1st Guards Tank Army

The 1st Guards Tank Red Banner Army (Russian: 1-я гвардейская танковая Краснознамённая армия, romanized: 1-ya gvardeyskaya tankovaya Krasnoznamonnaya armiya) is a tank army of the Russian Ground Forces (Military Unit Number 73621).^[4]

1st Tank Army (1942 – April 1944) 1st Guards Tank Army (1944–1999), (2014–present)
1-я гвардейская танковая Краснознамённая армия
Great emblem of the 1st Guards Tank Army
Active	Soviet Union (1942–1991)  Russia (1991–1999, 2014–present)
Branch	Soviet Army (1942–1991)  Russian Ground Forces
Type	Armoured
Role	Breakthrough and Exploitation in Deep Operations
Part of	Western Military District (Until 2024) Moscow Military District (2024–present)
Garrison/HQ	Bakovka, Odintsovo
Engagements	World War II Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Kursk Battle of Poznań (1945) Battle of Berlin Russo-Ukrainian War Russian invasion of Ukraine Northern Ukraine campaign Battle of Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium[1][2] Kharkiv counter-offensive Battle of Kupiansk Battle of Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast campaign[3] 2024 Kharkiv offensive 2024 Kursk offensive
Decorations	Order of the Red Banner
Battle honours	Guards
Commanders
Notable commanders	Kirill Moskalenko Mikhail Katukov

The lapel badge given to veterans of the 1st Guards Tank Army

The army traces its heritage back to the 1st Tank Army, formed twice in July 1942 and in January 1943 and converted into the 1st Guards Tank Army in January 1944. The army fought as part of the Red Army on the Eastern Front during World War II. The army was commanded throughout most of the war by Mikhail Katukov.

It fought on the defensive during Case Blue, ultimately being partially destroyed and disbanded. After its reformation in 1943, it participated in the Battle of Kursk, the Proskurov-Chernovtsy Operation, the Lvov-Sandomierz Operation, the Vistula-Oder Offensive and the Battle of Berlin. After the war, the army was stationed in East Germany as part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.

After the end of the Cold War and the resultant withdrawal of Soviet units in Germany, the army was relocated to Smolensk, and disbanded in 1999. The army was reformed in 2014 as part of Russia's military expansion. This reformed army fought in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, where it was claimed to have suffered heavy casualties following its eventual retreats from the north and later Kharkiv.

First formation

The 1st Tank Army was first formed within the Stalingrad Front from the 38th Army in July 1942, under the command of Major General Kirill Moskalenko. The army was encircled and partially destroyed. It was disbanded as a result in August 1942, its headquarters becoming the Southeastern Front headquarters.^[5]

Second formation

Hero of the Soviet Union Captain Fyodor Akimovich Lipatkin, a company commander of the army's 11th Separate Guards Heavy Tank Regiment, raises the Red flag on the balcony of a house in Berlin, 26 April 1945

The 1st Tank Army was formed a second time on 30 January 1943 (order No.46021) from the headquarters of the 29th Army, under the command of famous armoured troops commander Lieutenant General of Tank Troops Mikhail Katukov, personally appointed by Stalin. The army was transferred to the North-Western Front. The 3rd Mechanised Corps (later to become 8th Guards Mechanised Corps) and 6th Tank Corps (later to become 11th Guards Tank Corps) joined it on formation, and served with the army throughout the war.^[6] It was quickly transferred to the Voronezh Front for the defense of the Kursk salient's southern shoulder, adding the newly formed 31st Tank Corps to its subordinate commands.

Its order of battle prior to Operation Citadel was as follows:

1st Tank Army^[7]

• 3rd Mechanized Corps (Major General of Tank Forces Semyon Krivoshein)^[8]
  • 1st Mechanized Brigade
  • 3rd Mechanized Brigade
  • 10th Mechanized Brigade
  • 49th Tank Brigade
  • 58th Motorcycle Battalion,
  • 35th Tank Destroyer Regiment
  • 265th Mortar Regiment
  • 405th Guards Mortar Battalion*
• 6th Tank Corps (Major General of Tank Forces Andrei Getman)^[9]
  • 22nd Tank Brigade
  • 112nd Tank Brigade
  • 200th Tank Brigade
  • 6th Motor Rifle Brigade
  • 85th Motorcycle Battalion
  • 1461st Self-Propelled Gun Regiment
  • 538th Tank Destroyer Regiment
  • 270th Mortar Regiment
• 31st Tank Corps (Major General of Tank Forces D. Kh. Chernienko)^[10]
  • 100th Tank Brigade
  • 237th Tank Brigade
  • 242nd Tank Brigade
• 71st Engineer Battalion
• 267th Engineer Battalion
• 316th Guards Mortar Regiment*
• 8th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
  • 797th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
  • 848th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
  • 978th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
  • 1063rd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment

* Guards Mortar Regiment (or Battalion) (Russian: гвардейский минометный полк (дивизион)) was the overt designation used for Katyusha rocket launcher units.

First Guards Tank Army

Lipatkin's IS-2 tank supporting infantry in Berlin, 27 April

After Kursk, 1st Tank Army participated in the Proskurov-Chernovtsy Operation, the Lvov-Sandomierz Operation, the Vistula-Oder Offensive, and the Battle of Berlin. It was awarded a Guards title and became the 1st Guards Tank Army in April 1944, and Katukov was promoted to Colonel General.^[5]

On 1 January 1945, the Army's principal combat formations were:^[11]

• 8th Guards Mechanized Corps (Major General Ivan Dremov) (3 January 1944 – 9 May 1945)
  • 19th Guards Mechanized Brigade
  • 20th Guards Mechanized Brigade
  • 21st Guards Mechanized Brigade
  • 1st Guards Tank Brigade
  • 48th Guards Separate Tank Regiment
  • 353rd Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
  • 400th Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
  • 265th Guards Mortar Regiment *
  • 405th Guards Mortar Battalion *
  • 358th Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
  • 8th Guards Motorcycle Battalion
• 11th Guards Tank Corps (Colonel Hamazasp Babadzhanian) (25 August 1944 – 9 May 1945)
  • 40th Guards Tank Brigade
  • 44th Guards Tank Brigade
  • 45th Guards Tank Brigade
  • 27th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
  • 399th Guards Heavy Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
  • 362nd Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
  • 1454th Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
  • 350th Light Artillery Regiment
  • 270th Guards Mortar Regiment *
  • 53rd Guards Mortar Battalion *
  • 1018th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
  • 9th Guards Motorcycle Battalion
• Army Troops
  • 64th Guards Tank Brigade
  • 11th Guards Separate Tank Regiment
  • 19th Light Self-Propelled Artillery Brigade
  • 197th Light Artillery Brigade
  • 79th Guards Mortar Regiment *
  • 17th Motorised Engineer Brigade
  • 191st Guards Liaison Aviation Regiment
  • 6th Motorcycle Regiment
  • 12th Guards Motorcycle Regiment

* Guards Mortar Regiment (or Battalion) (Russian: гвардейский минометный полк (дивизион)) was the overt designation used for Katyusha rocket launcher units.

Cold War

The 1st Guards Tank Army was awarded the Order of the Red Banner postwar. It became part of the Soviet occupation force in Germany, known as Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, with its headquarters in Dresden. In 1968, it, along with the 11th Guards Tank and 20th Guards Motor Rifle Divisions, took part in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, after which the units returned to their garrisons.^[12]

In the late 1980s the Army included the 20th Guards Motor Rifle Division, 9th Tank Division, and 11th Guards Tank Division. The headquarters was withdrawn to Smolensk, in the Moscow Military District in the early 1990s, and lost the 'Tank' from its title in 1995. In its last period within the Russian Army it comprised the 4th Guards 'Kantemir' Tank Division and the 144th Motor Rifle Division (which had been withdrawn from Tallinn in Estonia).

In July 1992 the 336th Independent Helicopter Regiment returned from Germany to Oreshkovo airfield and was placed under the Moscow Military District. The regiment then came under 1st Guards Tank Army from 31 December 1992.^[13]

1st Guards Tank Army was disbanded in 1998.

1988 structure

The army's composition in 1988 was (with main equipment), with honorific titles in italics:^[14][15]

• Army Headquarters, Dresden
  • 234th Separate Guard and Security Battalion, Dresden
• 3rd Separate Guards Carpathian Communications Regiment, Dresden
• 253rd Separate Radio Engineering Regiment, Merseburg
• 51st Separate Radio Engineering Battalion, Dresden
• 106th Separate Electronic Warfare Battalion, Dresden
• 595th Separate Intelligence Gathering Battalion, Chemnitz (K-611)
• 6th Separate Airborne Battalion, Dresden
• 308th Artillery Brigade, Zeithain (2c5 Hyacinth)
• 181st Guards Novozybkovskaya Red Banner Orders of Suvorov and Alexander Nevsky Missile Brigade, Kochstedt
• 432nd Missile Brigade, Wurzen
• 53rd Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, Altenburg
• 443rd Separate Engineer and Combat Engineering Battalion, Dresden
• 68th Pontoon Bridge Regiment, Dresden
• 41st Materiel Support Brigade, Dresden
  • 303rd Separate Repair and Recovery Battalion, Dresden
  • 338th Separate Repair and Recovery Battalion, Dresden
• 225th Separate Attack Helicopter Regiment, Allstedt (Mil Mi-24)
• 485th Separate Attack Helicopter Regiment, Brandis (Mil Mi-24)
• 6th Separate Transport Helicopter Squadron, Klotzsche (Mil Mi-8)
• 9th Bobruisk-Berlin Order of the Red Banner Order of Suvorov Tank Division, Riesa
• 11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Tank Division, Dresden
• 20th Guards Taganrog Red Banner Order of the Suvorov Division Motor Rifle Division, Grimma

Reactivation

After a 15-year hiatus, the Army was reconstituted in November 2014,^[16] probably on 13 November 2014.^{[citation needed]}

The army was formed as the main ground forces manoeuvre and reserve operational formation of the Western Military District, in addition to the 6th Combined Arms Army (headquartered in Saint Petersburg) and the 20th Guards Combined Arms Army (headquartered in Voronezh). It is considered an elite formation of the Russian Ground Forces. The army carries on the traditions of the chronologically first army of the Soviet Union to reach 'Guards' status.

It commands the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle and the 4th Tank Divisions, which are considered the elite formations of their respective combat arms. The most decorated divisions of the Soviet Army, they were garrisoned the closest to Moscow for the city's defense.^[17] Due to their proximity to the capital, extra scrutiny was applied to personnel of these formations, making these postings especially prestigious. These units received the latest hardware and were thus known as the 'household' divisions of the Soviet Army. Their loyalty to the government was demonstrated by their involvement in the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. The divisions retained their elite status within the Russian Army. The army also included the 27th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade. While the 4th Guards Tank Division uses T-80 tanks, the rest of the Army uses T-72B and T-90 tanks, and Kurganets-25 fighting vehicles.^[17]

As of 2017^[update] the Army was composed of:^[18]

• Army Headquarters (Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast)
• 60th Command Brigade (Selyatino village near Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast)
• 2nd Guards Motor Rifle 'Tamanskaya' Division (Kalininets, Moscow Oblast) (MUN 23626)^[19]
• 4th Guards Tank 'Kantemirovskaya' Division (Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast) (T-80)^[17] (MUN 19612)^[20]
• 47th Tank 'Chenstokhovskaya' Division (Mulino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, established 2022)
• 27th Guards Motor Rifle 'Sevastopol' Brigade (Mosrentgen, Moscow City)
• 112th Guards Missile 'Novorossiysk' Brigade (Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast) (9K720 Iskander)
• 288th Artillery 'Warsaw' Brigade (Mulino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast)
• 49th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Krasnyi Bor, Smolensk Oblast) (Buk-M2)
• 96th ISTAR Brigade (Sormovo, Nizhny Novgorod City)
• 20th NBC Defence Regiment (Tsentralny, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast) (MUN 12102)
• 69th Logistics Brigade (Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast)

Structure

Units identified in 2023 in 1GTA

• 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division (в/ч 23626)^[21]
  • 1st Guards Motor Rifle Regiment (в/ч 31135)
  • 15th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment (в/ч 31134)
  • 1st Guards Tank Regiment (в/ч 58198)
  • 136th Reconnaissance Battalion (в/ч 51387)
  • 147th Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment (в/ч 73966)
  • 1174th Anti-Tank Battalion (в/ч 51381)
  • 1117th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (в/ч 51382)
• 4th Guards Tank Division (в/ч 19612)^[21]
  • 12th Guards Tank Regiment (в/ч 31985)
  • 13th Guards Tank Regiment (в/ч 32010)
  • 423rd Motor Rifle Regiment (в/ч 91701)
  • 137th Reconnaissance Battalion (в/ч 54919)
  • 275th Self Propelled Artillery Regiment (в/ч 73941)
  • 49th Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade (в/ч 21555)
  • 538th Guards Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (в/ч 51383)
• 47th Tank Division (в/ч 54096)^[21]
  • 26th Tank Regiment
  • 153rd Tank Regiment^[22]
  • 245th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment^[23]
  • 272nd Motor Rifle Regiment^[24]
  • 7th Reconnaissance Battalion
• 27th Motorized Rifle Brigade (в/ч 61899)^[21]
• 96th Reconnaissance Brigade (в/ч 52634)^[21]
• 112th Missile Brigade (в/ч 03333)^[21]
• 288th Artillery Brigade (в/ч 30683)^[21]

Russo-Ukrainian War

During the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, elements of the 1st Guards Tank Army were reported to have forward deployed to the Pogonovo training ground south of Voronezh. Main battle tanks, self-propelled and towed artillery, and long-range multiple rocket launchers (MRLs), reportedly drawn from the 4th Guards Tank Division and the 2nd Motorised Rifle Division, were reported to have been positioned in the vicinity of Voronezh.^[25] A few months before the invasion, the 47th Guards Tank Division was formed from the 6th Separate Guards Tank Brigade.^[26][27]

Members of the 1st Guards Tank Army's 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division were sentenced in absentia to imprisonment by Ukrainian courts for alleged war crimes including the shelling of the city hospital of Trostianets^[28][29] and ordering the killing of a civilian in Boromlia, both in Sumy Oblast.^[30][31] Units of the army's 4th Guards Tank Division, including the 12th and 13th Guards Tank Regiments, were also reported to have been among the Russian forces which occupied Trostianets.^[32][33] By the beginning of April 2022, elements of the 1st Guards Tank Army had been redeployed from Sumy Oblast to Izium in the Kharkiv Oblast.^[34]

Ukraine reported in May 2022 that the Ukrainian Main Intelligence Directorate had obtained documents showing that after 3 weeks of fighting the 1st Guards Tank Army had sustained 409 casualties (61 KIA, 209 WIA, 44 missing, 96 surrendered), and 308 units of military equipment had been seized.^[35]

The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence reported on 19 May 2022 that army commander General-Lieutenant Sergey Kisel had been suspended for his failure to capture Kharkiv.^[36] Kisel was transferred to serve as chief of staff of the Russian troops in Syria.^[37] On 13 September 2022, UK Defence Intelligence identified 1st Guards Tank Army as the primary force that retreated from Kharkiv Oblast during the Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive. Having suffered "heavy casualties", the Ministry claimed that the army as "severely degraded" and its ability to counter NATO "severely weakened."^[38] By December, the UK MoD reported that the Army had been replenished with recruits, and was active on the Luhansk Oblast front.^[39]

Commanders of the Army

1. Katukov, Mikhail Yefimovich – Guard^[40] ColGen, 1943–1947
2. Belov, Yeftikhin Emelyanovich – Guard LtGen, 1947–1951
3. Govorunenkov, Pyotr Dmitrievich – Guard GenLt, 1951–1953
4. Yakubovsky, Ivan Ignatyevitch – Guard GenLt, 1953–1957
5. Tolubko, Vladimir Fyodorovich – Guard MajGen, 1957–1958
6. Ukhov, Vladimir Dmitrievich – Guard MajGen, 1958–1961
7. Ivanovski, Yevgeny Filippovich – Guard MajGen, 1961–1964
8. Kotsasnov, Konstantin Grigoryevich – Guard GenLt, 1964–1968
9. Gerasimov, Ivan Aleksandrovich – Guard GenLt, 1968–1971
10. Lushev, Pyotr Georgievich – Guard GenLt, 1971–1973
11. Snetkov, Boris Vasilievich – Guard LtGen, 1973–1975
12. Popov, Nikolai Ivanovich – Guard LtGen, 1975–1979
13. Sovotskin, Roman Mikhailovich – Guard LtGen, 1979–1981
14. Osipov, Vladimir Vasilyevich – Guard LtGen, 1981–1983
15. Shein, Boris Pertovich – Guard LtGen, 1983–1986
16. Tchernitsov, Anatoli Kupyanovich – Guard LtGen, 1986–1990
17. Kolchkin, Gennadi Andreevich – Guard LtGen, 1990–1992
18. Shevtsov, Leonti Pavlovich – Guard LtGen, 1992–1993
19. Sosyedov, Vasili Petrovich – Guard LtGen, 1993–1995
20. Roshchin, Viktor Mikhailovich – Guard LtGen, 1995–1999
21. Did not exist (1999–2014)
22. Aleksandr Chaiko – Guard LtGen, 2014–2017
23. Alexei Avdeyev – Guard LtGen, 2017–2018
24. Sergey Kisel - Guard LtGen, 2018–2022^[41]
25. Nikolai Tereshchenko – Guard LtGen, 2022–2024
26. Vitaly Podlesny – Guard LtGen, 2024–present

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34. RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN ASSESSMENT, APRIL 1
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40. Military personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces, assigned to service in a guards units or formations, added to the particular rank designation the wording Guard …, e.g. Guard Lieutenant General. This tradition is continued in the Russian Federation.
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