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Howitzer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The M115 203 mm howitzer, also known as the M115 8-inch howitzer, and originally the M1 8-inch howitzer was a towed heavy howitzer developed by the United States Army and used during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Post-WWII it was also adopted by a number of other nations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.
| M115 203 mm howitzer | |
|---|---|
M115 203 mm howitzer on display at Bastrop, Texas, United States. | |
| Type | Howitzer |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| Wars | World War II Korean War Vietnam War Iran–Iraq War |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1939 |
| Produced | 1942–1945 |
| No. built | 1,006 [1] |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 14,515 kg (31,780 lbs) |
| Length | Travel: 10.972 m (36 ft 0 in) |
| Barrel length | 5.1 m (16 ft 9 in)[2] L/25 |
| Width | Travel: 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)[2] |
| Height | Travel: 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)[2] |
| Crew | 14 |
| Shell | Separate loading charge and projectile 90.7 kg (200 lb)[2] |
| Caliber | 203 mm (8 in) |
| Breech | Interrupted screw |
| Recoil | Hydro-pneumatic |
| Carriage | Split trail |
| Elevation | −2° to +65° |
| Traverse | +60° |
| Rate of fire | 3 rounds per 2 minutes (maximum for first 3 minutes), 1 round per 2 minutes (sustained) [3] |
| Muzzle velocity | 587 m/s (1,926 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 16,800 m (18,373 yds) 22,860 m (25,000 yds) maximum |
During World War I, licensed production of the British 8-inch howitzer Mark VI was undertaken by the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company, located in the Nicetown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Both American and British-manufactured weapons were used by the American Expeditionary Force in France.[4] In 1940, the United States still had 475 Mark VII and Mark VIII 1/2 howitzers in storage, but there are no reports of the Mark VI or other marks being used during World War II.[5]
The original design of the M1 8-inch howitzer started in 1919, and resulted in the M1920 howitzer, but the program lapsed until resurrected in 1927. The T2 and T3 howitzers were prototypes of a partner piece for a new 155 mm gun.[6] The first publicity photographs of the M1-type 8-inch howitzer on its redesigned carriage appeared in 1931, but development was slowed by the Great Depression.[7] The T3 was standardized as the 8-inch howitzer M1 in 1940.
Like the British 8-inch howitzer of the First World War (and most other large artillery), the M1 uses a Welin screw for its breech. The carriage was the same as used for the US 155 mm gun and was also adopted by the British for their BL 7.2-inch howitzer. It consists of a split trail with equilibrator assemblies, elevating and traversing mechanisms, a two-axle bogie with eight tires, and a single-axle, single-wheel limber for towing. Four spades, carried on the trails, were used to emplace the weapon.
The M1 saw U.S. service in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. During World War II, the M1 was towed by the Mack 7⅓ ton 6×6 truck or the M4 tractor. 59 battalions were raised during the war, of which 39 saw combat service in Northwest Europe or Italy and three in the Pacific.
In the late 1950s, it was adopted in small numbers by several NATO armies, to fire the W33 (M422/M422A1 shell) and later the W79 nuclear artillery shell, under the NATO nuclear sharing concept, a role which ended when the smallest types of tactical nuclear weapons were removed from service and eliminated. It was also adopted as a field weapon by a number of nations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia and saw service in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and the Croatian War of Independence. In 1962, the M1 was redesignated the M115 howitzer.
Iran: 20 as of 2016[update][8]
Iraq[citation needed]
Jordan: 4 in store as of 2016[update][9]
Netherlands[10]
Pakistan: 28 as of 2016[update][11]
Saudi Arabia: 8 in store as of 2016[update][12]
South Korea: The Armed Forces acquired right after the Korean War in 1953. Began replacing in the late 2000s with the K9 Thunder.[13]
Sudan: in Turkey, 60 systems
Taiwan: 70 as of 2016[update][14]
Turkey: 162 as of 2016[update][15]
Belgium: former operator, 14 systems in 1983[16]
Croatia: former operator, 24 systems[citation needed]
Denmark: former operator[10] 1953–1996, 12 systems[citation needed]
Greece: former operator[10]
Italy:[10]
Japan: former operator[17]
Spain: former operator[10]
West Germany: former operator[citation needed]
United States: former operator[10]
The howitzer fired separate loading, bagged charge ammunition, with seven different propelling charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest).
| Type | Model | Weight | Filler | Muzzle velocity | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HE | HE M106 Shell (charge M2) | 90.7 kg (200 lb) | 594 m/s (1,950 ft/s) | 16,926 m (11 mi) | |
| HE | HE Mk 1A1 Shell (charge M1) | 90.7 kg (200 lb) | 408 m/s (1,340 ft/s) | 10,214 m (6.3 mi) | |
| Dummy | Dummy Mk 1 Projectile | — | — | — | |
| Nuclear | M442 (W33) nuclear shell | 243 lb (110 kg) | — | 547.1 m/s (1,795 ft/s)[23] | 18,000 m (11 mi) |
| Nuclear | XM753 (W79) nuclear shell | 200 lb (91 kg) | — | 601 m/s (1,970 ft/s)[24] | 24,000 m (15 mi), 30,000 m (19 mi) with rocket assist.[25] |
| Model | Weight, complete | Components |
|---|---|---|
| M1 ("green bag") | 6.3 kg (13 lb 14 oz) | Five incremental charges (for charges 1 to 5) |
| M2 ("white bag") | 13.56 kg (29 lb 14 oz) | Base charge and two incremental charges (for charges 5 to 7) |
| M4 (dummy) | 13.04 kg (28 lb 12 oz) | Base charge and two incremental charges |
| Ammunition / Distance | 2,743 m (3,000 yd) | 4,572 m (5,000 yd) | 9,144 m (10,000 yd) | 13,716 m (20,000 yd) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HE M106 Shell (meet angle 0°) | 1,432 mm (4 ft 8 in) | 1,219 mm (4 ft) | 975 mm (3 ft 2 in) | 945 mm (3 ft 1 in) |
Existing examples
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