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4-bit computing

Computer architecture bit width From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

4-bit computing is the use of computer architectures in which integers and other data units are 4 bits wide. 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers or data buses of that size. A group of four bits is also called a nibble and has 24 = 16 possible values, with a range of 0 to 15.

4-bit computation is obsolete, i.e. CPUs supporting 4-bit as the maximum size. However, 4-bit integers (or smaller), and 4-bit floating point is gaining ground for AI, large-language models.[1]

4-bit processors were widely used in electronic calculators and other roles where decimal math was used, like electronic cash registers, microwave oven timers, and so forth. This is because a 4-bit value holds a single binary-coded decimal (BCD) digit, making it a natural size for directly processing decimal values. As a 4-bit value is generally too small to hold a memory address for real-world programs or data, the address bus of these systems was generally larger. For instance, the canonical 4-bit microprocessor, the Intel 4004, had a 12-bit address format.

4-bit designs were used only for a short period when integrated circuits were still expensive, and were found primarily in cost-sensitive roles. While 4-bit computing is mostly obsolete, 4-bit values are still used in the same decimal-centric roles they were developed for, and modern implementations are generally much wider and process multiple 4-bit values in parallel. An example of such a system is the HP Saturn design of the 1980s. By the 1990s, most such uses had been replaced by general purpose binary designs.

History

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Perspective
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20-pin PSOP – NEC D63GS: a 4-bit microcontroller for infrared remote control transmission
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16-pin DIP – Intel C4004
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Olympia CD700 Desktop Calculator using the National Semiconductor MAPS MM570X bit-serial 4-bit microcontroller
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Infrared remote control PCB – an infrared remote control transmitter controlled by a NEC D63GS 4-bit microcontroller

A 4-bit processor may seem limited, but it is a good match for calculators, where each decimal digit fits into four bits.[2]

Some of the first microprocessors had a 4-bit word length and were developed around 1970. The first commercial microprocessor was the binary-coded decimal (BCD-based) Intel 4004,[3][4] developed for calculator applications in 1971; it had a 4-bit word length, but had 8-bit instructions and 12-bit addresses. It was succeeded by the Intel 4040, which added interrupt support and a variety of other new features.

The first commercial single-chip computer was the 4-bit Texas Instruments TMS 1000 (1974).[2] It contained a 4-bit CPU with a Harvard architecture and 8-bit-wide instructions, an on-chip instruction ROM, and an on-chip data RAM with 4-bit words.[5]

The Rockwell PPS-4 was another early 4-bit processor, introduced in 1972, which had a long lifetime in handheld games and similar roles. It was steadily improved and by 1975 been combined with several support chips to make a one-chip computer.[6]

The 4-bit processors were programmed in assembly language or Forth, e.g. "MARC4 Family of 4 bit Forth CPU"[7] (which is now discontinued) because of the extreme size constraint on programs and because common programming languages (for microcontrollers, 8-bit and larger), such as the C programming language, do not support 4-bit data types (C, and C++, and more languages require that the size of the char data type be at least 8 bits,[8] and that all data types other than bitfields have a size that is a multiple of the character size[9][10][11]).

The 1970s saw the emergence of 4-bit software applications for mass markets like pocket calculators. During the 1980s, 4-bit microprocessors were used in handheld electronic games to keep costs low.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of research and commercial computers used bit slicing, in which the CPU's arithmetic logic unit (ALU) was built from multiple 4-bit-wide sections, each section including a chip such as an Am2901 or 74181.

The Zilog Z80 (discontinued in 2024), although it is an 8-bit microprocessor, has a 4-bit ALU.[12][13]

Although the Data General Nova is a series of 16-bit minicomputers, the original Nova and the Nova 1200 internally processed numbers 4 bits at a time with a 4-bit ALU,[14] sometimes called "nybble-serial".[15]

The HP Saturn processors, used in many Hewlett-Packard calculators between 1984 and 2003 (including the HP 48 series of scientific calculators) are "4-bit" (or hybrid 64-/4-bit) machines; as the Intel 4004 did, they string multiple 4-bit words together, e.g. to form a 20-bit memory address, and most of the registers are 64 bits wide, storing 16 4-bit digits.[16][17][18]

In addition, some early calculators – such as the 1967 Casio AL-1000, the 1972 Sinclair Executive, and the aforementioned 1984 HP Saturn – had 4-bit datapaths that accessed their registers 4 bits (one BCD digit) at a time.[19]

Uses

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National Semiconductor COP410L, a low-end 4-bit microcontroller. 512 bytes of ROM in upper left corner, 128 bits of RAM in upper right corner. Click to zoom.

One bicycle computer specifies that it uses a "4 bit, 1-chip microcomputer".[20] Other typical uses include coffee makers, infrared remote controls,[21] and security alarms.[22]

The processor in Barbie typewriters that can encrypt is a 4-bit microcontroller.[23]

Several manufacturers used 4-bit microcontrollers in their early electronic games:[24]

Western Digital used a 4-bit microcontroller as the basis for their WD2412 time-of-day clock.[26]

The Grundy Newbrain computer uses a 4-bit microcontroller to manage its keyboard, tape I/O, and its built-in 16 character VF alphanumeric display.[27]

Details

Main article: Nibble

With 4 bits, it is possible to create 16 different values. All single-digit hexadecimal numbers can be written with four bits.

Binary-coded decimal is a digital encoding method for numbers using decimal notation, with each decimal digit represented by four bits.

List of 4-bit processors

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National Semiconductor MM5700CA/D bit-serial 4-bit microcontroller
  • Intel 4004 (first 4-bit microprocessor from 1971, though Four-Phase Systems AL1 from 1969 is older, discontinued 1981)
  • Intel 4040 (discontinued 1981)
  • TMS 1000 (the first high-volume commercial microcontroller, from 1974, after Intel 4004; now discontinued)
  • Atmel MARC4 core[28][29] (discontinued because of Low demand. "Last ship date: 7 March 2015"[30])
  • Samsung S3C7 (KS57 Series) 4-bit microcontrollers (RAM: 512 to 5264 nibbles, 6 MHz clock)
  • Toshiba TLCS-47 series
  • HP Saturn
  • NEC μPD75X
  • NEC μCOM-4
  • NEC (now Renesas) μPD612xA (discontinued), μPD613x, μPD6x[21][31] and μPD1724x[32] infrared remote control transmitter microcontrollers[33][34]
  • EM Microelectronic-Marin EM6600 family,[35] EM6580,[36][37] EM6682,[38] etc.
  • Epson S1C63 family
  • National Semiconductor "COPS I" and "COPS II" ("COP400") 4-bit microcontroller families[39]
  • National Semiconductor MAPS MM570X
  • Sharp SM590/SM591/SM595[40]: 26–34 
  • Sharp SM550/SM551/SM552[40]: 36–48 
  • Sharp SM578/SM579[40]: 49–64 
  • Sharp SM5E4[40]: 65–74 
  • Sharp LU5E4POP[40]: 75–82 
  • Sharp SM5J5/SM5J6[40]: 83–99 
  • Sharp SM530[40]: 100–109 
  • Sharp SM531[40]: 110–118 
  • Sharp SM500[40]: 119–127  (ROM 1197×8 bit, RAM 40×4 bit, a divider and 56-segment LCD driver circuit)
  • Sharp SM5K1[40]: 128–140 
  • Sharp SM4A[40]: 141–148 
  • Sharp SM510[40]: 149–158  (ROM 2772×8 bit, RAM 128×4 bit, a divider and 132-segment LCD driver circuit)
  • Sharp SM511/SM512[40]: 159–171  (ROM 4032×8 bit, RAM 128/142×4 bit, a divider and 136/200-segment LCD driver circuit)
  • Sharp SM563[40]: 172–186 

See also

References

External links

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