains on the Northeast Corridor: the express Metroliners, the Philadelphia-New York Clockers, Empire Service trains between New York City and Niagara Falls via the Empire Corridor, Keystone Service trains between New York City and to Harrisburg via the Keystone Corridor, and the umbrella term NortheastDirect, applied to other trains on the corridor (in addition to unique names assigned to many departures).

An Acela Regional train at South Station, Boston in 2002

The Acela name was announced on March 9, 1999, as a part of the original announcement of the service itself.^[42] The branding team based the name "Acela" on the ideas of acceleration and excellence.^[43][44] At the same time, Amtrak launched what it called the Capstone Program, a short-lived plan to rebrand the NortheastDirect, Keystone Service and Empire Service trains as Acela Regional and the Clocker trains as Acela Commuter.^[45][46][47]

The Acela Regional name was first applied to NortheastDirect trains 130–133 on January 31, 2000.^[48] Those trains were the first electrified trains to run on the full Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston.^[49] As more trains were electrified, they too were rebranded.

Following mass rider confusion between the three services, the branding was removed from the lower-speed Acela Regional and Acela Commuter trains in 2003.^[50][51]

On September 23, 2019, Amtrak shortened the name of the service from Acela Express to simply Acela.^[52]

At the same time, Amtrak introduced the Acela Nonstop, a direct train from Washington, D.C., to New York's Penn Station. The nonstop service was temporarily suspended as of March 10, 2020, due to low ridership caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.^[53]

Engineering

First-generation trainsets

Main article: Acela Express (trainset)

Overhead view of an Acela power car in Boston; an MBTA Orange Line subway train is also visible in the background.

The first-generation Acela trainset is a unique set of vehicles designed specifically to satisfy governmental rolling stock requirements established primarily by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). This includes the ability to withstand a collision with a freight train at speed without collapsing. Most manufacturers that bid on the Acela were unable to meet the structural requirements, due to increased costs and complications for the manufacture of the trains, and the need for manufacturers to make significant engineering changes to their standard designs. In the end, only three qualified bidders remained: ABB (Swedish-Swiss manufacturer of the X 2000 train), Siemens (manufacturer of the German ICE), and a consortium of Bombardier (manufacturer of the LRC trains) and Alstom (manufacturer of the French TGV).^[32]

The design, using identical 6,200 horsepower (4,600 kW) power cars at each end which operate on voltages of 12 kV, 12.5 kV, and 25 kV AC, and either 25 or 60 Hz frequency, derives several components from the TGV,^[54] such as the third-generation TGV's traction system (including the four asynchronous AC motors per power car, rectifiers, inverters, and regenerative braking), the trucks/bogies structure (a long-wheelbase dual transom H frame welded steel with outboard mounted tapered roller bearings), the brake discs (although there are only three per axle, versus four on the TGV), and crash energy management techniques to control structural deformation in the event of an accident.^[55][54]

The tilting carriages are based upon Bombardier's earlier LRC trains used on Via Rail rather than the TGV's non-tilting articulated trailers. Acela power cars and passenger cars are much heavier than those of the TGV in order to meet the FRA's crash standards.^[56] French and Canadian crews testing the Acela referred to it as "the pig" due to its weight.^[57][58] The extra weight leads to the Acela's power-to-weight ratio being about 22.4 hp per tonne, compared to 30.8 hp for a SNCF TGV Reseau trainset.^[54] The Tier II crash standards, adopted in 1999, have also resulted in the passenger cars being designed without steps and trapdoors, which means that the trainsets can only serve lines with high-level platforms such as the Northeast Corridor. Acela trains are semi-permanently coupled (but not articulated as in the TGV) and are referred to as trainsets. Bombardier later used the Acela carriage design and a diesel/gas turbine variant of the power car for its experimental JetTrain.^[59]

Second-generation trainsets

Main article: Avelia Liberty

Avelia Liberty trainset testing at Newark, Delaware in March 2021

On August 26, 2016, then-Vice President Joe Biden announced a $2.45 billion federal loan package to pay for new equipment for the Acela Express service, as well as upgrades to the NEC. The loans will finance 28 Avelia Liberty trainsets that will be built by Alstom in Hornell and Rochester, New York, and will replace the existing fleet of twenty Acela trainsets.

The fleet expansion will allow for hourly New York-Boston service all day and half-hourly New York-Washington service at peak hours.^[60] The new trainsets will be longer, have 386 seats compared to 304 on Acela Express (a 27% increase) and will feature active tilt technology that will initially allow service to operate at 160 mph (260 km/h) and would allow for 186 miles per hour (299 km/h) service if proposed infrastructure improvements are completed.^{[citation needed]}

The new trains were expected to be phased in between 2021 and 2022, after which the current fleet was to be retired.^[61] Trains are now expected to enter passenger service in 2024.^[18]

Operating speeds

An Acela Express train passes a Metro-North New Haven Line train in southwestern Connecticut

Although the first-generation Acela Express trainsets were designed with a top speed of 165 mph (266 km/h) and the second-generation Avelia Liberty trainsets will be designed to reach 220 mph (354 km/h), the existing infrastructure of the Northeast Corridor significantly limits speeds.^{[citation needed]}

The maximum speed limit on the Northeast Corridor is 150 mph (240 km/h) on 49.9 miles (80.3 km) of the 457-mile (735 km) route, in four sections of track in Rhode Island, Massachusetts,^[6] and New Jersey. The Acela achieves an average speed (including stops) of 90 mph (140 km/h) between Washington and New York,^[3][12] and an average speed of 66 mph (106 km/h) from New York to Boston.^[2][14] The average speed over the entire route is 70.3 mph (113 km/h).^[2][17]

Speeds are limited by the route the corridor takes through urban areas, and there are several speed restrictions below 60–80 mph (97–129 km/h) over bridges or through tunnels that are over a century old. Altogether, Amtrak has identified 224 bridges along Acela's route that are beyond their design life.^[62]

South of the Delaware River, the Acela's top speed is 135 mph (217 km/h).^[6] One limiting factor is the overhead catenary support system which was constructed before 1935 and lacks the constant-tension features of the new catenary east of New Haven.^[37] The Pennsylvania Railroad ran Metroliner test trains in the late 1960s as fast as 164 mph (264 km/h) and briefly intended to run the Metroliner service at speeds reaching 150 mph (241 km/h). Certification testing for commercial operation at 160 mph (257 km/h) involving test runs at up to 165 mph (266 km/h) began between Trenton and New Brunswick in September 2012.^[63] Passenger operation at 150 mph (241 km/h) began in this region in late May 2022.

The fastest schedule between New York and Washington, DC was 2 hours, 45 minutes in 2012. $450 million was allotted by President Barack Obama's administration to replace catenary and upgrade signals^[64] between Trenton and New Brunswick, which will allow speeds of 160 mph (257 km/h) over a 23 mi (37 km) stretch. The improvements were scheduled to be completed in 2016, but have been delayed; the project was partially completed in late May 2022, with the remainder projected in 2024.^[65] This section of track holds the record for the highest speed by a train in the US, which is 170.8 mph (274.9 km/h), achieved in a test run by the U.S./Canada-built UAC TurboTrain on December 20, 1967.^[37][66]

North of New York City, Amtrak upgraded the track along the Connecticut shoreline east of New Haven to allow maximum speeds in excess of 110 mph (177 km/h), in preparation for the Acela launch.^[67] Although this area contains the fastest current operating speeds (150 mph (241 km/h)), it also has the slowest section of the NEC: between New Rochelle, New York, and New Haven, Connecticut. This section is owned by Metro-North Railroad and the Connecticut Department of Transportation and is heavily used by commuter trains which limit the speed of the Acela. Amtrak's trains achieve 90 mph (145 km/h) only on a limited 4 mi (6.4 km) stretch in New York State and rarely exceed 60 mph (97 km/h) at any time eastbound through Connecticut until reaching New Haven.^[68] In 1992, ConnDOT began plans to upgrade the catenary system and replace outdated bridges on the New Haven Line to enable the Acela to run slightly faster. As of May 2017^[update] the catenary replacement and bridge work were under way and expected to be completed by mid-2018.^{[69][needs update]}

On July 9, 2007, Amtrak introduced a limited-stop round trip, with trains stopping only at Philadelphia between New York and Washington. This shortened the trip between the two cities to 2 hours 35 minutes, making the trip roughly an hour faster than some of the Northeast Regional train services. These trains were an experiment to find ways to expedite travel time on the Acela; Amtrak has since dropped them.^[70]

High speed infrastructure

The dense population of the northeastern United States makes the Northeast Corridor the most heavily traveled portion of the American passenger rail system. Two-thirds of rail passengers in the United States live in or near New York City, also home to the nation's busiest passenger rail station, Penn Station.^[71] In order to compete with airliners, Amtrak needed to increase the speed of trains in the region. The former Shore Line from New Haven to Boston is burdened by sharp turns and grade crossings, the crossings being of special concern.^[72]

Tilting enables passengers to ride more comfortably on curved sections of track faster than would otherwise be possible, by leaning into the bend. Acela trainsets use active tilting above 60 mph (97 km/h) on most of the system, but some segments of track in the Northeast Corridor are too close together for the cars to safely tilt while maintaining FRA minimum space between trains on parallel tracks. Metro-North Railroad restricts tilting on the segment of track north of New York which it owns. The system was originally designed for a 6.8° tilt, but the cars were redesigned 4 in (102 mm) wider to accommodate wider seats and aisles that reduced allowable tilt to 4.2° to fit within the clearance constraints of the existing tracks.^[55] Traveling at higher than 135 mph (217 km/h) also requires constant-tension catenary, which is only implemented on the more modern catenary system north of New York City. South of New York City, the trains are restricted to 135 mph (217 km/h). By comparison, the Northeast Regional and the now-defunct Metroliner service reached 125 mph (201 km/h).

Acela service was originally expected to begin in late 1999 but was delayed. The catenary system could not support the intended speeds between Washington DC and New York City, but the newer system between New York City and Boston allows the higher speeds. Attention was drawn to the decreased 4.2° tilt, but this was not the root of the speed problem, as the tracks from New York to Boston are similar to those between New York and Washington, and the tilt mechanism is not the factor enabling higher speeds.^[23][55] Following repairs, the first Acela service began on December 11, 2000, a year behind schedule.^[73]

Acela travels between Boston and New York in about three and a half hours (an improvement of half an hour); New York to Washington runs take a minimum of two hours and forty-five minutes.^[2] These schedules, as well as the relative convenience of direct downtown-to-downtown rail service as opposed to air travel, especially after the September 11 attacks, have made the Acela Express more competitive with the air shuttles. Due to this competition, Southwest Airlines canceled service between Washington and New York.^[74]

Platform track speeds

Acela passing through a platform track at Kingston Station in Rhode Island at 150 mph.

Due to the high speed at which Acela trains bypass platforms of local stations, concerns have mounted in some communities over inadequate warnings and safeguards for passengers waiting for other trains, including that the two-foot wide yellow platform markings may not keep people at a safe distance. At Kingston station in Rhode Island and Mansfield station in Massachusetts, Acela trains pass by at 150 mph (241 km/h).^[75][76] Suggestions include platform safety barriers, or use of different announcements for approaching Acela trains versus slower ones.^[77]

Outages

In August 2002, shortly after their introduction, Acela trainsets were briefly removed from service when the brackets that connected truck (bogie) dampers (shocks) to the powerunit carbodies ("yaw dampers") were found to be cracking.^[78][79] The Acela returned to service when a program of frequent inspections was instituted. The damper brackets have since been redesigned and old brackets replaced by the newer design.

On April 15, 2005, the Acela was removed from service when cracks were found in the disc brakes of many passenger coaches.^[80] The Bombardier-Alstom consortium replaced the discs under warranty. Limited service resumed in July 2005, as a portion of the fleet operated with new brake discs.^[81] Metroliner trains, which the Acela Express was intended to replace, filled in during the outage. Amtrak announced on September 21, 2005, that all 20 trainsets had been returned to full operation.

In October 2012, Acela service was cancelled immediately before, during, and after Hurricane Sandy,^[82] which damaged the North River Tunnels causing lasting delays and reliability problems.

In March 2020, all Acela trips were suspended as part of a round of service reduction in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.^[83] Amtrak resumed Acela service on June 1, 2020.^[84]

Service

Composition

The production sets are formed as follows:^[55]

Car no.	—	1	2	3	4	5	6	—	Total
Designation	Power	First Class	Business Class (quiet car)	Business Class	Café	Business Class	Business Class (end car)	Power
Weight (US ton)	102.0	71.0	69.5	69.5	68.5	69.5	71.0	102.0	623.0
Weight (Long ton, Metric ton)	91.1 long tons; 92.5 t	63.4 long tons; 64.4 t	62.1 long tons; 63.0 t	62.1 long tons; 63.0 t	61.2 long tons; 62.1 t	62.1 long tons; 63.0 t	63.4 long tons; 64.4 t	91.1 long tons; 92.5 t	556.2 long tons; 565.2 t
Capacity	—	44	65	65	—	65	65	—	304

The Acela Express trainset consists of two power cars, a Café car, a First Class car, and four Business Class cars, semi-permanently coupled together. It has fewer seats than its regional service counterparts. The First Class car has 44 seats, being three seats across (one on one side, two on the other side), four-seat tables and assigned seating. There are 260 Business Class seats on each trainset; these cars have four seats across (two on each side), four-seat tables, and assigned seating.^[5] Baggage may be stowed in overhead compartments or underneath seats. Trains are wheelchair-accessible. Each car has one or two toilets, with one being ADA compliant.

The Business Class car adjacent to First Class is designated as a quiet car, where passengers are asked to refrain from loud talking and phone conversations. Automatic sliding doors between cars reduce noise.

Operations and staffing

Acela offers two classes of seating, Business Class and First Class. Unlike most other Amtrak trains, Business Class is the de facto standard class on Acela trains; there is no coach service.^[85]

Acela maintenance is generally taken care of at the Ivy City facility in Washington, DC; Sunnyside Yard in Queens, New York; or Southampton Street Yard in Boston.

The Acela trainsets underwent minor refurbishments between mid-2009 and 2010 at Penn Coach Yard, next to 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These refurbishments included new blue leather seats throughout the trainset.^[86]

In May 2018, Amtrak announced a 14-month program to refresh the interiors of the Acela trainsets, including new seat cushions and covers, new aisle carpeting, and a deep clean. This refurbishment program has been completed as of June 2019.^[87]

Wi-Fi service

Wireless Internet station service began in 2004.^[88] In 2010, with services provided by The GBS Group, all Acela trains began offering "AmtrakConnect" supporting IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and standard VPN connections.^[89] In 2016, Amtrak upgraded to a faster wifi service.^[90]

Staffing

Generally, Amtrak train crews consist of an engineer, a conductor, and at least one assistant conductor.^[91] Acela trains also have an On-Board Service crew consisting of two First Class attendants and a Café Car attendant. In addition to the food service provided in the Café Car, on most trains an attendant will also provide at-seat cart service, serving refreshments throughout the train. First Class passengers are served meals at their seats on all services.^[92]

Notable incidents

• During the Northeast blackout of 2003, a northbound Acela Express train was stuck on the Hell Gate Bridge for over nine hours, until a rescue engine from Sunnyside Yard was able to tow the train back to New York's Penn Station.^[93]
• The first Acela grade crossing accident occurred on September 27, 2005, when a car rolled under closed crossing gate arms in Waterford, Connecticut, and was struck by a train traveling at 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), killing three automobile passengers. None of the 130 Acela passengers were injured. The gates were found to have been functioning properly,^[94][95] but the incident drew much criticism regarding the eleven remaining grade crossings along Amtrak's busy Northeast Corridor.^[96]
• On March 24, 2017, an Acela Express train derailed at low speed in New York's Penn Station, during morning rush hour. All 248 passengers were safely evacuated.^[97] The derailment was caused by a defective section of track, of which Amtrak was aware, but had not yet fixed.^[98]
• On February 6, 2018, Acela Express train No. 2150 split apart between the first and second cars in the trainset, at 124 mph (200 km/h), near Havre de Grace, Maryland. There were no injuries of the crew nor the 52 passengers on board, who were transferred to Northeast Regional train No. 180.^[99][100]

Station stops

State	Town/City	Station	Connections
MA	Boston	South Station	Amtrak: Lake Shore Limited, Northeast Regional MBTA Commuter Rail: Fairmount Line, Framingham/​Worcester Line, Franklin/Foxboro Line, Needham Line, Old Colony Lines, Greenbush Line, Providence/​Stoughton Line MBTA subway:  Red   Silver  Intercity bus services at South Station Bus Terminal MBTA bus
		Back Bay	Amtrak: Northeast Regional, Lake Shore Limited MBTA Commuter Rail: Framingham/Worcester Line, Franklin/Foxboro Line, Needham Line, Providence/Stoughton Line MBTA subway:  Orange  MBTA bus
	Westwood	Route 128	Amtrak: Northeast Regional MBTA Commuter Rail: Providence/Stoughton Line
RI	Providence	Providence	Amtrak: Northeast Regional MBTA Commuter Rail: Providence/Stoughton Line Local bus: Rhode Island Public Transit Authority Amtrak Thruway
CT	New Haven	Union Station	Amtrak: Amtrak Hartford Line, Northeast Regional, Vermonter CTrail: Hartford Line, Shore Line East Metro-North: ■ New Haven Line Local bus: CTtransit New Haven Intercity bus: Greyhound, Peter Pan
	Stamford	Stamford	Amtrak: Northeast Regional, Vermonter Metro-North: ■ New Haven Line, ■ Danbury Branch, ■ New Canaan Branch, ■ Waterbury Branch Local bus: CTtransit Stamford Intercity bus: Greyhound
NY	New York City	New York Penn Station	Amtrak (long-distance): Cardinal, Crescent, Lake Shore Limited, Palmetto, Silver Meteor Amtrak (intercity): Adirondack, Berkshire Flyer, Carolinian, Empire Service, Ethan Allen Express, Keystone Service, Maple Leaf, Northeast Regional, Pennsylvanian, Vermonter Long Island Rail Road: ■ City Terminal Zone, ■ Port Washington Branch NJ Transit: ■ North Jersey Coast Line, ■ Northeast Corridor Line, ■ Gladstone Branch, ■ Montclair-Boonton Line, ■ Morristown Line, ■ Raritan Valley Line NYC Subway: ​​​​ Local bus: MTA Bus, FlixBus, Tripper Bus, Vamoose Bus
NJ	Newark	Newark Penn	Amtrak: Cardinal, Carolinian, Crescent, Keystone Service, Palmetto, Pennsylvanian, Silver Meteor, Vermonter Newark Light Rail NJ Transit Rail: ■ North Jersey Coast Line, ■ Northeast Corridor Line, ■ Raritan Valley Line PATH: NWK-WTC Local bus: NJ Transit Bus Intercity bus: Greyhound, Coach USA, Fullington Trailways
	Iselin	Metropark	Amtrak: Crescent, Keystone Service, Northeast Regional, Palmetto, Vermonter NJ Transit Rail: ■ Northeast Corridor Line Local bus: NJ Transit Bus
PA	Philadelphia	30th Street Station	Amtrak: Cardinal, Carolinian, Crescent, Keystone Service, Northeast Regional, Palmetto, Pennsylvanian, Silver Meteor, Vermonter SEPTA Regional Rail: all routes NJ Transit Rail: ■ Atlantic City Line SEPTA Metro: Market–Frankford Line, Subway–Surface Trolleys Local bus: SEPTA City Bus, SEPTA Suburban Bus, NJ Transit Bus Intercity bus: Megabus, Martz Trailways
DE	Wilmington	Wilmington	Amtrak: Cardinal, Carolinian, Crescent, Northeast Regional, Palmetto, Silver Meteor, Vermonter SEPTA Regional Rail: ■ Wilmington/​Newark Line Local bus: DART First State Intercity bus: Greyhound
MD	Baltimore	Baltimore Penn Station	Amtrak: Cardinal, Carolinian, Crescent, Northeast Regional, Palmetto, Pennsylvanian, Silver Meteor, Vermonter MARC: ■ Penn Line Light RailLink Local bus: MTA Maryland, Charm City Circulator
		BWI Airport	Amtrak: Crescent, Northeast Regional, Vermonter MARC: ■ Penn Line Shuttle to Baltimore/Washington International Airport Local bus: MTA Maryland, UMBC Transit
DC	Washington	Washington Union Station	Amtrak: Cardinal, Carolinian, Crescent, Floridian, Northeast Regional, Palmetto, Silver Meteor, Vermonter, Amtrak Thruway MARC: ■ Brunswick Line, ■ Camden Line, ■ Penn Line Virginia Railway Express: ■ Manassas Line, ■ Fredericksburg Line Metro: Red Line DC Streetcar: H Street/Benning Road Line Local bus: Metrobus, DC Circulator, MTA Maryland, Loudoun County Transit, PRTC Buses Intercity bus: Greyhound, Megabus, BoltBus, BestBus, Peter Pan, OurBus

A limited number of Acela trains previously stopped at New Rochelle, New York; New London, Connecticut; and Trenton, New Jersey; service was eliminated in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.^{[101][102][103][104]}

See also

• List of high-speed trains
• List of Amtrak routes

References

1. "Amtrak Fiscal Year 2023 Ridership" (PDF). Amtrak. November 27, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
2. "Northeast Corridor Boston–Washington Timetable" (PDF). Amtrak. March 4, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
3. "Northeast Corridor New York–Washington Timetable" (PDF). Amtrak. March 4, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
4. "Acela Express Overview". Amtrak. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
5. "Acela Express, United States of America". Railway Technology. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
6. "Northeast Corridor Employee Timetable #5" (PDF). National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak). October 6, 2014. p. 110. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2017 – via National Transportation Safety Board.
7. "Amtrak FY23 Ridership" (PDF).
8. "Amtrak FY19 Ridership" (PDF). Retrieved January 14, 2024.
9. "Amtrak FY16 Ridership & Revenue Fact Sheet" (PDF). Amtrak. April 17, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
10. Lester, David C. (June 25, 2022). "Amtrak Increasing Acela Speeds in New Jersey". www.railwayage.com.
11. "All Aboard Amtrak's Acela". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
12. The timetable gives 2 hours and 45 minutes, minimum, between Washington and New York. Dividing that into the distance traveled, 226 mi (364 km), gives an average speed of 82.2 mph (132.3 km/h).
13. "Amtrak Northeast Corridor fact sheet" (PDF).
14. The timetable gives 3 hours and 30 minutes, minimum, between New York and Boston. Dividing that into 231 mi (372 km) gives an average speed of 66 mph (106 km/h).
15. "The Information: Most popular airline routes". Financial Times. January 17, 2009. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
16. "America's Not-So-Fast Trains". The New York Times. August 1, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
17. The timetable gives 6 hours and 30 minutes, minimum, between Washington and Boston. Dividing that into 457 mi (735 km) gives an average speed of 70.3 mph (113.1 km/h).
18. "New Acela Fleet | Amtrak". www.amtrak.com. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
19. "Next-Generation High Speed Trains". Washington: Amtrak. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
20. Lazo, Luz (June 3, 2021). "Debut of Amtrak's new Acela trains delayed a year by new round of testing". The Washington Post. Washington.
21. "Chronology of High-Speed Rail Corridors". Washington: Federal Railroad Administration. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
22. "ICE Train North America Tour". Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau (in German). 42 (11): 756. 1993.
23. Dao, James; Wald, Matthew L.; Phillips, Don (April 24, 2005). "Acela, Built to Be Rail's Savior, Bedevils Amtrak at Every Turn". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
24. "Amtrak unveils high-speed shuttle trains for busy travelers – Service between Boston, Washington is designed to compete with airlines". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. March 10, 1999. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
25. "Amtrak To Unveil High-Speed Service". Associated Press. March 9, 1999. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
26. "At-grade crossings: Innovation, safety, sophisticated new technology". Railway Track and Structures. June 1, 1999. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
27. Public Archaeology Laboratory (2001). Amtrak's High Speed Rail Program, New Haven to Boston: History and Historic Resources (PDF). National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
28. "U.S. Transportation Secretary Slater celebrates inaugural run of Acela Express high-speed rail service". M2 Presswire. November 17, 2000. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
29. "Amtrak postpones debut of high-speed rail line". Business Courier Serving Cincinnati – Northern Kentucky. March 3, 2000. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
30. "Amtrak Sues Train's Manufacturer Over Design Flaws". Los Angeles Times. November 22, 2002. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
31. "Two equipment makers settle dispute with Amtrak". Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen. March 18, 2004. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
32. Black, Clifford R. (March 2005). "The Acela Express" (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review (40). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
33. MacHalaba, Daniel (March 28, 1999). "Metroliner name on past track". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
34. "Amtrak to run last Metroliner". Trains.com. September 8, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
35. "Amtrak to increase service for Boston, New York and D.C." Boston Business Journal. September 8, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
36. Christopher Conkey (August 27, 2008). "All Aboard: Too many for Amtrak – Surge in ridership leads to crowding on Intercity trains". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
37. "The Amtrak Vision for the North East Corridor 2012 Update Report" (PDF). Amtrak. July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
38. "Amtrak To Add 40 Coach Cars To Acela Express Under FY 2012 Budget Plan" (PDF). Amtrak. February 14, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
39. O'Toole, James (December 13, 2012). "Amtrak to replace high-speed Acela trains".
40. "Amtrak and California Request Bids for High-Speed Trainsets" (PDF). Amtrak. January 24, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
41. "Amtrak and California drop joint high-speed train tender". Global Rail News. June 24, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
42. "New trains, new name for Northeast Corridor: Amtrak's High-speed Acela service is due later this year". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 10, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
43. "Acela". Corporate Design Foundation. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
44. Vantuono, William (April 1, 1999). "Amtrak's vision: Today, the Northeast. Tomorrow America". Railway Age. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
45. Machalaba, Daniel (March 28, 1999). "Metroliner Name on Past Track". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 16, 2021 – via The Wall Street Journal.
46. Jay Jochnowitz (March 10, 1999). "New Amtrak trains on fast track". Times Union (Albany). p. A1.
47. Garland, Russell (March 12, 1999). "Amtrak switch: Is it on the right track? Advertising people say the new Acela name gives a mixed message". Providence Journal. Retrieved August 29, 2009.^{[dead link‍]}
48. "Amtrak begins Phila-Boston service that's 45 minutes faster "Acela Regionals" go into service as the first step in improvements on the Northeast Corridor line". The Philadelphia Inquirer. February 1, 2000. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
49. Johnston, Bob (April 2000). "Amtrak opens Boston electrification". Trains.
50. "Acela Service: Refreshing the Amtrak Brand — Amtrak: History of America's Railroad". Amtrak History. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
51. Arnold, Laurence (March 5, 2003). "Amtrak will use name 'Acela' to describe high-speed trains only". Associated Press.
52. Date and observation of train name change at "Amtrak Debuts New Amenities for Acela Nonstop Service Between New York City and Washington, D.C." Amtrak. September 12, 2019. Further examples of the dropping of "Express" on all press releases since then at "Media Room", Amtrak
53. Locke, Taylor (March 7, 2020). "Amtrak suspends nonstop Acela service between DC and New York as demand weakens amid coronavirus". CNBC.
54. Perren, Brian (April 1998). TGV Handbook, Including Eurostar (2nd ed.). Harrow Weald: Capital Transport Publishing. p. 156. ISBN 9781854141958. OCLC 47037025.
55. "Acela Express". Trainweb.org. February 2001. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
56. McCaughrin, Eric (March 5, 2007). "How the FRA is Regulating Passenger Rail Out of Existence". East Bay Bicycle Coalition. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
57. Philips, Don (January 2010). "Now it seems to be official: Freight rail is the future". Trains. Vol. 70, no. 1. p. 10. When the train was being tested at the technology center in Pueblo, Colo., I had lunch one day out on the ballast with the French and Canadian crews doing the testing. The conversation turned to the weight of the Acela, which the crews considered laughably too heavy. At one point, a French engineer confided that the crews called the train "le cochon", meaning "the pig". The man and his supervisor immediately realized he had said too much. They asked me to keep that a secret, and I did for many years until I was sure everyone on the program had moved on to other jobs.
58. Dao, James; Wald, Matthew L.; Phillips, Don; Dao (April 24, 2005). "Acela, Built to Be Rail's Savior, Bedevils Amtrak at Every Turn". New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008. Before the first train was built, the Federal Railroad Administration required it to meet crash safety standards that senior Amtrak officials considered too strict. That forced the manufacturers, Bombardier Inc. of Canada and GEC Alstom of France, to make the trains twice as heavy as European models. Workers dubbed the trains le cochon -- the pig.
59. "Bombardier unveils new JetTrain locomotive". International Railway Journal. November 2002.
60. "Amtrak's Next-Generation of High-Speed Trains" (Press release). Amtrak. August 26, 2016.
61. Aratani, Lori (August 26, 2016). "Biden announces upgrades for Amtrak's Northeast Corridor". The Washington Post.
62. "The Acela Story Part 2: Planning for the Not-So-Distant Future — Northeast Alliance for Rail". Northeast Alliance for Rail. July 27, 2011. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
63. "Amtrak Ink : Aug — Sept 2012" (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
64. Nusca, Andrew (May 20, 2011). "Amtrak lands $450 million to boost Acela to 160 mph". ZDNet. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
65. "160 mph trains will speed from Trenton to New Brunswick by 2020". Amtrak. June 14, 2022.
66. "High Speed Rail Transportation in North America". June 14, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
67. "The Northeast Corridor Infrastructure Master Plan" (PDF). Amtrak. March 24, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
68. "Metro-North Railroad EMPLOYEE TIMETABLE No. 4" (PDF). Metro-North Railroad. June 21, 2010 [February 5, 2006]. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2013. This notes, on p.41, that the 90 mph section is from MP (mile post) 17.2 to MP 21.4; that begins midway between New Rochelle and Larchmont, and ends between Mamaroneck and Harrison.
69. "New Haven Catenary Replacement Project Update (May 2017)". MTA. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
70. "Northeast Corridor timetable" (PDF). Amtrak. August 4, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 8, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
71. "Moynihan Station". empire.state.ny.us. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
72. Jane Dee (March 29, 1999). "Rail crossings safety concern for Amtrak". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
73. Laurence Arnold (December 11, 2001). "Fast train begins service with Washington-Boston roundtrip". Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved November 13, 2006.
74. Thompson, Candy (September 24, 2012). "Acela run expected to match U.S. rail speed record of 165 mph (266 km/h)". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore: Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
75. Heppner, Frank (2012). Railroads of Rhode Island : shaping the Ocean State's railways. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-60949-333-2.
76. Weinstein, Susan Parkou (January 17, 2013). "Better warning sought for Acela at Mansfield station". Wicked Local. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
77. Smith, Nell (January 17, 2013). "Mansfield sounds Acela warning". The Sun Chronicle. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
78. "Discovery of hairline cracks causes more problems for Amtrak's Acela Express". USA Today. August 20, 2002. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
79. Daniel, Mac (August 14, 2002). "Flaws Shut Down Amtrak's Acela Express Line". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
80. Hauser, Kristine (April 15, 2005). "Amtrak Suspends Acela Trains After Finding Brake Problems". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2005.
81. Reed, Keith (June 10, 2005). "Acela's return expected in July". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
82. "Sandy: Amtrak impacts - Storms of 2012".
83. "Service Adjustments Due to Coronavirus" (Press release). Amtrak. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
84. Genovese, Daniella (May 8, 2020). "Amtrak to resume Acela service after coronavirus suspended operations". Fox Business. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
85. "Acela Train | Amtrak". www.amtrak.com. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
86. Grynbaum, Michael (January 13, 2010). "Amtrak Introduces Blue, if Not Corinthian, Leather". The New York Times.
87. "Amtrak Refreshes Interiors of Acela Express Trains" (Press release). Amtrak. May 14, 2018. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
88. Glenn Fleishman (July 8, 2004). "Behind the Curve; Access on Metro-North or Amtrak Cars? Not So Fast". The New York Times.
89. "Amtrak launches wireless access on Acela trains". San Diego Union Tribune. March 1, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
90. "WiFi on Amtrak's Acela Express trains shifts into faster gear". Washington Post.
91. Franz, Justin (Summer 2023). "ACELA'S FIRST CONDUCTOR". Railroad Heritage. Center for Railroad Photography & Art. pp. 22–27. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
92. Sperandeo, Andy (May 1, 2006). "The people who work on trains". Trains. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
93. Hayhurst, Paul (August 16, 2003). "Welcome to the Blackout of 2003". Slamtrak. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018.
94. McGeehan, Patrick; Wald, Matthew L. (September 30, 2005). "High-Tech Gates Fail to Avert Car-Train Crash". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
95. "Investigators Seek Answers In Fatal Crash That Killed Two; Cause of Waterford car-train accident may never be known". The New London Day. September 30, 2005. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
96. "Family sues over fatal car crash on railroad tracks". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. December 27, 2006. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
97. Little, Katie (March 24, 2017). "Amtrak Acela derails at New York's Penn Station, some service disruptions". CNBC. New York: NBCUniversal.
98. Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Corasaniti, Nick (April 6, 2017). "Amtrak Knew of Flaw That Caused Penn Station Derailment". The New York Times. New York.
99. Jacobo, Julia (February 6, 2018). "Amtrak cars separate on Boston-bound Acela train". ABC News. Washington: Disney Entertainment. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
100. "Amtrak train separates on busy Acela line". CBS News. Washington: Paramount Global. February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
101. "Northeast Corridor Timetable" (PDF). Amtrak. March 10, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
102. "Acela Train". Washington: Amtrak. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
103. "Acela Express now stopping at New Rochelle, NY". YouTube. Washington: Amtrak. January 12, 2021. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
104. "Weekday Acela Stops at Trenton (TRE) will be discontinued effective April 3". Twitter. Washington: Amtrak. Retrieved March 28, 2023.

Notes

1. Amtrak's Fiscal Year (FY) runs from October 1 of the prior year to September 30 of the named year.

Further reading

• Solomon, Brian (2004). Amtrak. Saint Paul, Minnesota: MBI. ISBN 978-0-7603-1765-5.
• Wilner, Frank (2012). Amtrak: Past, Present, Future. Simmons-Boardman Books, Omaha. ISBN 978-0911382-59-4.
• Vranich, Joseph (2004). End of the line: the failure of Amtrak reform and the future of America's passenger trains. AEI Press. ISBN 978-0-8447-4203-8.

External links

• Acela – Amtrak
• Transit Information – On Track On Line